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Benefits of CompostingBenefits of CompostingBiogenous MSWBiogenous MSW
Institute of Waste Management
Erwin Binner MSc.Erwin Binner MSc.BOKUBOKU--UniversityUniversity / Vienna/ Vienna
Institute of Waste ManagementInstitute of Waste Management
Marion Huber-Humer
Gudrun Obersteiner
Maxim Akhmadiev
Peter Beigl
Erwin Binner
Marlies Hrad
Gnther Kraus
Peter Lechner
Sabine Lenz
Peter Mostbauer
Florian Part
Alexandra Pukhnyuk
Roland Ramusch
Stefan Salhofer
Silvia Scherhaufer
Elisabeth Schmied
Felicitas Schneider
Margarete Staudner
Benjamin Steuer
Nina Degischer
Thomas Ebner
Reinhold Ottner
Zorica Stamenkovic
Anna Happenhofer
Christian Hochhauer
Aleksander Jandric
Julia Zeilinger
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Outlook
Benefits of Composting
Effects by RecyclingIncrease of Soil Properties
Stable Organic Compounds (Humus) for SoilClosing Nutrient Cycle
Sanitisation
Effects on LandfillsReduction of Organics in LandfillsLess Gas Generation,
Less Leachate
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soil conditioner
Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Soil Conditioner
substances which are added to soil;
their major task is to increase physicaland/or chemical characteristicas well as biological activ ity of soils
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Soil Conditioner
addition of organic substance as humus
development, conservation and
conditioning of aggregate-stability andstructure of soil
increase of air filled poresbetter soil -aeration
increase of water holding capacity
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Soil Conditioner
increase of soi l-temperature by the wayof light-absorption
increase of biological activ ity
increase of filter- and puffer-capacity
phytosanitary effects
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Soil Conditioner
gradual (slow) release of nutrients(N, S, P) for plants and organisms of soilminimisation of washing out nutrients
into ground-water
binding of nutrients and contaminants bythe way of ion exchange and sorption
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Humic Substances
humic compounds are very heterogeneous
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Soil Conditioner
immobilisation and decontaminationfrom organic and inorganic toxicsubstances
growth-promoting and yield-increasingeffects on plants under sub-optimalconditions
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
benefits of compost:
addition of stable organic substance !!addition of s table organic substance !!
source: L. Montanarella, 2002
75 % of soil in southern Europe is poor(TOC < 2%)
45 % of soil in whole Europe is poor
farmyard manure and compost is seen as a promisingpossibi lity to increase TOC
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
goals of composting
a fast and low-loss degradation of organic
compounds (= high-molecular, naturalcarbon/hydrogen-compounds)
conversion to stabile humic-substances with highgermination effects
!not mineralisation into CO2 and H2O!
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Humic Compounds
humins, humic acids (brown-, grey-humicacids), and fulvic acids
development starts during intensive phase
in composts we always find young humic acids
concentration in compost 5 to 45 % of OS
large specific surface (sorption capacity)
contain ~ 50-60 % C and 2-8 % N
humic substance in soil is 100 to 1,000 years old
(in bogs 3,000 to 5,000 years)
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Humic Compounds
humins, humic acids (brown-, grey-humicacids), and fulvic acids
development starts during intensive phase
in composts we always find young humicacids
concentration in compost 5 to 45 % of OS
large specific surface (sorption capacity)
contain ~ 50-60 % C and 2-8 % N
humic substance in soil is 100 to 1,000 years
old (in bogs 3,000 to 5,000 years)
compost is a carbon sink(storage)
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Closing the Nutrient Cycle / Nutrient Content
n.a.n.a.1,450,921,722,342,838,9248KGV1997-2013
n.a.n.a.1,20,601,617,735,038,834ABF2005-2013
8,62,41,20,71,522,038,238,797allcompost
9,32,81,20,51,221,035,135,948yardwastecompost
5,60,82,00,93,036,365,750,712kitchenwaste
compost
8,72,41,10,91,419,233,238,737biowastecompos
ABF1986-1992
CaO% DM
MgO% DM
K2O% DM
P2O5% DM
N% DM
TOC% DM
LOI% DM
WC% WM
n
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0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
/kgnutrient
nitrogen (N) phosphor (P2O5)
potassium (K2O) calcium (CaO)
Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Closing the Nutrient Cycle / Value of
Compost
13,2
/tFM
18,9
/tFM
14,2
/tFM
13,0
/tFM
compost value based on plant-available nutrients
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Closing the Nutrient Cycle / Value of
Compost
43,215,228,015,3kitchenwaste compost
37,611,626,117,1KGV (AUT) 1997-2013
13,0
14,2
14,6
14,3
15.3
easy availablenutrients
20.8
22.6
22.6
20.9
22.7
totalnutrients
9.4
9.2
11.5
11.4
10.0
humus
30.1BGK (GER) 2013
31.8ABF (AUT) 2005-2013
34.0all composts
32.4yardwaste compost
32.7biowaste compost
ABF (AUT) 1986-1992
total nutrients+ humus
values in / t WM
basis 2013 1)
1) N = 0.98 /kg; P2O5 = 0.91 /kg; K2O = 0.74 /kg; CaO = 0.08 /kg; humus-C = 0.17 /kg
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SanitisationSanitisation
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Pathogens
possible pathogenspossible pathogens human and animal pathogens
bacteria, fungi, virus, parasites
plant pathogens tobacco-mosaic virus and fungi
destruct ive animals (nematodes)
weeds (are not pathogenic)
during rotting processduring rotting processall of them are to be killedall of them are to be killed
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howhow to killto killpathogenspathogens??
Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Pathogens
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Pathogens
how to kill pathogens?how to kill pathogens?
self heating up to 65 C / 60 C / 55 C
longer than 3 days / 3 days / 10 days
in case of open windrow composting2 / 3 x 3 days + 1 / 2 turning processes / 3 turn.
in case of closed systems
3 / n.d. / 4 days without turningoptimised rotting conditions
(oxygen supply)
water content > 40 %
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Pathogens Sanitisation Example 55 C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
duration of the composting p rocess (days)
temperature(C)
temperatu re > 55 C
2.5 days 2.5 days2.5 days2.5 days
turning 1 turning 3turning 2
sanitisation finished
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Influence onInfluence onLandfillsLandfills
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biogenous wastes are easy degradable
high gas generation
pollutants are easy soluable
leachate high polluted
biogenous wastes are very wet
high leachate amount
Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Influence on Landfills
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the amount of disposed biological degradablemunicipal waste needs to be reduced to
75% since 2006
50% since 2009
35% until 2016
of the amount disposed in 1995.
Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
European Landfill Directive (1999/31/EG)
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how to reach this goal is to be regulated by
member states
separate collection + composting
incineration
MBT
Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
European Landfill Directive (1999/31/EG)
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500 - 800!low income countries
Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Gas Formation Potential of Landfills
gas formation: 150 300 m3/t DM
time frame for gas formation is between 20 and > 50 years
org. fraction in waste content C-content
[kg/t WM] [kg C/t WM]
bio waste 250 350 45
paper, card board 220 320 80
wood, textiles,leather, compounds
50 150 30
plastics 70 140 70
WM ... wet matter
DM ... dry matter
>> !!
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15% decrease during the last 10 years because ofseparate collection of biowaste (Bio-Bin)
1990 2001
-15%
Benefits of Composting Bio-Waste
CH4 Emissions (Austria)
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Emissions from Landfills
Hydrolysis and Acidification
Acetogen ic Phase and star t o f methane form atio n
stable Methanogenic Phase
Leaching Phase
sum
sum methane
COD
BOD5
time
leachate
BOD, COD [mg/l]
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Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Emissions from Landfills / Leachate
fermentativ-anaerobe Phasesaure Phase
stabile MethanphaseMethanphase
ParameterEinheit Bereich Mittelwert Bereich Mittelwert
pH --- 4.5 7.5 6.1 7.5 9 8
COD mg/l 6,000 60,000 22,000 500 4,500 3,000
BOD5 mg/l 4,000 40,000 13,000 20 550 180
Ca mg/l 10 2,500 1,200 20 600 60
SO4 mg/l 70 1,750 500 10 420 80
Zn mg/l 0.1 120 5 0.03 45 0.6
Fe mg/l 20 2,100 780 3 280 15
fermentative-anaerobic phase Acidogenic Phase
Range Average
stabile methane phase Methanogenic Phase
Unit Range Average
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Parameter Einheit Bereich Mittel
Total N mg/l 50 5,000 1,350
NH4-N mg/l 30 3,000 750
Chloride mg/l 100 5,000 2,100
Pb mg/l 0.008 1.02 0.09
Cd mg/l 0.0005 0.14 0.006
Cr mg/l 0.03 1,6 0.3
Cu mg/l 0.004 1.4 0.08
Ni mg/l 0.02 2.05 0.2
AOX g/l 320 3,350 2,000
fermentativ-anaerobe Phasesaure Phase
stabile MethanphaseMethanphase
fermentative-anaerobic phase Acidogenic Phase
Range Average
stabile methane phase Methanogenic Phase
Unit
Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes
Emissions from Landfills / Leachate
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[email protected]://www.wau.boku.ac.at
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