Liberalism Triumphant
Europe in 1870 The “Second” Industrial Revolution The Triumph of Liberalism Liberal/Modern in the City Cultural Struggles
1750 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900
Europe 23.2 28.1 34.2 53.2 61.3 62.0
United Kingdom
1.9 4.3 9.5 19.9 22.9 18.5
Habsburg Empire
2.9 3.2 3.2 4.2 4.4 4.7
France 4.0 4.2 5.2 7.9 7.8 6.8
German States/ Germany
2.9 3.5 3.5 4.9 8.5 13.2
Italian States/ Italy
2.4 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5
Russia 5.0 5.6 5.6 7.0 7.6 8.8
United States
0.1 0.8 2.4 7.2 14.7 23.6
Japan 3.8 3.5 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.4
Third World
73.0 67.7 60.5 36.6 20.9 11.0
China 32.8 33.3 29.8 19.7 12.5 6.2
India/ Pakistan
24.5 19.7 17.6 8.6 2.8 1.7
World Manufacturing Output 1750-1800(source: Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers)
Workers assembling electric motors at Allgemeine Elektizitäts-Gesellschaft around 1900. Note the gendered nature of the workplace
Source: http://www.historyteacher.net/APUSH-Course/Weblinks/Weblinks16.htm
NYC tenements ~ 1900 A typical East End Slum, late 19th C
John Booth’s “Poverty Map” of London, 1889
France: Third Republic
Prussian Parliament: Reichstag
Austria: Reichsrat
German Reichstag, 1900
Reichsrat, 1900
Britain: 1867 Second Reform Bill
40% of men can now vote Head of households Urban
1884 Third Reform Bill 60% of male suffrage Expands 1867 act to rural areas
Reform of military 1871 France
Education Measurement Infrastructure Conscription
Germany 1871 Jewish Emancipation Universal manhood suffrage
(25 and over)
Austria 1867 Jewish Emancipation From 1867 officially Austria-
Hungary Dual Monarchy Each “kingdom” has its own
parliament
Liberalism in Russia German Influence Tsar Alexander II
1861-1866 Emancipation of the Serfs
Military and Legal Reform
Reform not extended to former Poland
Plans for Duma Assassinated 1880
Liberals remake Vienna in own image
Die Ringstraße Street that circles the city Different styles for different
buildings Rathaus – gothic Reichsrat – neo-classic Universität – Renaissance
Includes new buildings of governance as well as national museums
Paris: Imperial City Center of Fashion and
Art Impressionism Continuation of
Hausmannization Bella Epoque
Kulturkampf – “Cultural Struggle”Forge national identity1871-1878 attempt by Bismarck to unify Germany
on anti-Catholic platformsFails, attempts to work on Socialists
Britain/Ireland France/Germany Jews
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