NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
BEHAVIOR OF HIGHER GRADE CONCTRETE BY PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GGBS AND SAND WITH
COPPER SLAG
D NALINI 1*, Dr. DUMPA VENKATESWARLU 2*
1. Student, Dept of CIVIL, GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
RAJAHMUNDRY. 2. Head - Dept of CIVIL, GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
RAJAHMUNDRY.
ABSTRACT
Concrete has occupied an important place in construction industry in the past few decades and it is used
widely in all types of constructions ranging from small buildings to large infrastructural dams or
reservoirs. It is the most widely used man-made construction material in the construction world. Ever
since concrete has been accepted as material for construction, civil engineers have been trying to improve
its quality, strength etc., against adverse conditions. The OPC is one of the main ingredients used for the
production of concrete. However in the context of increased awareness regarding over exploitation of
natural resources to manufacture cement, an ecofriendly technology has to be developed for the effective
management of resources. The replacement of natural resources in the manufacture of cement and sand is
the present issue in the present construction scenario. With increase in demand of concrete, more and
more new methods and new materials are being developed for production of concrete.
Hence in the current study an attempt has been made to minimize the cost of cement and sand with
concrete mix grade M40 by studying the mechanical behavior of this concrete mix by replacing with
advanced mineral admixtures such as Copper slag and GGBS in concrete mix, as partial replacement of
cement with GGBS and sand with Copper Slag.
Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. For
every ton of copper production, about 2.2tones of copper slag is generated .Use of Copper slag does not
only reduce the cost of construction but also helps to reduce the impact on environment by consuming the
material generally considered as waste product.
Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) is a waste industrial by-product from the blast furnaces
used to make iron. Use of GGBS does not only reduce the cost of construction but also helps to reduce the
impact on environment by consuming the material generally considered as waste product.
Therefore an experimental study is conducted to evaluate the workability and strength characteristics of
hardened concrete, properties of concrete have been assessed by partially replacing cement with GGBS,
and sand with Copper Slag. The cement has been replaced by GGBS accordingly in the range of 0%
(without GGBS), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement for M40 mix. The sand has been replaced
by Copper slag accordingly in the range of 0% (without Copper slag), 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by
weight of cement for M40 mix.
NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
Concrete mixtures were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive, flexural and split tensile
strength with the conventional concrete.
INTRODUCTION
Increasing urbanization and industrialization
increases the generation of industrial waste in
both developed and developing countries. With
increased environmental awareness concerning
potential hazardous effects, the recycling or
utilization of industrial waste by-products have
become an attractive alternative to
disposal,copper slag and GGBS are few of the
industrial by-products which comes out from
blast furnace during metal extraction process.
Copper slag is a by-product created
during the coppersmelting and refining process.
As refineries draw metal out of copper ore, they
produce a large volume of non-metallic dust,
soot, and rock. Collectively, these materials
make up slag, which can be used for a surprising
number of applications in the building and
industrial fieldsCopper slag is mainly used for
surface blast-cleaning and is used to clean and
shape the surface of metal, stone, concrete and
other material. Copper slag has also gained
popularity in the building industry for use as a
fill material. Unlike many other fill materials, it
poses relatively little threat to the environment.
This means it can be used to build up the earth to
support roads, buildings, or other surfaces.
Contractors may also use copper slag in place of
sand during concrete construction. The slag
serves as a fine, or binding agent, which helps
hold the larger gravel particles within the
concrete together. When used in this manner, the
slag helps to improve the properties of the
concrete, and also serves as a form of recycling
Copper slag is totally inert material and
its physical properties are similar to natural
sand. A laboratory study was carried out in the
Institute to investigate the potential of using
copper slag as a partial replacement of sand in
concrete mix.
In India, the production is about 7.8
million tonnes of GGBS as a by-product
obtained in the manufacture of pig iron in the
blast furnace. Blast furnace slag is a solid waste
discharged in large quantities by the iron and
steel industry in India. The recycling of these
slags will become an important measure for the
environmental protection. Iron and steel are
basic materials that underpin modern
civilization, and due to many years of research
the slag that is generated as a by-product in iron
and steel production is now used as a material in
its own right in various sectors. Slag enjoys
stable quality and properties that are difficult to
obtain from natural materials and in the 21st
century is gaining increasing attention as an
environmentally friendly material from the
perspectives of resource saving, energy
conservation and CO2 reduction. The primary
constituents of slag are lime (CaO) and silica
(SiO2),portland cement also contains these
constituents. The primary constituent of slag is
soluble in water and exhibits an alkalinity like
that of cement or concrete and as it is removed
at high temperatures of 1,200°C and greater, it
contains no organic matter.
In many countries, there is a scarcity of
natural aggregate that is suitable for
construction, whereas in other countries the
consumption of aggregate has increased in
recent years, due to increases in the construction
Industry. In order to reduce depletion of natural
aggregate due to construction, artificially
manufactured aggregate and some industrial
waste materials can be used as alternatives.
The main objective of this thesis is to determine
the concrete strength of M40 by partial
NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
replacement of sand from 0% to 40% and
cement from 0% to 20% with copper slag and
GGBS.
The mix design of M40 grade concrete was
designed as per the method specified in IS
10262-2009.
Cubes of size 150mm × 150mm × 150mm ,
Cylinders of size 300mm×150mm and prisms of
size 500mm × 100mm × 100mm were casted
and tested for compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexural strength after the
completion of respective curing periods.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The review of literature involves two aspects.
The first one cover the properties of various
ingredients of concrete like copper slag, GGBS
etc. The second aspect deals with the strength
properties of concrete by replacing cement with
GGBS in the first phase and by replacing sand
with copper slag in the second phase.
Antonio M. Arinoet. al. (1999)
A study of different nonferrous slags such
as copper, nickel, and lead has indicated that
copper slag has the potential for application as a
cementitious material. Although it has
successfully been used in ground form as a
concrete mineral admixture in Canada, Europe,
and Australia, the construction industry in the
U.S. has been slow in adopting this slag. There
is a considerable interest in the southwestern
U.S. to use ground copper slag(GCS) as a partial
substitute of portland cement since custom
smelters are capable of producing as much as
half a million tons of copper slag per year. By
evaluating its potential use in concrete, there is
an opportunity for both the copper and
construction industries to benefit from using this
material. The compression-test results indicated
that GCS concrete was stronger but more brittle
than ordinary portland cement concrete. Aslong
as rapid strength gain is not a major design
constraint, it was shown that use of GCS
increased the strength significantly. Fracture test
results confirmed the increased brittleness of
concrete due to the use of GCS. An R-curve
model was developed to characterize the effect
of stable crack growth on the increased
toughness demand of GCS concrete specimens.
Long-term results showed equal or higher
strengths for the GCS specimen swithout
concern for degradation of other properties.
Arivalagan.S (2013)
Investigated the effects of replacing fine
aggregates by copper slag on the compressive
strength of cubes, split tensile strength of
cylinders and flexural strength of beams are
evaluated in this study. Copper slag is obtained
as waste product from the sterlite industries.
Investigations were carried out to explore the
possibility of using copper slag as a replacement
of sand in concrete mixtures. The test results of
concrete were obtained by adding copper slag to
sand in various percentages ranging from 0%,
20%. 40% 60%, 80% and 100%. All specimens
were cured for 28 days before compression
strength test, splitting tensile test and flexural
strength. The highest compressive strength
obtained was 35.11MPa (for 40% replacement)
and the corresponding strength for control mix
was 30MPa. This results of the research paper
showed that the possibility of using copper slag
as fine aggregate in concrete. The results
showed the effect of copper slag on RCC
concrete elements has a considerableamount of
increase in the compressive, split tensile,
flexural strength characteristics and energy
absorption characteristics. The addition of
copper slag has improved the compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength of concrete. While replacement of
NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
copper slag in concrete increases the density of
concrete. The slump value of copper slag
concrete lies between 90 to 120 mm. The
flexural strength of the beam increased by 21%
to 51% while replacement of copper slag. The
uses of copper slag as a partial replacementfor
sand strength increasing up to 40%replacement
level. Higher level replacementleads to
segregation and bleeding due to lesswater
absorption capacity of copper slag. It was also
observed that the sand replaced copper slag
beams showed an increase in energy absorption
capacity.
Brindha.d et. al. (2010)
Studied that the potential use of granulated
copper slag from Sterlite Industries as a
replacement for sand in concrete mixes. The
effect of replacing fine aggregate by copper slag
on the compressive strength and split tensile
strength are attempted in this work. Leaching
studies demonstrate that granulated copper slag
does not pave way for leaching of harmful
elements like copper and iron present in slag.
The percentage replacement of sand by
granulated copper slag were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The compressive
strength was observed to increase by about 35-
40% and split tensile strength by 30-35%. The
experimental investigation showed that
percentage replacement of sand by copper slag
shall be upto 40%. Addition of slag in concrete
increases the density thereby the self weight of
the concrete. The results of compression & split-
tensile test indicated that the strength of concrete
increases with respect to the percentage of slag
added by weight of fine aggregate upto40% of
additions. The recommended percentage
replacement of sand by copper slag is 40%. The
leachant studies revealed that the addition of
slag does not paves way for leaching of harmful
elements like Copper(Cu) and Iron (Fe) present
in slag inconcrete. Thus, It does not pose any
environmental problem.
METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL
INFORMATION
Copper Slag
Copper Slag (CS) used in this work was brought
from Sterlite Industries Ltd (SIL), Kolkata,
India. SIL is producing CS during the
manufacture of copper metal. Currently, about
2600 tons of CS is produced per day and a total
accumulation of around 1.5 million tons. This
slag is currently being used for many purposes
ranging from land-filling to grit blasting. These
applications utilize only about 15% to 20% and
the remaining dumped as a waste material and
this causes environmental pollution. In order to
reduce the accumulation of CS and also to
provide an alternate material for sand as well as
cement we have decided to study its use in the
field of construction industry. But before we opt
this material as replacer we have check its
physical and chemical properties
Fig 3.1 Copper slag material
1. For opting as cement the main properties
desired for copper slag is
Size – Grained to a size of less than 6oµ
Fineness – Copper Slag fineness is
found to be 210 m2/kg(for size < 60µ)
Normal consistency which is found to
be 22
Finally these properties are almost similar to that
of cement and hence these are satisfied for
substituting as cement
NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
2.For opting as Fine aggregate (sand)
(a) Physical properties of copper slag
The slag is a black glassy and granular in nature
and has a similar particle size range likesand.
The specific gravity of slag lies between 3.4 and
3.98. The bulk density of granulatedcopper slag
is varying between 1.9 to 2.15 kg/ m3, which is
almost similar to the bulk densityof conventional
fine aggregate. It is also found that the copper
slag has less moisture content so it has less heat
of hydration
Advantages of copper slag
Reduces the construction cost due to
saving in material cost.
Reduces the heat of hydration.
Refinement of pore pressure.
Reduces permeability.
Reduces the demand for primary natural
resources.
Reduces the environmental impact due
to quarrying and aggregate mining.
Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag
The work reported in this study, GGBS obtained
from the company Duracem GGBS which is
located at Auto Nagar, Visakhapatnam is used as
a cement replacement material in concrete mix.
Optimal dosage range of this blast furnace slag
powder is chosen based on concrete mix studies
.The ultimate focus of this work is to ascertain
the performance of concrete mix containing
blast furnace powder and compare it with the
plain concrete mix. GGBS is by-product from
the blast furnaces used to make iron. These
operate at a temperature of 1500 oC and are fed
with a carefully controlled mixture of iron ore
,coke and lime stone. The iron-ore is reduced to
iron and the remaining materials form a slag that
floats on top of the iron. This slag is periodically
tapped off as a molten liquid and if it is to be
used for the manufacture of GGBS it has to be
rapidly quenched in large volumes of water. The
quenching optimizes the cementitious properties
and produces granules similar to coarse sand.
This granulated slag is then dried and ground to
a fine powder less than 45µ having specific
surface about 400 to 600m2/kg.
Applications and Uses of GGBS
GGBS is used to make durable concrete
structures in combination with ordinary portland
cement or other pozzolanic materials. GGBS has
been widely used in Europe, and increasingly in
the United States and in Asia (particularly in
Japan and Singapore) for its superiority in
concrete durability, extending the lifespan of
buildings from fifty years to a hundred years.
Two major uses of GGBS are in the production
of quality-improved slag cement, namely PBFC
and HSBFC, with GGBS content ranging
typically from 30 to 70%; and in the production
of ready mixed or site-batched durable concrete.
Concrete made with GGBS cement sets more
slowly than concrete made with ordinary
portland cement, depending on the amount of
GGBS in the cementitious material, but also
continues to gain strength over a longer period
in production conditions. This results in lower
heat of hydration and lower temperature rises,
and makes avoiding cold joints easier, but may
also affect construction schedules where quick
setting is required.
Use of GGBS significantly reduces the risk of
damages caused by ASR, provides higher
resistance to chloride ingress reducing the risk of
reinforcement corrosion, provides higher
resistance to attacks by sulphate and other
chemicals, workability-making placing and
compaction easier and lower early-age
NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
temperature rise, reducing the risk of thermal
cracking in pores.
Concrete mix design
The concrete mix design is a process of selecting
the suitable ingredients of concrete and
determining their most optimum proportion
which would produce, has economically as
possible, concrete that satisfies a certain
compressive strength and desired workability.
The concrete mix design is based on the
principles of
Workability
Desired strength and durability of
hardened concrete
Conditions in site, which helps in
deciding workability, strength and
durability.
Workability
Workability is the ability of a fresh (plastic)
concrete mix to fill the form/mould properly
with the desired work (vibration) and without
reducing the concrete`s quality. Workability
depends on water content, aggregate (shape and
size distribution), cementitious content and age
(level of hydration) and can be modified by
adding chemical admixtures, like super
plasticizer. Raising the water content or adding
chemical admixtures will increase concrete
workability. Excessive water will lead to
increase bleeding (surface water) and
segregation of aggregates (when the cement and
aggregates start to separate), with the resulting
concrete having reduced quality. Workability of
fresh concrete is determined by following
methods:
1.Slump Test
2.Vee-Bee Test
3.Compacting factor test
NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT
INVESTIGATIONS
General
The scope of present investigation is to study
and evaluate the effect of addition of Copper
slag(0%,10%,20%, 30% and 40%)in concrete as
a partial replacement for sand and of GGBS
(0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) for cement.
Cubesofstandardsize150mmx150mmx150mm
were casted
andtestedfor28dayscompressivestrength.Standar
dcylindersofsize150mmx300mmwerecastedandt
estedfor 2dayssplittensile strength.
Alsostandardprismsofsize500mmx100mmx100
mmwerecastedandtestedfor28days of flexural
strength
Objectives
For Copper slag:
The work reported in this study, Copper slag
obtained from Sterlite Industries Ltd (SIL),
Kolkata, India is used as a cement and sand as
partial replacement of material in concrete mix.
Optimal dosage range of this Copper slag is
chosen based on concrete mix studies .The
ultimate focus of this work is to ascertain the
performance of concrete mix containing Copper
slag and compare it with the controlled concrete
mix. This is expected to provide:-
To partially replace sand with Copper
slag in concrete as it directly influences
economy in construction.
To design and proportion the concrete
mix for M40 grade concrete, As per the
recommendation of IS:10262:2009
To find the Volume proportions of the
concrete mixes by partially replacing
Sand by Copper Slag in one phase.
To check the variation of Compressive
Strength, Split Tensile Strength, and
Flexural Strength results by replacing
the sand 0% to 40% with Copper Slag
and compared with controlled concrete
and plotting the corresponding graphs
separately in one phase.
For GGBS:
The work reported in this study, GGBS
obtained from the company Duracem GGBS
which is located at Auto Nagar, Visakhapatnam
is used as a cement replacement material in
concrete mix. Optimal dosage range of this blast
furnace slag powder is chosen based on concrete
mix studies .The ultimate focus of this work is to
ascertain the performance of concrete mix
containing blast furnace powder and compare it
with the plain concrete mix. This is expected to
provide:-
To partially replace cement content with
GGBS in concrete as it directly
influences economy in construction.
To design and proportion the concrete
mix for M40 grade concrete, As per the
recommendation of IS:10262:2009
NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
To find the Volume proportions of the
concrete mixes by partially replacing
cement content with GGBS in another
phase
To check the variation of Compressive
Strength, Split Tensile Strength, and
Flexural Strength results by replacing
the cement 0% to 20% with GGBS and
compared with controlled concrete and
plotting the corresponding graphs
separately in another phase.
Environmental friendly disposal of
waste steel slag.
To boost the use of industrial waste.
Test Program
To evaluate the strength characteristics in
terms of compressive, split tensile and flexural
strengths with different percentages of Copper
slag (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 & 50%) as a partial
replacement of sand and cement
(0%,5%,10%,15%,& 20%). In all mixes the
same type of aggregate i.e. crushed granite
aggregate, fine aggregate, Copper slag are used.
The relative proportions of cement, coarse
aggregate, sand and water are obtained by IS -
Code method. M40 is considered as the
reference mixes.(Appendix-I)
The para meters are For M40 design mixs,
thepercentageof sand replaced with Copper slag
is inproportions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and
40% and percentageof cement replaced with
GGBS is in proportions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%
and 20%.
STRENGTH STUDIES ON CONCRETE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
according to IS: 516-1959
FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST according
to IS: 516-1959
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Copper slag& GGBS replacement results of
M40
NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
CONCLUSIONS
Summary
Results are analyzed to derive useful
conclusions regarding the workability, strength
characteristics of concrete on replacement of
cement with GGBS and sand with copper slag
for M40 grade.
8.2 Conclusions
a) The compressive strength of concrete cubes is
increases by 9% with fine aggregate replacement
of 30 % with copper slag and with Cement
replacement of 15% with GGBS for M40, when
compared with controlled concrete.
b) The compressive strength of M40 grade
concrete for replacement of Fine aggregate with
copper slag and Cement with GGBS increased in
the order of 0%, 3.59%, 6.10%, 8.65% for 0%,
10(CS)#5(GGBS)%, 20#10%, 30#15%
proportions and decreased by 2.0% for 40#20%
proportions replacements respectively.
c) The Split tensile strength of concrete
cylinders is increases by 4% with fine aggregate
replacement of 30 % with copper slag and with
Cement replacement of 15% with GGBS for
M40, when compared with controlled concrete.
d) The Split tensile strength of M40 grade
concrete for replacement of Fine aggregate with
copper slag and Cement with GGBS increased in
the order of 0%, 1.52%, 4.47%, 5.75% for 0%,
10(CS)#5(GGBS)%, 20#10%, 30#15%
proportions and decreased by 0.8% for 40#20%
proportions replacements respectively.
e) The Flexure strength of concrete prisms is
increases by 5.14% with fine aggregate
replacement of 30 % with copper slag and with
Cement replacement of 15% with GGBS for
M40, when compared with controlled concrete.
e) The Flexure strength of M40 grade concrete
for replacement of Fine aggregate with copper
slag and Cement with GGBS increased in the
NALINI D, et al, International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering [IJRSAE]TM Volume 2, Issue 16, PP: 217 – 229, OCTOBER’ 2016.
International Journal of Research Sciences and Advanced Engineering
Vol.2 (16), ISSN: 2319-6106, OCT’ 2016. PP: 217 - 229
order of 0%, 2.0%, 3.9%, 5.1% for 0%,
10(CS)#5(GGBS)%, 20#10%, 30#15%
proportions and decreased by 3.28% for 40#20%
proportions replacements respectively.
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B) IS CODES
11. IS:383:1970 Indian standard institution,
Specifications of coarse and fine aggregates
from natural sources of concrete, New Delhi
12. IS: 456:2007 Plain and Reinforced Concrete
Code of Practice, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
13. IS: 455-1989 Specification for Portland Slag
Cement. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
,Reaffirmed 1995.
14. IS: 516-1959 Specification for Method of
Tests of Strength of Concrete, Reaffirmed
1999,Edition 1.2, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
15. IS:1199:1959 Specification for methods of
sampling and analysis of concrete, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
16. IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963 Specification for
methods of test for aggregates for concrete. Part
I particle size and shape. Reaffirmed
1997.Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
17. IS: 2386 (Part II) – 1963 Specification for
methods of test for aggregates for concrete. Part
II estimation of deleterious materials and
organic impurities.Reaffirmed 1990.Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
18. IS: 2386 (Part III) – 1963 Specification for
methods of test for aggregates for concrete. Part
III specific gravity, density, voids, absorption
and bulking. Reaffirmed 1997.Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
19. IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963 Specification for
methods of test for aggregates for concrete. Part
IV Mechanical properties.Reaffirmed
1997.Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
20. IS: 2386 (Part V) – 1963 Specification for
methods of test for aggregates for concrete. Part
V, soundness test. Reaffirmed 1997.Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
21. IS: 4031-1968 Specification for fineness test
of cement Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
22. IS 4031(Part 1):1996 Specification for
Methods of physical tests f or hydraulic cement:
Part 1 Determination of fineness by dry sieving.
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
23. IS: 4031 (Part-V) - 1988 Specification for
initial and final setting time of cement
24. IS: 5816: 1999 Specification for Splitting
Tensile Strength of Concrete - Method of Test,
first revision.Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
25.IS: 8112-1989. Specification for 43 Grade
ordinary Portland cement. Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
26. IS: 10262-2009 and SP 23:1982.
Recommended Guidelines for concrete
Mix.Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
27.Shetty, M. S., “Concrete technology,” Chand
S. and Co.Ltd, India (2009).
28.Nevelli,” Properties of concrete” longman
Publications, New Delhi, Reprint 2010.
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