Basic Structures of Matter -
Supergravitation Unified Theory
(BSM-SG) based on an alternative
space-time concept
(Talk at North York Physics group, 10 Dec 2010, Toronto, Canada)
Stoyan Sarg, PhD
York University, Toronto, Canada
www.helical-structures.org
Some of main unanswered questions in contemporary Physics
• How Nature might keep records of the laws of Physics?
• Rene Decartes, Newton, Ampere, Faraday, Maxwell, Lord Kelvin, N. Tesla: a different vision about space
• Einstein in “Sidelights on Relativity” (1920)
“General relativity without ether is unthinkable”
• Feynman: There’s plenty of room at the bottom
(1959)
• Copenhagen Formalism and Quantum Mechanics
• Replacement of human logic by mathematical logic; Assumptions in Physics; Rules and violation of rules.
• It is very difficult to change some earlier adopted assumptions even if they are wrong
• The present view about microcosmos and Universe is formed through the prism of the concept of space
• Unsolved problems in Physics - mysteries and speculations
Search for a new idea about space – some kind of unique
underlying structure
• Why the Newton’s law of gravity has a similar dependence on distance like the low of radiation? – an indication that might involve some kind of surface pressure (interaction) on a closed volume
• The unique structure must have some oscillation properties that defines the constant speed of light and also the ZPE envisioned by QM
• Must exhibit modulation properties defining the electrical and magnetic field
• Must have unified origin with the elementary particle – they must contain the same building blocks as the underlying space structure
• Must be built by indestructible subelementary blocks
• Cosmic Lattice (CL): two types of alternative CL nodes made of 4 rods with opposite internal twisting, held by Supergravitational (SG) forces (inverse proportional to the cube of distance in pure empty space)
• Casimir forces: attractive and repulsive – detectable signatures of the SG forces
• Neutonian Gravity: SG forces propagated through the CL space
Mockup for illustration of CL nodes arrangement in CL space
109.5
109.5
left handed prism 60 o
prism
Fig. 2.6
right handed60
o
d 109.5
A - A
abcd
109.5
A
o
o
A
200.5 10 ( )abcdd m
−≈ ×
Note: The prisms are not externally
twisted but having internal twisted
structure
Cosmic Lattice (CL) - alternatively arranged right and left-handed
flexible CL nodes formed by 4 prisms of same type
• Gaps between the CL nodes: permits spatial oscillations under SG law
• Return forces: - symmetrical along xyz axes (weak forces) and asymmetrical along abcd axes
(strong forces).
• Result: Complex CL node oscillations (NRM and SPM vectors)
- two identified frequencies : fR
= 1.09x1029 Hz – defines light velocity and fc
= 1.236x1020 Hz –
SPM vector (Compton) frequency – involved in QM interactions and constancy of light velocity
• MQ SPM (Magnetic Quasisphere – a hodograph of SPM vector in absence of electrical charge)
• EQ SPM ( Electrical Quasisphere – a hodograph of SPM vector in electrical field or charge)
• Synchronized MQ SPM: define a magnetic line (it is also left or right-handed curled)
• Synchronized EQ SPM: defines an electrical line (a different synchronized frequency)
CL space structure and properties
• The central geometrical position of the CL node apex is not
stable: The flexible CL node exhibits can oscillate and have an
energy well.
• Two types of CL space energy: Static (enormous) and Dynamic
(small). Quantum Mechanics envisions the second one. It is
involved in the definition of permeability and permittivity of the
physical vacuum.
• Quantum and space-time properties of the CL space.
• The SG field propagated by the abcd set of the CL nodes axes
(stronger interactions) manifests as Newtonian gravitation.
• The Magnetic and Electrical fields are defined by two types of
CL node oscillations (MQ and EQ SPM) involving the weaker
force interactions between the CL nodes along the xyz axes.
Helical Structures crystallized from the two types of twisted prisms (rods with
internal twisting)
Second order LH structureRight-Hand
Left-Hand
Combined
Second order Second order RH combined structure
• Electron –- an oscillating 3-body system with two proper frequencies. The first one is the Compton frequency equal to the SPM frequency of the CL node.
• Confined motion: A screw-like motion of rotating and oscillating electron interacting with the oscillating CL nodes. Preferred velocities, corresponding to (13.6/n) eV, where n matches the principal quantum number of the Bohr atomic model. Quantum orbit: a closed loop containing a hole number of both frequencies cycles.
• The denser internal RL lattice modulates the CL node dynamics: electrical and magnetic lines
Main CL space parameters expressed by the BSM electron model
• Static CL pressure, PS: defines the Newtonian mass of elementary particle as a
pressure exercised on its denser internal lattice
26
32
24
2 103735.1)1(
×=−
==c
hvgc
V
mP ce
e
e
S παα
(N/m2) (4)
HS VcPm )( 2= (kg) - Newtonian mass equation of elementary particle (5)
• Partial CL pressure, PP: - Inertial properties of a particles at confined motion
cPP SP /αυ= (N/m2) where: υ - is a confined motion velocity (6)
• Dynamical CL pressure, PD: - Pressure exercised on FOHSs of atoms and
molecules by ZPE waves that equalize the CL space background energy.
3
3
23
100258.2)1( ×=−==
c
hvg
cS
hvP ce
e
cD πα
α)(
2Hzm
N (7)
Signature of PD - the observed Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Therefore,
the estimated temperature of 2.72K (by fitting of CMB to a blackbody curve) in
fact is a CL space background parameter. The derived theoretical expression is:
KRrcR
LrRhv
S
NT
n
e
igeC
PCpCc
W
A 6758.22
)( 232
=+
=µµ
(8)
• Other estimated CL space parameters
CL node distance (at xyz axes) ~ 1.0975x10-20
(m),
NRM (resonance) frequency: 1.0926x1029
(Hz)
SPM frequency = Compton’s frequency (known): 1.2356x1020
(Hz)
Particle Physics data for revealing the particles substructure
Standard Model BSM-SG model
Internal structure of proton and neutron
Important features from particle physics experiments analyzed by BSM-SG:
The masses of stable elementary particles and the unstable particles - pions,
kaons and muons are measured with very high accuracy. The mass accuracy
of other unstable particles is very poor. This is a signature that the proton and
neutron have not spherical but a loop shapes enclosing other loop shape
structures.
Elementary particlesBSM-SG Model vs Standard Model
Standard Model
All stable and unstable particles
are assumed to have a
spherical (or oval) shape. No
3D material structure is
envisioned. They are grouped
in tables of lepton, fermions,
bosons, quarks with properties
denoted by metaphoric
atributes: strangeness, color
charge, color force, flavor, up,
down, bottom, charm, strange.
BSM-SG Model
The elementary particles posses
superdense 3D material structures
The electron and positron possesses a one
coil helical structure
Proton, neutron, pions and kaon are made
of 3D helical structures of higher order.
They are stable only in a loop
configuration. If the loop is broken (in
particle colliding experiments) they
decay. Pion decays into muon and then
to electron (positron). Intermediate
decay products have a short lifetime that
depends on the velocity through the CL
space.
The unstable particles in the Standard Model are in fact fractions and
combination of fractions of the helical structure from which the stable
elementary particles are composed.
Proton and neutron and their internal structure
Using BSM-SG models and the data from particle experiments the
overall shape and internal structure of the proton and neutron are
identified. They are composed by helical structures built by the same
prisms that are embedded in the Cosmic Lattice.
Simplest atoms and nuclear chains
The Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structure is one of the major derivatives
from the BSM-SG theory. It explains the raw and column pattern of
the Periodic table, the valences, the Pauli exclusion principle, the
Hund’s rule, the oxygen number, the nuclear spin (NMR), the p-type
of electronic orbits, the radioactivity and other properties.
Argon nucleus mockup
Elevated side view Top view
Clickable Periodic Table of the element showing the Atomic
Nuclear Structures using symbols for the protons and neutrons
http://www.helical-structures.org/Heliconstruct/table.html
Radioactivity. Alpha decay example
Conclusion: The alpha decay is a cold fusion at room
temperature. The fusion barrier is much lower than in the case of
hot fusion due to the properly oriented protons in the Gd nucleus.
The simplest molecules
4 2
2 2 2 33
0 0
2 31
2 2
[[ (1)](1 )] 0.6455
(2 )( (1) 0.6455 ) 5.2651 10
2.82 10
qSG kV
q p
SG c c q p
SG p
EC EE
q L L q q
C G m h h L L
C Gm
α π
ν ν α −
= − −− ∆ +
= = + + = ×
= ×
- Vibrational energy levels
- Density ratio between the superdense SG matter and the
atomic matter
Fine structure of the molecules using the BSM atomic models
(Chapter 9 of BSM-SG)
Identification of C4H4 molecule conformations
rn
- internuclear distance estimated (approximately) by BSM-SG Model
A - the valence protons lie in the drawing plane
B - the valence protons are perpendicular to the drawing plane
C - the valence protons are at 45o in respect to the drawing plane
Organic Molecules
Ozone problem
CH4
CB CB
O3
CB
CBCB
CB
CB
CB
Cl
CB
The chlorine molecule (or atom) attracted by the SG forces breaks the
bonds CB of the ozone molecule. When the protruded section of the
methane molecule is inserted into the ozone molecule hole it stabilizes it.
Brown gas – unknown state of the water molecule
The two quantum orbits of the protons in H2O molecule are with a size 2
(corresponding to a maximum quantum energy of 3.41 eV), so they can hold
a total quantum energy of 2 x 3.4 = 6.8 eV. In Brown gas state of the water
molecule the two electrons occupy a common orbit with a size 1
corresponding to 13.6 eV. Then the maximum total quantum energy is: 2 x
13.6 = 27.2 eV. Consequently the Brown gas molecule can hold an excessive
energy of 20.4 eV at quantum mechanical level.
Water chain molecule with an option of a closed loop
The long chain obtains a helical shape because of the interaction between
the SG forces (known as Van del Waal) and the electrical repulsions
between the valence protons at close proximity. If the chain forms a closed
loop such molecule can store an energy at quantum mechanical level
because one or more energy states could be synchronously rotated in a
closed loop.
Energy storage mechanism of biomolecules
High resolution images from a tunneling microscope and synthetic
images obtained by BSM-SG models of atoms
Application of BSM-SG atomic models in nanotechnology
3-D view of synthetic model of graphene sheet
P1 and P2 protons
are perpendicular to
the drawing plane
Signature of BSM-SG model of carbon atom from high resolution
electron microscopy
Single wall carbon
nanotube (Courtesy of
A. Javey et al. Nano
Lett., 4, 1319, (2004)
a. Single wall Carbon
sheet from TEAM
microscope
b. Processed image
showing a signature of
2 parallel planes
BSM-SG publications
• First publication in: www.helical-structures.org (2001 regularly updated)
• First and second electronic editions archived in National Library of
Canada, (2002 and 2005)
• Article about the electron in Physics Essays (2003) and other articles in
the on-line Journal of Theoretics.
• A poster report in Physics of the IIIrd Millennium Conference,
3-5 Apr 2005, Huntsville, AL, USA
• Report in IX International conference Space, Time, Gravitation
7-11 Aug 2006, Proceedings, St. Petersburg, Russia
• Presentations in four other conferences and seminars
• Book Beyond the Visible Universe, 2005 (popular presentation)
• Book Basic Structures of Matter–Supergravitation Unified Theory, 2006
Trafford Publishing, – full theory (paper back Amazon.com & electronic book)
• Books review in Physics in
Canada, v. 62, No 4, 206-207,
(2006)
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