2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Basic points• Handouts
– Lectures + glossary of technical words
• Lectures– listen carefully - grasp the concept– technical words in blue
• Videos– 1 hour– American accent – try to comprehend– outline to help you out
• Writing - Prof. Shishido– main points of grammar– pitfalls by Japanese students– 5-page essay
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
• Reading– native English speaking science writers– 4-page handout one week before discussion– self-study during the week– discussion: Q & A
• Goal– comprehend scientific English– be capable of describing scientific concepts in
English
http://www.h.chiba-u.jp/english/Education/H12001/ENS06.htm
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Our universe is filled with galaxies
Each galaxy• is different from others• contains millions of
stars
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Our star, the Sun…
Is one of the millions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy
Has 9 planets orbiting around…the Solar System
Each planetis different from others
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
• Each galaxy– is different from others– contains millions of stars
Our star, the Sun…• Is one of the millions of stars in the Milky Way
galaxy• Has 9 planets orbiting around…the Solar System• Each planet
– is different from others
Our planet, the Earth…• Is unique in the Solar System …in that is the only
planet with LIFE
Our universe is filled with galaxies
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
From the beginning…
Earth was formed by aggregation of dust– Pressure produced heat that melted materials
• lighter materials went to the surface (atmosphere)• heavier materials remained in the core
– Asteroids …increased• size• mineral composition
– Water?• by condensation of vapour in original atmosphere• brought by comets that crashed into Earth
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Earth’s astronomical data
Age: 4.6 billion years oldDistance from Sun: 149,597,890 km
8.3 min lightRotation period: 24 hr (1 d)Revolution period: 365.26 dSatellites: MoonDiameter: 12,756 kmMass: 5.9742 x 1024 kgDensity: 5.515 g/cm3
Gravitation: 9.8 m/s2
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Importance of astronomical data
• Nature– Seasonal changes (summer - winter)– Climatic oscillations (e.g. glacial periods)– Natural cycles (e.g. spawning of corals, etc.)
• Humans– First science in history
• Ancient civilizations (Egypt, Middle East, Maya)
– Human activities• Basis for measurement of time and space• Calendar (day, week, month, year)• Zodiac: influence of universe on individual’s life
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Earth’s data
Average temperature 14.8 oC
Planetary composition• Atmosphere: Air (mixture of gasses)
N2 O2 Ar CO2
• Hydrosphere: 74% surface (3.7 km average depth) 1,370 x 106 km3 water (H2O, ClNa)
• Earth: 3000 minerals
– Crust (SiOx, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg) • Continental (30% surface)
– Mantle (SiOx, Mg, S)
– Core (molten Fe alloy)
P not common
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
• Original rocks (igneous)– Volcanic: basalt (alkaline), andesite, rhyolite (acidic)– Plutonic: granites (acidic), diorites, gabbro (alkaline)
• Sedimentary rocks – weathering (erosion)– Big size: conglomerates, breccia– Small size: sandstone, shale, siltstones– Precipitation carbonates (CO3
-2)• limestone (Ca)• dolomite (Mg)
• Metamorphic rocks– Igneous rocks greenstones (amphibolites)– Sedimentary rocks:
• Sandstone quartzites• Shale schists• Carbonate marbles
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Plate tectonics
• Rejuvenating the surface of the Earth– New mountains (volcanos, ridges)– New river valleys
• Recycling rocks and other materials– Metamorphic rocks– Biological debris
• Organic materials petroleum• Human waste (garbage) ??
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Evolution of the Earth
• Our planet has not always been as we know it now
• Changes in 4,600 million years of history– Atmosphere: from CO2 to O2
– Surface• vapour H2O liquid H2O ice• shape of continents (continental drift, tectonics)
• Evolutionary perspective– Geological structure– Ecosystems
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Current Earth
70% water - most S hemisphere3 oceans
Deepest trench: Marianas 10973 m
30% land - most N hemisphere5 continents
Highest peak: Mt Everest 8850 m
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Biosphere
The living matter enveloping the surface of the Earth
& filling its oceans
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Conditions for a biosphere
• Material composition and availability of chemicals– Abundant C, O, N, H and P, Ca, S
• Atmosphere - not poisonous– Adequate planet size: gravitational force to hold it
• Steady supply of energy, not fluctuating– Normal star (Sun)– Planet’s orbit near circular
• Temperature– allow normal chemical reactions
– water (H2O) in liquid form0 < T < 100 oC
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Sources of energy
External - the Sun– Photosynthesis– Hydrological cycle– Climate
Internal – the Earth• Volcanos
– hot springs
• Deep ocean trenches– Hydrothermal vents– Plumes
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Basic principles (rules)• Conservation of matter – same amount of matter
– Small input: meteorites, falling debris– Small output: H and He losses
• Conservation of energy - 1st law of thermodynamics“Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed”
• Natural processes - 2nd law of thermodynamics
A + B C + D + energy
– always in direction of highest entropy
entropy [A+B] < entropy [C+D]
• Biological systems constantly…– Recycle matter (biomass)– Require energy input to create more organisms less entropy
2006 自然科学の英語 -ENS-L1
Definitions
• Ecology: oikos (household) + logos (study)– Study of interactions between organisms and
environment• Ecosystem: ecological system
– Biological component – organisms– Non-biological component – land, water, air
• Biosphere: entire biological systems on Earth• Biodiversity: variety of species in an ecosystem• Biogeography: geographical distribution of
species