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Page 1: Basic Biological Concepts & Basic Genetics

BASIC BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND

BASIC GENETICS

BHARTI MPH

Page 2: Basic Biological Concepts & Basic Genetics

BASIC BIOLOGICAL BASIC BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTSCONCEPTS

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CELLCELL

A cell is a smallest unit that is A cell is a smallest unit that is capable of performing life functioncapable of performing life function

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Cell Theory Cell Theory

All living things are made up of cellAll living things are made up of cell Cells are the smallest working units of all Cells are the smallest working units of all

living things.living things. All cells come from preexisting cells All cells come from preexisting cells

through cell division.through cell division.

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TYPES OF CELLSTYPES OF CELLS

(1)(1) Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell

(2)(2) Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell

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CHARACTERSTICS OF CHARACTERSTICS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLPROKARYOTIC CELL

1.Do not have structures surrounded by 1.Do not have structures surrounded by membranes.membranes.

2.Few internal structures.2.Few internal structures. 3. One –celled organism , Bacteria3. One –celled organism , Bacteria

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CHARACTERSTICS OF CHARACTERSTICS OF EUKARYOTIC CELLEUKARYOTIC CELL

Contain organelles surrounded by Contain organelles surrounded by membranes.membranes.

Most living organisms.Most living organisms.

IT IS OF TWO TYPES:IT IS OF TWO TYPES:

(1)(1) Animal cellAnimal cell

(2)(2) Plant cellPlant cell

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DIFFERENT ORGANELLES DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF ANIMAL CELLOF ANIMAL CELL

Ribosome'sRibosome's Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus LysosomesLysosomes MitochondriaMitochondria CytoplasmCytoplasm NucleusNucleus Cell MembraneCell Membrane

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BACTERIABACTERIA

Simple structureSimple structure Lacks membrane – bound nucleusLacks membrane – bound nucleus Enormous range of metabolic activitiesEnormous range of metabolic activities Few bacteria causes diseaseFew bacteria causes disease Usually they contain peptidoglycanUsually they contain peptidoglycan Gives shape & mechanical strength to Gives shape & mechanical strength to

the cellthe cell

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CLASSIFICATION ON THE CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF STAININGBASIS OF STAINING

Bacteria can be divided into two groups on Bacteria can be divided into two groups on the basis of gram staining.the basis of gram staining.

Gram positive bacteriaGram positive bacteria Gram negative bacteriaGram negative bacteria

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SHAPESSHAPES

Round shape (cocci)Round shape (cocci) Rod shape (bacilli)Rod shape (bacilli) Spiral shape (Spring like)Spiral shape (Spring like)

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BACTERIAL DISEASEBACTERIAL DISEASE

DiptheriaDiptheria TuberculosisTuberculosis Whooping coughWhooping cough TetanusTetanus CholeraCholera Typhoid feverTyphoid fever Bacterial DysentryBacterial Dysentry

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VIRUSVIRUS

Sub-microscopic infectious agent Sub-microscopic infectious agent Unable to grow or reproduce outside a Unable to grow or reproduce outside a

host cellhost cell Consist of genetic material (DNA,RNA)Consist of genetic material (DNA,RNA)

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VIRAL DISEASESVIRAL DISEASES

InfluenzaInfluenza Common coldCommon cold Small poxSmall pox MumpsMumps MeaslesMeasles German measlesGerman measles PoliovirusPoliovirus Yellow feverYellow fever

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FUNGIFUNGI

Eukaryotic organismEukaryotic organism Heterotrophic organisms possessing a Heterotrophic organisms possessing a

chitinous cell wallchitinous cell wall Some fungal species grow as single cellSome fungal species grow as single cell Examples: yeasts, molds, mushroomsExamples: yeasts, molds, mushrooms Symptoms: fluffy white patches, reed Symptoms: fluffy white patches, reed

inflamed skin under patch, severe irritationinflamed skin under patch, severe irritation

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DISEASE CAUSED BY DISEASE CAUSED BY FUNGIFUNGI

Athlete's footAthlete's foot Head ringwormHead ringworm CandidiasisCandidiasis

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PROTOZOAPROTOZOA

One –celled animalsOne –celled animals Smallest of all animalsSmallest of all animals Most of them can only be seen under a Most of them can only be seen under a

microscopemicroscope They do breathe, move, reproduce like They do breathe, move, reproduce like

multi celled animalsmulti celled animals

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Live in water where it is dampLive in water where it is damp Example: paramecium, euglena, amoebaExample: paramecium, euglena, amoeba Some are harmful to man ,cause serious Some are harmful to man ,cause serious

diseasesdiseases Helpful because they eat harmful bacteria Helpful because they eat harmful bacteria

and are food for fish and other animaland are food for fish and other animal Also called fissionAlso called fission

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DISEASE CAUSED BY DISEASE CAUSED BY PROTOZAPROTOZA

MalariaMalaria AmoebiasisAmoebiasis

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BASIC CONCEPTS IN BASIC CONCEPTS IN GENETICSGENETICS

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MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTMENDEL’S EXPERIMENT

Research was with plantsResearch was with plants Basic underline principle of heredityBasic underline principle of heredity Also applicable to human beings and animalsAlso applicable to human beings and animals Performed experiment on common pea plantPerformed experiment on common pea plant Certain traits show up in the offspring Certain traits show up in the offspring Observed seven traitsObserved seven traits Apparently occur in one of the two form Apparently occur in one of the two form

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TRAITSTRAITS

Flower color is purple or whiteFlower color is purple or white Flower position is axil or terminal Flower position is axil or terminal Stem length is long or short Stem length is long or short Seed shape is round or wrinkledSeed shape is round or wrinkled Seed color is yellow or greenSeed color is yellow or green Pod shape is inflated or constrictedPod shape is inflated or constricted Pod color is yellow or greenPod color is yellow or green

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Mendel’s second experimentMendel’s second experiment

Picked common garden pea plant Picked common garden pea plant Pea plant have both male and female Pea plant have both male and female

reproductive organsreproductive organs Can be self pollinated Can be self pollinated Cross pollinatedCross pollinated

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Cross pollinating plants that either produce Cross pollinating plants that either produce yellow or green pea seedsyellow or green pea seeds

First offspring generation (f1) always has First offspring generation (f1) always has yellow seedsyellow seeds

F2 generation has 3:1 ratio of yellow to greenF2 generation has 3:1 ratio of yellow to green 3:1 ratio occur in the later generations as well3:1 ratio occur in the later generations as well Realized that this was the key to under -Realized that this was the key to under -

standing the basic mechanism of inheritancestanding the basic mechanism of inheritance

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conclusionconclusion

inheritance of each trait is determined inheritance of each trait is determined by ‘units’ or ‘factors’ that are passed on by ‘units’ or ‘factors’ that are passed on to descendents unchanged (genes)to descendents unchanged (genes)

An individual inherits one such unit from An individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each traiteach parent for each trait

Trait may not show up in an individual but Trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next can still be passed on to the next generationgeneration

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Starting parent plants – homozygous Starting parent plants – homozygous (alleles or form)(alleles or form)

F1 generation – heterozygous (different F1 generation – heterozygous (different alleles)alleles)

GenotypeGenotype PhenotypePhenotype

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the principle of segregationthe principle of segregation the principle of independent assortmentthe principle of independent assortment

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