Back Office Building Strategy (Decision Making Support)
for e-Government
Reference Book : “Theory of E-Government” ( Prof. Gi-Heon Kwon )
Enhancing the Policy Decision Capacity
Policy Decision Process
Role of IT in decision process
- Information systems is fundamental to rationalize policy decision process
- Because we believe that right information is considered as the most important resource of good decision making.
How to do to get right information???
By means of Information Process
Policy decision process = Problem Solution process (Simon)
Information Process in Organization
System Target Businesses User Purpose of use
EDPSSimple repeated work(Data Processing)Data
Low level (staff) Resources saving (such as manpower and costs)
PMISFormulaic report(Analysis of data)Information
Middle level Management ( manager )
Rationalization(Functioning)
DSS (Decision-aid report) Top level management (chief administrator) Strategic Planning
Weak SIS
Strong SIS
A strategic information system (SIS) is any information system that uses IT to help an organization…
Gain a competitive advantage Reduce a competitive disadvantage Or meet other strategic enterprise objectives
EDPS (Electronic Data Processing System)
• The system to handle data for office works or business management by using computer
Data Information Decision Aids Knowledge
Analysis Analysis ReasoningEDPS
Management
Marketing
Financing
Accounting
IS
IS
ISExample
PMIS (Public Management Information System)• extension of MIS• PMIS is the integrations of humans
and machines artificially designed using IT technology to support to tasks of government offices such as policy processes, administration management, works, analyses and evaluation which aim to achieve Public Objectives
Data Information Decision Aids Knowledge
Analysis Analysis ReasoningMIS
ManagementIS
Marketing Accounting
Financing
Example
Components of PIMS• Human
– Technicians / Engineers• Those who develop, manage and operate information systems such as
system analyst, programmer, operation agent and DB manager.– Users
• Those who get the advantage of information systems to implement his tasks ( such as administrative org: user of EIS and SIS, top and middle manager: user of DSS )
• Information Technology– hardware, software, Database and network
• Information Processing Knowledge– relevant knowledge to consider the necessity of information– relevant knowledge to know about feasibility, availability, planning and
analysis– relevant knowledge to manage the organization, human resources
with the use of IT
DSS ( Decision Support System)
Data Information Decision Aids Knowledge
Analysis Analysis ReasoningDSS
DSS is the subsystem of MIS, a computer based system that supports administrator in the decision making to solve unstructured problems interactively by using data and analysis model.
DSS is providing information system environment which can make decision-maker solve various problems easily, accurately, fast by unifying traditional data processing and measurement analysis of management science
Initial Definition
Broader aspect for Definition of DSS
IS
MarketingAccounting
FinancingSimply office automation or information offering
Decision making supporting to chief administrator
Phases of DSS (Herbert Simon Model)
Intelligence Gathering Phase• to identify the problem• the identification and listing of all the alternatives is necessary
Design Phase• to analyze and develop alternatives to handle the problem• the determination of all the consequences resulting from each of the
alternatives
Choice Phase• to select the best one among available alternatives appeared• the comparison of the accuracy and efficiency of each of these sets of
consequences
Implementation Phase• to implement selected alternative• Evaluate if the effect of selected alternative is working properly and
check the preferences of other alternatives
Components of DSSDatabase Management
Component
• Includes database that contains relevant data to solve the problems and is managed by DBMS
Model Management Component
• The analysis tool or software package that developed for• Statistical Prediction• Organizational outcome or
specific Economic Index/ Financial Prediction
• Computer Simulation shows results about change of real situation
User Interface Component
• Component that let user contact information system
• It should be• diverse in style• compatible with various
media and patterns,• should be flexible and
convenient.
Characteristics of DSSSuitable for unstructured or semi-structured decision makingAs it is based on modeling and quantitative analysis ability, , it is used to solve strategic or policy level problems which are not known about solutions or can not be comprehended clearly
System to support decision makingIt does not directly make decision making for decision makers it plays a role to support them providing required data or analysis methods which is necessary to examine alternatives or conditions in solving problems
Interactive Processing SystemIt can ensure an efficient and interactive human-computer dialog (which is similar to interfaces between managers and staffs in traditional work conditions
Bottom up ApproachBottom-up should be adopted for the implementation of DSS.
Types of DSS (Alter’s Categorization)
DSS
Data Driven Approach
File Drawer System
Data Analysis System
Information Analysis System
Model Driven Approach
Accounting Model
Explanation Model
Optimization Model
Suggestion Model
Deductive Approach Inductive Approach
• Data warehouse is used for decision making support of enterprise (enterprise-wide DSS is linked to large data warehouses)
• A data warehouse is a integrated, time-variant, nonvolatile collection of data. (Bill Inmon )
• DW is the policy information resource center installed at cyber-space as the database of decision making support
Data warehouse
Characteristics of Data warehouse
Decision Making Support Centralized DataEnterprise based Integration ModelTemporality and Historicity Thematic Support (Topic –centered support)
Whether it is Data Driven Approach or Model Driven Approach, Data warehouse should be Implemented properly support Decision making.
• Back Office building strategy for enhancing decision-making capabilities
• The role of information systems in decision support
• EDPS, PMIS, DSS, DW
Conclusion (Back Office)
Front Office Building Strategy for e-Government
(towards democracy and transparency)
Operational Strategy for Open Access to Information
Operational Strategy for G4C
Operational Strategy for G2B
Legal Framework
Front-Office• online service delivery to
citizens and businesses, through digital means.
(The contact point of the outside of government)
Government-to-Citizens (G2C) Government-to-Business (G2B)
Back-Office• internal government
administration and information sharing within and governments. ( The contact point of the inside of government )
• Government-to-Government (G2G)
Front Office and Back Office e-Government primarily consists of two parts:
The performance of Front Office of e-Gov must be approached to improving the democracy and transparency through G2C and G2B
What is Open Information Access?? to provide the information which has collected and processed by government to
citizens or business
Why Open Access is needed? To promote democracy and transparency and economic development
How it will improve the democratization and transparency ? e-Gov will facilitate the information utilization and accessibility of the people by
ensuring freely flow of information It will let citizens to criticize and control of the governmental activities and power by
political participation of the public.
Administrative information open to the public guarantees citizens’ right to know and a variety of electronic participation tools promote their active participation as well as protection of their personal information.
(e.g. www.open.gov.kr, www.open.gov.uk)
Open Access to Information
Ways to Open Information The request of information by individual claim (Mandatory)- As a legal right, individual may request information from the government (government must provide when people request the information individually)
Information Publication by Government (Mandatory)- As a legal obligation, government must let people know the specific matters through related regulation (e.g. announcements, notifications and promulgation )
Information provided by Government (Voluntarily) - The information that can be provided by Government voluntarily
Strategy to promote Open Access
• Single URL is needed for easy access
• An independent in-charge agency to monitor the disclosure of public information, to manage & develop the standardized document
• Minimize the unavoidable information access
• Information should be provided in digital format through e-govt system and internet
Through E-Govt &
Internet Widening scope of
Information Act
Single window access Relevant
Information Access Mangt System
G4C : typical example of government innovation using information system for citizens (residents, real estate, cars, tax and so on)
Operational Strategy of G4C
Main Substances of G4C
The Innovation of the civil affairs public service process
Building the single window for civil petitions through the internet
Building the Information Sharing System
The computerization infrastructure and the Improvement of legal system
Citizen = Demander of information Government= Supplier of information
Substances of G4C
The Innovation of the civil affairs public service process- reduce required documents by sharing information among departments
Building the single window for civil petitions through the internet- To deal with the application and issue of civil complaint through the internet
Building the Information Sharing System- To share fundamental information through government network In order to improve the administrative management and policy decision making
The computerization infrastructure and the Improvement of legal system- IT infrastructure and legal system should be development to assure the pri-vacy and security for data sharing
Green Customer Services (Recent Trend of G4C) The paperless green customer services policy that contribute toward the reinforcement of national competitiveness and the low-carbon green growth through online customer services.
Problems- Not well-founded integrated environment for customer services process- Only 25% of services are in online formObjective- To improve the online usage rate (project started in April, 2009)Strategy (The Policy Directions of the Green Civil Complaint) -Merge all the customer services-Construct the integrated customer service online portal by connecting G4C and 54 departments for customer services-establish the legal system to make the electronization, standardization and simplification of certification procedure-improve the functions of the system that can enhance the use of online services and to strengthen public relations
Green Customer Services (http://www.minwon.go.kr)
Number of documents and visits have decreased through online civil services such as • Civil Information Inquiry• Petition & Application• Document Inquiry & Issuance
citizen information
real estate information
Building Information
Land Utilizing Information
Land Information
Item based Tax Information
Overall Tax Information
Changing Address Info
Immigration Information
Army Information
G2B: The system which is open to the business and provide the fairness of the opportunity to bid on a procurement process, and to reduce the workload .
Operational Strategy of G2B services
Strategy for Implementing G2B Services
1. Eliminate duplication and implement standardization (BPR)
2. Implement own DB for effective G2B and e-
procurement
3. Develop Strategic Plan for future integration of e-
procurement
4. Integrate related Ministry Procurement system
5. Re-Design of Hardware and Software for e-procurement
system
6. Develop Proper Legal Framework
7. Review comments from users and evaluate the system 8. Increase Interoperability 9. Assure for Security , Privacy
& Backup
G2B: The system which is open to the environment and provide the fairness of the opportunity to bid on a procurement company, and to reduce the workload .
Operational Strategy of G2B services
Benefits from Innovative G2B services
Improving Business Efficiency
Improving Transparency on Procurement Processing
Improving Customer Oriented Services
Improving Business Competitiveness
Increasing Participation
e-Corruption is defined as manipulating of the information and communication system by the public officials who has authorities of accessing to national information system for their selfish interests and desires.
Electronic Corruption
Vulnerability that causes e-corruption
Automation & immediacy
The automated work process and speed in the e-Gov is difficult to expose with existing inspection method or function
Loss of information to validate
the government office is cheated by the online trick by conspiring with inner government officials
Accessibility and Ubiquity
The nature of e-Govt service which can provide at any time and anywhere is also favoring the government official to corrupt
Encryption Cryptographic technique being complicated and renewed day by day which is applied to the important data and that confirm the corruptive behavior as the investigation of corruptive behavior is going to be hard
e-Participation (Towards e-Democracy)
Citizen participation in decision-making process of government by utilizing information and communication technologies
effectiveness and efficiency of government
Customer – Oriented Services
Democracy & reflexivity
e-Participation (Case of Korea)Seoul City’s OASIS : A Suggestion System of Citizen to
improve Seoul City’s Policies
Sustainable Development of IT
& Industries
Upgrading Information
communication Infrastructure
Promotion for informatization of society
Informatization in administrative and
public sector
Foresting Environment for
active use of information
Preventing negative effective of
Informatization
Electronic Government Act Public Information Act of Public Organization
Digital Signature Act Electronic Transaction Framework Act Copyright Law Electronic Financial Transaction Act
Personal Data Protection Act Act for using and protection of Credit Information Act for protection & using Location Information
Founding IT infrastructure &
industries
Building & upgrading Information network
Online- Digital Contents Industry Development Law Broadcast Act Internet Multimedia Broadcast Services Act
Tele-communications Business Act Framework Act on Tele-communicationsRadio Waves Act
Legal Framework for National Informatization (The case of Korea)
ICT Legal Framework (The Case of Korea)Framework Act on National Informatization
Information Promotion for Society Development for IT Technology & Industry
Upgrading ICT Infrastructure
• National informatization policy need to be updated in response to administrative, economic, political and social issues and the new environment challenges.
• New information policy development were needed – to support low-carbon green growth– to respond to social environment change such as low fertility, aging population,
and IT convergence , security issues such as hacking, personal information extrusion
Future ICT Policy (Towards Hyper Connected)
• Operational Strategy for G4C and G2B to promote Democracy and Transparency
• e-participation to reach the e-Democracy which is the ultimate goal of e-government
• Legal Framework for Informatization (for the case of korea)
Conclusion
Thank You
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