Kiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
inglisuri filologia
nestan akobia
pragmatikuli kategoriebis Sedareba aramxatvrul da
mxatvrul teqstebSi
(konkretuli teqstebis magaliTebze)
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis filologiis doqtoris ( Ph. D.) akademiuri
xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
Tsu asocirebuli profesori: naTia nemsaZe
Tbilisi.
2008
avtoris stili daculia
2
sarCevi
Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
Tavi I : pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva iuridiuli teqstebis
mixedviT ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Tavi II : pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva umberto ekos nawarmoeb
“Foucault’s Pendulum” – idan pirveli ori Tavis mixedviT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Tavi III : postmodernisti mwerlis _ umberto ekos Sedareba realist
mweral – Carlz dikensTan pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
Tavi IV : pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva sagazeTo statiis
mixedviT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66
Tavi V : pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva samecniero statiebis
mixedviT ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 79
daskvna : ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 123
kvlevis saboloo Sedegebi: ---------------------------------------------- 153
gamoyenebuli literatura : ------------------------------------------- 159
sailustracio masala : ------------------------------------------- 165
3
Sesavali
Cemi samecniero kvlevis sagans Seadgens teqstis pragmatikuli
kategoriebis Zieba da dadgena Cems xelT arsebuli samecniero
literaturis safuZvelze. am kategoriebis Ziebasa da dadgenas
vawarmoeb iuridiul (ori saxis iuridiul teqsts ganvixilav:
saqarTvelos konstitucias __ kanons saxelmwifos Sesaxeb (inglisur
versias) da kanons saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiisa da gazis Sesaxeb
(aseve inglisur versias), anu SeiZleba iTqvas vadareb maT erTmaneTs),
mxatvrul (klasikos mweral, Carlz dikensis nawarmoebis "Great
Expactation"- isa da postmodernist mweral, umberto ekos nawarmoebis
"Foucault's Pendulum"- is mixedviT, maT Soris gansxvavebebis moZebniT),
sagazeTo statiisa da samecniero statiebis mixedviT, (kerZod,
biologiuri, istoriuli da literaturuli samecniero statiebis
mixedviT), (aseve maT Soris gansxvavebebis moZebniT) .
pirvel rigSi, mainteresebs gamijvna Tavad kategoriebs Soris;
gamovyof pragmatikul kategoriebs, romlebic metyvel subieqts
ukavSirdebian da pragmatikul kategoriebs, romlebic msmenel
subieqts ukavSirdebian. Semdeg mainteresebs, zemoT aRniSnul
teqstebSi am kategoriebis prevalireba_naklebobis dadgena;
mainteresebs aseve, romeli stilis teqstia yvelaze informaciuli,
eqspresiuli da gamWvirvale (eseni im pragmatikul kategoriebs
miekuTvnebian, romlebic msmenel subieqtze arian orientirebulni);
Cems naSromSi am yovelives ganxilvasa da axsna-ganmartebas Sevecdebi.
axla ki mivyveT Tanmimdevrobas da Tavdapirvelad gaverkveT, Tu
ra aris sintaqtika, semantika da pragmatika; gaverkveT, romlebi arian
pragmatikuli kategoriebi anu romlebi miekuTvnebian pragmatikas da
Semdeg isini ganvixiloT aRniSnuli teqstebis mixedviT.
cnobilia, rom yoveli mecniereba an mecnierebis calkeuli dargi
arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas gaaCnia sakuTari kategorialuri
aparati. komunikaciuri modelis Seqmnasa da konstituirebaSi
komunikaciuri aqtis komponentebTan erTad (adresanti, adresati,
4 referenciuli situacia da a.S. ) monawileobs enis sistema, xolo
mTeli enobrivi sistemis gansaxierebad unda CaiTvalos enobrivi
niSani, romlis sam ganzomilebad Tanamedrove lingvistikas miaCnia
sintaqtikuri, semantikuri da pragmatikuli ganzomilebani. roca
vambobT, rom Tanamedrove lingvistikas safuZvlad udevs niSnis cneba,
es ar niSnavs imas, rom f. de sosiurma SeimuSava es sami ganzomileba
__ isini pirvelad amerikelma filofosma pirsma wamoayena. pirveli
etapi, es iyo sintaqtikuri azrovneba, mas mohyva semantikuri, xolo
Semdgom pragmatikuli etapebi. e. i. me-20 saukunis lingvistika _ es
aris semiotikuri lingvistika, mis Teoriul safuZvels ki warmoadgens
niSnis cneba. semiotikis zemoT dasaxelebuli sami aspeqtis mimarTeba
niSnisadmi da saerTod enisadmi, Semdegnairad SeiZleba ganisazRvros:
sintaqtika gamohyofs mimarTebebs enobriv erTeulebs Soris; semantika
adgens enobrivi erTeulebis mimarTebas aRsaniSni obieqtis mimarT;
pragmatika ki ixilavs enobriv erTeulebs maT mimarTebaSi im pirTan an
pirebTan, romlebic am erTeulebs iyeneben komunikaciis procesSi.
enobrivi niSnis am sami ganzomilebidan teqstis SemTxvevaSi
ganmsazRvreli roli pragmatikul ganzomilebas unda miekuTvnos
(lebaniZe g, 78). gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, minda
davasabuTo, Tu ratom unda miekuTvnos ganmsazRvreli roli teqstis
SemTxvevaSi pragmatikul ganzomilebas.
Tanamedrove lingvistikis mixedviT, enas safuZvlad ori
ZiriTadi momenti udevs:
1. ena aris niSanTa sistema;
2. mas aqvs doneebrivi struqtura.
iyo dro, roca niSnad iTvleboda mxolod sityva (magaliTad
sosiurTan); Semdeg moxda niSnis cnebis "eqspansia" da niSnad miCneul
iqna winadadeba. sityva iqna miCneuli arasrul, xolo winadadeba,
srul niSnad. Semdeg sruli niSani aRmoCnda teqsti. semiotikuri
5 lingvistika miiltvoda da dResac miiltvis imisken, rom Tavisi
ganxilvisa da kvlevis umTavres obieqtad aqcios WeSmaritad sruli
niSani; dRes ki aseTad iTvleba teqsti.
“rodesac diplomati ambobs “diax”, is gulisxmobs “SeiZleba”-s;
rodesac is ambobs “SeiZleba”, gulisxmobs “ara”-s;
rodesac is ambobs “ara”, is ar aris diplomati.
rodesac qalbatoni ambobs “ara”, is gulisxmobs “SeiZleba”-s;
rodesac is ambobs “SeiZleba”, gulisxmobs “diax”-s;
rodesac is ambobs “diax”, is ar aris qalbatoni”. (volteri,
citirebuli; espanurad, eskandelSi, 1993 – Voltaire, Quoted in Spanish, in
Escandell, 1993) (www.pragmatics.com, 94.)
am striqonebSi ufro metia Cadebuli, vidre imaSi, rasac viRac
literaturulad gadmogvcems, anu imaze meti igulisxmeba, vidre
sityvebis mniSvnelobebia. sityvebis: “diax’, “SeiZleba”, “ara”,
mniSvnelobebi inglisuri enis mcodne yvela adamianma icis
(arakompetenturebis CaTvliT). SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva garemoebebSi,
sxvadasxva tipis mosaubreTaTvis es sityvebi sxvadasxva rames
niSnavdes. rogoraa es SesaZlebeli? – ismis kiTxva. ra urTierTobaa
sityvaTa mniSvnelobebs Soris? ras gulisxmoben mosaubreebi, rodesac
am sityvebs warmoTqvamen? risi gadmocema undaT maT? ra miznebi
amoZravebT? es is kiTxvebia, romlebze pasuxis gacemasac pragmatika
cdilobs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom me-20 saukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli
enobrivi sistemis problematikis mkvlevarni gansakuTrebiT iyvnen
dainteresebulni im sakiTxebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad enis struqturas
exeboda, e. i. swavlobdnen sintaqsur mimarTebebs enobriv erTeulebs
6 Soris. Semdeg, enobrivi sistemis sxva aspeqtebis Seswavlis mizniT,
daiwyo enobrivi erTeulebis mimarTebis dadgena aRsaniSni obieqtis
mimarT, rac semantikis sakvlevi obieqti iyo. 70-iani wlebidan
enaTmecnierTa interesma gadainacvla enobrivi funqcionirebis
Seswavlaze da bunebrivia, moiZebna enobrivi sistemis am aspeqtisaTvis
Sesaferisi saxelic _ pragmatika. C. morisis mier enaTmecnierebaSi
Semotanili termini "pragmatika", semiotikis or danarCen ZiriTad
komponentTan __ "semantikasa" da "sintaqtikasTan" erTad mtkiced
damkvidrda enaTmecnierebaSi.
sxvadasxva moazrovneebi, mecnierebi Tu filosofosebi
pragmatikas sxvadasxvanairad gansazRvravdnen. minda, maTi
gansazRvrebebi CavrTo Cems naSromSi:
1. morisi (1938) – pragmatika Seiswavlis urTierTobas
enobriv niSnebsa da maT gamomyeneblebs
(intermpretireblebs) Soris. pragmatikis saSualebiT
ganisazRvreba enobrivi niSnebisa da maTi
intermpretireblebis mecniereba. enobriv niSanTagan
yvelas Tu ara, umetesobas mainc maTi
intermpretireblebis msgavsad saarsebo organizmebi
gaaCniaT. savsebiT sworad davaxasiaTebT pragmatikas, Tu
vityviT, rom is Seiswavlis semiozisis biotur aspeqtebs.
enobriv niSanTa funqcionirebisas yvela biologiuri,
fsiqologiuri da sociologiuri movlena iCens Tavs.
2. karnapi (1942) – Tu kvlevisas, metyveli subieqtis anu
adresantis mimarT eqsplicituri referencia Seiqmna,
maSin saqme gvaqvs pragmatikasTan. Tu metyvel subieqts
movwydebiT da mxolod gamonaTqvamebsa da maT
aRsaniSnebs ganvixilavT, saqme gveqneba semantikasTan.
xolo Tu aRsaniSnebsac movwydebiT da mxolod
gamonaTqvamebs Soris urTierTobas ganvixilavT, maSin
ukve saqme gvaqvs sintaqtikasTan.
7
3. bar-hileli (1954) – mjera, rom indeqsuri enebis kvleva
da maTi sistemebis Seqmna, Tanamedrove logikosebis
kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. amasTanave, SemiZlia
davamato, rom indeqsuri enebis kvleva “deskriptiuli
pragmatikis” Seswavlis sagania, xolo indeqsur enaTa
sistemebis ageba ki – “wminda wylis pragmatikis”.
4. stolmeikeri (1970) – sintaqsi swavlobs winadadebebs,
semantika swavlobs propoziciebs, pragmatika ki
swavlobs lingvistur aqtebs da im konteqstebs,
romlebSic es aqtebi warmoiqmnebian. pragmatikis
farglebSi ori mTavari problema unda gadaiWras: 1)
ganisazRvros sametyvelo aqtTa da sametyvelo
produqtTa saintereso tipebi. 2) daxasiaTdes im
sametyvelo konteqstis Tvisebebi, romlebic daxmarebas
uweven imis gansazRvras, Tu romeli propozicia
igulisxmeba mocemuli winadadebiT. semantikis problemas
warmoadgens, daadginos wesebi, rogor aigos
winadadebebi im propoziciebTan erTad rasac es
winadadebebi gamoxataven. umetes SemTxvevaSi, es wesebi
winadadebebsa da propoziciebs pirdapir ver usadagebs
erTmaneTs, isini erTmaneTs im konteqstiT esadagebian,
romlebSic winadadebebi gamoiyeneba. swored es
konteqsturi Tvisebebi warmoadgens pragmatikis
ganxilvis sagans.
5. devisi (1991) – pragmatika Seiswavlis metyveli subieqtis
anu adresantis komunikaciur intencias, msmeneli
subieqtis anu adresatis strategiebs, romelTa
meSveobiTac igi igebs, Tu ras warmoadgenen es
intenciebi da aqtebi da SeuZlia, gaigos Tu risi Tqma
unda metyvel subieqts. (www.pragmatics.com, 94.)
8
yvela moazrovnisa Tu mecnieris azri pragmatikis Taobaze rom
gavaerTianoT, sabolood miviRebT erT azrs, rom pragmatika aris
niSanTa kerZo, enobrivi sistemebis Semswavleli mecnierebis _
semiotikis dargi, romlis mizania enasa da enis gamomyeneblebs Soris
arsebuli damokidebulebis gamokvleva. enis pragmatikuli kvlevisas
mxedvelobaSi miiReba enobrivi situaciis arsebobis 3 ZiriTadi
faqtori:
1. is vinc sargeblobs eniT. 2. werilobiTi, bgeriTi an sxva formiT
ganxorcielebadi enobrivi gamosaxulebebi.
3. is, rasac gulisxmobs enis gamomyenebeli,
rodesac gamoiyenebs enobriv gamosaxulebas
(enis Sinaarsi).
pragmatikisgan gansxvavebiT semiotikis sxva dargebSi Seiswavleba
an enis formaluri nawili - enobriv gamosaxulebaTa struqturuli
Taviseburebani (sintaqsi), an enis interpretacia – damokidebuleba
enobriv gamosaxulebebsa da enis Sinaarss Soris (semantika).
pragmatika semiotikis empiriuli dargia, radgan adamianTa mier
enis gamoyenebis Seswavla moiTxovs fsiqologiur, istoriul da sxva
faqtorebis kvlevas. semiotikisa da pragmatikis ZiriTadi principebi
pirvelad C. pirsma Camoayaliba. ( qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, 82.)
XX saukunis Teoriul lingvistikaSi ori aspeqti gamoiyofa:
pirvelia – empiriuli aspeqti, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu romeli
lingvisturi Sromebi ikavebdnen Teoriuli mimarTulebis mimcemi
Sromebis pozicias. iyo sosiuri, paralelurad amerikeli
struqturalistebi (blumfildi), maTi urTierTgadakveTa. iyo
sxvadasxva mimarTuleba – glosemantika, praRis skola da a. S. meore
aspeqti ki aris am moZraobis Sinagani logika, anu moxda XX saukunis
lingvisturi azrovnebis Teoriuli rekonstruqcia. yoveli
9 rekonstruqcia gulisxmobs garkveul retrospeqcias. es Teoriuli
rekonstruqcia gamoiyureba Semdegnairad: Tanamedrove lingvistikis
Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgens niSnis cneba, e. i. XX saukunis
lingvistika. niSnisa cneba ki Tu Cven Teoriuli rekonstruqciis gzas
davadgebiT, gulisxmobs niSnis struqturis ormag aRnagobas – mis
moculobas horizontalur da vertikalur WrilebSi. horizontalur
WrilSi yoveli niSani, ierarqiis romel donezec ar unda imyofebodes
igi (es iqneba sityva, Tu winadadeba, Tu TviT teqsti), xasiaTdeba im
sami ganzomilebiT, romlebsac semiotikis rogorc erTiani moZRvrebis
mixedviT ewodeba sintaqtika, semantika da pragmatika. roca vambobT,
rom Tanamedrove lingvistikas safuZvlad udevs niSnis cneba, es ar
niSnavs imas, rom f. sosiurma SeimuSava es sami ganzomileba, isini
pirvelad, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, amerikelma filosofosma pirsma
wamoayena. Tavdapirvelad es sami ganzomileba lingvistikis farglebs
gareT Camoyalibda. Teoriuli rekonstruqcia ki gulisxmobs imas, rom
is rac Semdgom gamovlinda, mocemuli iyo ukve Teoriuli ganviTarebis
saTaveebSi. pirveli etapi iyo sintaqtikuri azrovneba, mas mohyva
semantikuri, xolo Semdgom pragmatikuli etapebi. Tanamedrove
komunikaciur lingvistikaSi pirvel planzea pragmatikuli kvleva. es
iyo niSnis modeliT reprezentirebuli lingvisturi azris moZraobis
horizontaluri ganzomileba.
meorea vertikaluri ganzomileba. vertikalur WrilSi Cven gvaqvs
ukve niSanTa ierarqiuli tipologia. am tipologias warmoSobs srul
da arasrul niSanTa urTierTdapirispireba da urTierTkavSiri.
swored es dapirispireba da urTierTkavSiria is, rac qmnis enis
doneebis mixedviT organizacias, enis doneebriv struqturas. enis
romeli donis ZiriTadi erTeuli CaiTvleba srul da romeli –
arasrul niSnad, es mudam damokidebulia lingvisturi azrovnebis
ganviTarebis garkveul etapze. iyo dro, roca niSnad iTvleboda
mxolod sityva (magaliTad sosiurTan), Semdeg moxda niSnis cnebis
“eqspansia” da niSnad miCneul iqna winadadeba. aq moxda dapirispireba:
sityva iqna miCneuli arasrul, xolo winadadeba – srul niSnad.
yoveli arasruli niSani aRebul iqna sruli niSnis integrantad.
10 Semdeg sruli niSani aRmoCnda teqsti, magram darCa niSanTa
ierarqiuli urTierTmimarTebis idea. semiotikuri lingvistika
miiltvoda da dResac miiltvis imisken, rom Tavisi ganxilvisa da
kvlevis umTavres obieqtad aqcios WeSmaritad sruli niSani. laparaki
iyo sintaqsis ( e. i. winadadebis centralurobaze), dRes ki aseTad
iTvleba teqsti. rogorc horizontalur WrilSi antinomiebis
warmomSob saboloo etapad gvevlineba pragmatika, vertikalurSi
aseTad gvevlineba teqsti.
XX saukunis lingvistikis dinamikis Teoriuli rekonstruqcia
moxda. am dinamikis safuZvels warmoadgenda enis semiotikuri gageba
(ena aris niSanTa sistema), niSnis cneba da modeli. es dinamika ori
mimarTulebiT iSleboda: erTi mxriv, es iyo moZraoba sintaqtikidan
pragmatikisaken, xolo meores mxriv – niSnis arasruli tipidan iseTi
sruli tipisaken, rogoricaa hipoTeturad teqsti.
es iyo Sesavali im faqtisa, Tu rogor viTardeboda me-20
saukunis lingvistika da ra cvlilebebi ganicada man. axla ki, rac
Seexeba sakuTriv kategoriebs.
enobrivi sistemis yvela kategoria miekuTvneba zemoT
CamoTvlili sami ganzomilebidan romelimes. yoveli kategoria Tavisi
Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT Sinaganad iqmneba, konstituirdeba ori
realobis urTierTgadakveTis Sedegad; es ori realoba, erTis mxriv
komunikaciis aqtia, xolo meores mxriv, enobrivi niSnis saTanado
ganzomileba. romeli kategoriac ar unda aviRoT, misi dRevandeli
gageba (komunikaciur-lingvisturi gageba) aucileblad gulisxmobs am
ori realobis urTierTgadakveTas, maT sinTezs.
roca Tavis droze Seiqmna niSnis samganzomilebiani modeli,
pragmatika ganisazRvra, rogorc mimarTeba enobriv niSansa da im
subieqts Soris, romelic iyenebs am enobriv niSans. magram pragmatikis
aseTi gansazRvra moxda maSin, roca, ra Tqma unda, ar arsebobda
komunikaciis is gageba, romelic arsebobs dRes da, romelic
safuZvlad udevs komunikaciur lingvistikas. komunikaciis cneba
komunikaciuri lingvistikis warmoSobamde gaigeboda, rogorc enobrivi
sistemis aqtualizacia. am gagebiT, metyvel subieqts aqvs garkveuli
11 kodi, igive kodi gaaCnia koleqtivis sxva wevrebs da am kods metyveli
subieqti iyenebs imisTvis, rom raRac acnobos meore subieqts. es
igivea, rac enobrivi sistemis aqtualizacia. am dros Cndeba niSanTa
garkveuli Tanmimdevroba; maT Soris myardeba garkveuli
urTierTkavSiri __ sintaqtika, semantika, magram aris kidev mimarTeba
subieqtsa da mis mier gamoyenebul niSnebs Soris __ pragmatika. Tu
Tavidan iyo kavSiri subieqtsa da niSnebs Soris, dRes, minimum ori
subieqti gvyavs; e. i. gvaqvs ara marto subieqturoba, aramed
intersubieqturoba. garda amisa, gvaqvs ara marto mimarTeba or
subieqts Soris, romelic aisaxeba gamonaTqvamSi, aramed aris mimarTeba
metyvel subieqtsa da asaxul situacias Soris, aseve msmenel subieqtsa
da asaxul situacias Soris.
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT pragmatika da misi calkeuli kategoriebi,
saWiroa ori piroba:
1. gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu niSnis romel ganzomilebas ekuTvnis es
kategoria.
2. rogor unda gavigoT enobrivi subieqti da saerTod,
subieqturobis cneba TviT komunikaciurobis farglebSi.
rodesac laparakia subieqtze komunikaciis aqtis Tanamedrove
modelis TvalsazrisiT, maSin mxedvelobaSi misaRebi subieqturobis
sami aucilebeli momentia:
1. komunikaciis yoveli aqti gulisxmobs metyvel subieqts anu
adresants. es imas niSnavs, rom pragmatikis farglebSi unda
gvqondes kategoriaTa sistema, romlebic asaxaven swored
adresantis mTel pozicias komunikaciur aqtSi.
2. unda gvqondes kategoriaTa iseTi sistema, romelic
dakavSirebuli iqneba msmenel subieqtTan anu adresatTan.
12
3. komunikaciis yovel aqtSi gvaqvs ara marto ori subieqti,
aramed urTierTmimarTeba maT Soris, anu intersubieqturoba.
dReisaTvis pragmatikul kategoriaTa is sistema, romelic
ukavSirdeba metyvel subieqts, bevrad ufro ganviTarebulia, vidre
danarCeni ori qvesistemis kategoria, magram komunikaciuri
lingvistikis TvalsazrisiT aranakleb mniSvnelovania subieqturobis
ori danarCeni faqtoris gaTvaliswineba. (lebaniZe g., 78.)
jer minda, CamovTvalo calke pragmatikuli kategoriebi,
romlebic ukavSirdebian da asaxaven metyveli subieqtis rols da
adgils sakomunikacio aqtSi da pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic
ukavSirdebian da asaxaven msmeneli subieqtis rols da adgils
sakomunikacio aqtSi, xolo Semdeg ganvmarto TiToeuli maTgani da
bolos, ganvixilo isini Cems mier arCeul mxatvruli da aramxatvruli
teqstebis mixedviT.
metyvel subieqts ukavSirdebian Semdegi pragmatikuli
kategoriebi:
lokaciis kategoria
modalobis kategoria
Sefasebis kategoria
emociurobis kategoria
distanturobis kategoria
msmenel subieqts ki ukavSirdeba sami pragmatikuli kategoria:
13
informaciulobis kategoria
eqspresiulobis kategoria
gamWvirvalobis kategoria.
axla ki rac Seexeba kategoriaTa konkretul Sinaarss, daviwyoT
lokaciis kategoriiT. benvenisti iyo pirveli, romelmac xazi gausva
rogorc sametyvelo aqtis egocentrulobas, ise mis
intersubieqturobas da zogadad subieqtis xasiaTs. manve pirvelad
gausva xazi im faqts, rom yoveli gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsi
damokidebulia ara marto masSi uSualod asaxul realobaze
(referentuli situacia), aramed agreTve imazec, Tu rodis, sad da vis
mier aris producirebuli es gamonaTqvami. es sami Sinaarsobrivi
koordinati, romlebic, garda asaxuli referentuli situaciisa,
gansazRvraven gamonaTqvamis Sinaarss, ukve arsebobs benvenistis
koncefciaSi. Semdeg i. stepanovma terminologiurad gaaforma
benvenistis mier gamoyofili es sami koordinati: drouli,
sivrcobrivi, subieqturi da koordinatTa am sistemas lokacia uwoda.
lokaciis formulaa: “me, aq, axla”, e. i. lokaciis kategorias
aqvs sami aspeqti: personaluri, sakuTriv lokaluri da temporaluri.
lokaciis kategoria axali kategoriaa da misi Camoyalibeba emTxveva
pragmatikis Camoyalibebas. rac Seexeba sxva kategoriebs, xdeba ukve
arsebul kategoriaTa gadaazreba da maTTvis pragmatikulobis
statusis miniWeba.
modalobis kategoria didi xania cnobilia. mudam erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebdnen subieqtur da obieqtur modalobas. obieqturi
modaloba – esaa gamonaTqvamSi asaxuli situaciis damokidebuleba
realobasTan, subieqturi modaloba ki asaxavs metyveli subieqtis
damokidebulebas gamonaTqvamSi asaxuli situaciis mimarT.
is, rac Sefasebis kategoriiT aRiniSneboda, miCneuli iyo
enobrivi niSnis, mag: sityvis konotatiur komponentad. Sefasebis
kategoria eyrdnoboda imas, rom yoveli gamonaTqvami da pirvel rigSi,
14 am gamonaTqvamis leqsikuri elementebi mudam Seicaven ara marto
realobis ubralo nominacias, aramed mis Sefasebasac, xolo es
Sefaseba saboloo jamSi mudam gulisxmobs kargisa da cudis
opozicias. rogoric ar unda iyos sityvis SefasebiTi Sinaarsis
sirTule, igi mudam daiyvaneba am opoziciaze. laparakoben SefasebiT
semaze, magram arsebobs azri, rom aseT elementebs ewodos pragmemac,
radgan es opozicia pragmatikuli xasiaTisaa da asaxavs metyveli
subieqtis aqseologiur damokidebulebas realobisadmi. roca
laparakia Sefasebis kategoriaze, aris mudam problema emociurobis
kategoriasTan misi aRrevisa. es ori kategoria Zalian axlosaa
erTmaneTTan.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Sefasebis kategoria Tanamedrove
lingvistikaSi metad Tu naklebadaa gaanalizebuli swored
pragmatikuli TvalTaxedviT. misi Seswavla tradiciul lingvistikaSi
ufro xdeboda, magram imdenad, ramdenadac emociebi ganyenebulad ar
arsebobs, aramed subieqts axlavs, esec pragmatikuli kategoriaa.
iseTi egocentruli kategoria, rogoricaa distanturoba, asaxavs
metyveli subieqtis dainteresebulobas gamonaTqvamis SinaarsiT, imas
Tu ramdenadaa igi piradad CarTuli gamonaTqvamSi. distanturobis
done damokidebulia ara marto gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsze, aramed imazec,
romel funqciur stils ekuTvnis igi. mag: mecnierul statiaSi es
faqtori ufro naklebadaa gamovlenili, vidre mxatvrulSi.
Ees rac Seexeboda adresantze orientirebul pragmatikul
kategoriebs, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT arsebobs adresatze
orientirebuli kategoriebic, romlebic asaxaven adresats, mis
poziciasa da gavlenas gamonaTqvamze. unda iTqvas isic, rom
pragmatikul kategoriaTa pirveli qvesistema bevrad ukeTesadaa
Seswavlili, vidre meore, vinaidan pragmatika tradiciulad
gulisxmobda mxolod subieqts, laparakobda sametyvelo aqtis
egocentrizmze. magram imdenad, ramdenadac es meore qvesistemac ase Tu
ise Seswavlilia, ganvmartoT isinic. kategoriaTa am qvesistemas
safuZvlad udevs adresantis daintereseba imaSi, rom adresatma mas
adekvaturad gaugos. adresantma unda gaiTvaliswinos adresati – es
15 sakomunikacio aqtis efeqturobis safuZvelia. efeqturobis misaRwevad
araa sakmarisi, rom teqsti Seicavdes lokacias, modalobas, Sefasebas
da a. S. teqsti garkveuli TvalsazrisiT unda iyos informaciuli,
eqspresiuli da gamWvirvale.
informaciulobis kategoriis Sinaarsi, komunikaciuri
lingvistikis ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze mTlianad ivseba da
ifareba im fenomeniT, romelsac tradiciulad winadadebis aqtualuri
danawevrebis fenomeni ewodeba. is, Tu rogor xdeba am tradiciuli
cnebis pragmatizacia (misTvis pragmatikuli kategoriis statusis
miniWeba), SeiZleba gamodges imis zogad nimuSad, Tu rogor iTvisebs
Tanamedrove lingvisturi pragmatika tradiciul kategoriebs, anu
rogor xdeba tradiciuli cnebebis transpozicia pragmatikis sferoSi.
am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad gasaTvaliswinebelia ori momenti:
1) ras niSnavs “winadadebis aqtualuri danawevrebis”
cneba? yoveli winadadeba xasiaTdeba binaruli –
subieqt-predikatuli struqturiT. subieqti aris is,
razec raRac iTqmis, an rasac raime miewereba; xolo
predikati aris is, rac iTqmis subieqtze an miewereba
mas. e. i. subieqti aris is, rac cnobilia. TviT
subieqtisa da predikatis cneba Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs
garkveul informaciulobas. ufro zustad, winadadebis
binaruli struqtura garkveul funqcias asrulebs da
es funqcia ukve gulisxmobs informaciulobas.
2) meore momenti aranakleb mniSvnelovania. yoveli
pragmatikuli kategoria mudam miuTiTebs subieqtis an
subieqtTa rolze da am rolis gavlenaze ara
winadadebis da miTumetes ara calkeuli sityvis, aramed
mTliani teqstis farglebSi; e. i. yoveli kategoria
Sinaganad dakavSirebulia teqstTan im mizeziT, rom
komunikacia xdeba ara winadadebis, miTumetes ara
16
calkeuli sityvis, aramed teqstis saSualebiT, teqstis
farglebSi.
axla gadavideT gamWvirvalobis kategoriaze. TviT am kategoriis
arseboba da Sinaarsic ganpirobebulia adresatiT. termini
“gamWvirvaloba” aRebulia yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan da metaforuli
xmarebis Sedegad mas miniWebuli aqvs mecnieruli mniSvneloba. teqstis
gamWvirvaloba gulisxmobs imas, rom adresantis naTqvami gasagebia
adresatisTvis. gamWvirvalobis antonimi iqneba gaumWvirvaloba, rac
arakomunikaciurobis niSania. igi aris samyaros gansxvavebuli xedvis
asaxva. gaumWvirvaloba aris iq, sadac aris subieqtTa martosuloba.
gamWvirvalobas gansazRvravs Semdegi faqtorebi:
1. teqstSi asaxuli referentuli situacia erTnairi unda
iyos orive monawilesaTvis. am pirobis gareSe
gamWvirvaloba ver iqneba. saerTo unda iyos agreTve
TviT is sagnobriv-situaciuri sfero, romlis
monakveTsac warmoadgens es referentuli situacia.
2. komunikaciuri situacia (vin, vis, rodis, sad eubneba)
unda iyos identuri komunikaciis orive monawilesaTvis.
3. komunikantTa Tezaurusebi _ maTi fonuri codna, Tu
samyaros xati an unda emTxveodes erTmaneTs an maT
Soris ar unda iyos principuli gansxvaveba. adresantis
mier teqstSi gamoyenebul sityvebs da maT Sexamebebs ar
unda hqondeT iseTi mniSvneloba, romelic principulad
gansxvavebulia im mniSvnelobebisagan, romelsac mas
adresati aniWebs.
gamWvirvalobas, rogorc zogadi, ise situaciuri faqtorebi
ganapirobeben – faqtorebi, romlebic komunikantTa mTeli cxovrebidan
da pirovnulidan gamomdinareoben da faqtorebi, romlebsac
17 konkretuli situaciebi gansazRvraven. gamWvirvalobis kategoria
uSualod miemarTeba iseT zogadkomunikaciur kategorias, rogoricaa
komunikaciuri efeqturobis kategoria.
pragmatikul kategoriaTa meore qvesistemis Semdegi kategoriaa
eqspesiulobis kategoria. am kategoriis mizania adresatze zemoqmedeba.
is mudam ori funqciuri momentis Serwymis Sedegia:
1) adresantis komunikaciuri intencia (ra zemoqmedeba surs
mas, moaxdinos adresatze).
2) adresantis mier samyaros im xatis gaTvaliswineba,
romelic damaxasiaTebelia adresatisaTvis.
Tu adresanti gamoxatavs raimesadmi Tavis subieqtur
damokidebulebas da am damokidebulebis gamoxatva komunikaciuri
TvalsazrisiT efeqturia, xolo efeqturia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is
Cafiqrebul zegavlenas axdens, maSin es komunikaciuri efeqturoba
emyareba ara marto mis komunikaciur intencias, aramed mis mier
samyaros im xatis adekvaturad gaTvaliswinebasac, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia adresatisaTvis. (lebaniZe g., 78).
es, rac Seexeboda pragmatikuli kategoriebis Sinaarss.
vinaidan da radganac Cems sadisertacio SromaSi pragmatikuli
kategoriebis sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis mixedviT ganxilvas vapireb,
saWirod mimaCnia, zogadad teqstTa Janrebad klasificireba movaxdino.
minda Semovitano terminebi: Janri, registri, teqstis tipi.
teqstTa Janrebad klasificireba yvela tipis lingvisturi da
pedagogiuri kvlevisTvis aris mniSvnelovani. ismis kiTxva: ratom unda
moxdes teqstTa Janrebad klasificireba? am SekiTxvis mokle pasuxia
is, rom nebismieri enis maswavleblebma da mkvlevarebma zustad unda
icodnen, ra tipis enas aswavlian an ikvleven. ufro metic, metyvel
subieqtTa anu adresantTa umravlesobas survili aqvs, saqme qondes
erT specifikur JanrTan an sxvadasxva JanrebTan; ase rom maT, maT
18 mierve Catarebuli nebismieri ganzogadebaTa sferos gansazRvra
SeuZliaT.
devid lis azriT, “Janri” aris teqstis kategorizaciis done,
romelTan muSaobac Teoriulad da pedagogiurad yvelaze saWiro da
praqtikulia, aseve mniSvnelovania mecnierebis dargebad
klasifikaciac“ . ( classification by domain is important as well ).
baiberis azriT, Janrsa da teqstis tips Soris gansxvaveba isaa,
rom Janri garegan, ara lingvistur “tradiciul“ kriteriumzea
dafuZnebuli, maSin rodesac teqstis tipi TviTon teqstTa Sida
lingvistur maxasiaTeblebs efuZneba.
aseTi midgomis mixedviT, Janri ganisazRvreba rogorc kategoria,
romelic iseT garegan, aralingvistur kriteriumis bazazea
dafuZnebuli, rogoradac SeiZleba CaiTvalos magaliTad auditoria,
mizezi da moqmedebis tipi. es exeba konvencionalur, kulturulad
cnobil teqstTa dajgufebas, rac xarisxze ufroa dafuZnebuli, vidre
leqsikur da gramatikul Tvisebebze. es ukanasknelni Sida lingvistur
kriteriums efuZnebian da teqstis tipis kategoriis bazas qmnian.
“Janris” kategoriebi garegani anu aralingvisturi kriteriumis
bazaze ganisazRvreba, rac metyveli subieqtis anu adresantis mizansa
da Temas ukavSirdeba. isini gamoyenebaze ufro arian dafuZnebulni,
vidre formaze”. (http:/llt.msu.edu/vol5num3/lee/Language Learning
Technology/September 2001, vol 5, num. 3. pp 37-72, 86.)
Janrsa da teqstis tips Soris gansxvavebis kargad dasanaxad
mTavaria imis kargad gageba, ras niSnavs es ori gansxvavebuli midgoma
teqstTa klasifikaciasTan Tavad teqstebisTvis da maTi
kategorizaciisTvis.
TeoriaSi ori teqsti SeiZleba erTsa da imave teqstis tips
miekuTvnebodes miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SesaZloa or sxvadasxva
Janrisani iyvnen. ase imitom SeiZleba moxdes, rom maT msgavsi
lingvisturi Tvisebebi gaaCniaT. (mag: biografiebi da romanebi msgavsia
iseTi lingvisturi TvisebebiT, rogoricaa: warsuli dro, mesame pirSi
Txroba) .
19
baiberisve azriT: “JanrTa saxesxvaobebi inglisuri teqstis
tipebs adekvaturad ar warmoadgenen... lingvisturad gansxvavebuli
teqstebi Janris farglebSi gansxvavebul teqstTa tipebs
warmogvidgenen. sxvadasxva Janris lingvisturad msgavsi teqstebi ki
erTi teqstis tips warmogvidgenen”.
es rac Seexeboda gansxvavebas Janrsa da teqstis tips Soris,
axla ki minda, erTmaneTisgan Janri da registri ganvasxvavo.
ori yvelaze problematuri termini Janri da registri SeiZleba
ganixilebodes, rogorc ori erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli
xedva erTsa da imave sakiTxze. rogorc enas SeiZleba ganixilavdnen
erTdroulad formis, funqciis, mniSvnelobis mixedviT, registri da
Janri erTsa da imave sakiTxze or erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul
Sexedulebas warmoadgenen.
registri gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac adamiani – metyveli subieqti
– adresanti enas, rogorc teqsts ise uyurebs; ise uyurebs, rogorc
enis sayovelTaod miRebul konvencirebul funqciuri konfiguraciis
nimuSs, rac konteqsturi gamoyenebis saSualo situaciur
parametrebTan maqsimalurad funqcionalurad aris Sewyobili.
termini “registri” pirvelad lingvistma tomas bertran raidma
1956 wels gamoiyena. Semdeg es termini 1960-ian wlebSi im lingvistTa
jgufma Semoitana, romlebsac surdaT, erTmaneTisgan ganesxvavebinaT
variantebi enaSi metyveli subieqtis anu adresantis mixedviT
(romlebic socialuri foniT (background), geografiiT, sqesiTa da
asakiT ganisazRvrebian ) da variantebi enaSi gamoyenebis mixedviT, im
gagebiT rom TiToeul adresants enis variantTa didi raodenoba
gaaCnia da maT Soris arCevanis gakeTebac SeuZlia ( Halliday et al, 20.)
aqcenti enis gansakuTrebul situaciebSi gamoyenebazea; mag: biologiis
ena sxvaa, axali ambebis gadmocemis ena – sxva, saZinebelSi
gamoyenebuli ena – sxva da a. S.
helidei registris sam maxasiaTebels gamoyofs:
20
sferos ( field ) ( Seicavs saubris mTavar Temas – the subject matter of
discourse ),
tenors ( tenor ) ( Seicavs monawileebsa da maT Soris arsebul
urTierTobas ) ,
moduss ( mode ) ( Seicavs sakomunikacio arxs: zepiri,
werilobiTi).
enis elementTagan yvela an romelime maTgani erTmaneTisgan
registrebis mixedviT gansxvavdebian – leqsika, sintaqsi, fonologia,
morfologia, pragmatikuli wesebi an iseTi gansxvavebuli prosodiuli
Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa: xmis simaRle, intonacia salaparako
inglisurSi. registrebs xSirad iseTi aralingvisturi preskrifciebi
moepovebaT, rogorebicaa, mag, saTanado Cacmis stili, Jestebis ena,
molaparakeTa Soris siaxlove / naTesaoba.
mkvlevarebi adre termin “registrs” xSirad oficialuri da
araoficialuri stilis stenografiad ( shorthand ) iyenebdnen.
zogierT lingvistur saxelmZRvaneloSi registris nacvlad sxva
terminebi SeiZleba Segvxvdes; mag, helideisTan “registris” nacvlad
termin “tenors” SevxvdebiT ( Halliday M. K. A., 21.) umravlesoba termin
“stils” aniWebs upiratesobas; Peter Trudgill aRniSnavs: “oficialurobis
TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare, Cven stils vaxasiaTebT, rogorc enis
variants, registri ki xasiaTdeba, rogorc akademiuri Jargoni” (
Trudgill P., 38 ) .
Quirk et al (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Starvik, 34.) Semdegi terminebis:
“stilisa” da “registris” nacvlad termin “damokidebulebas” (attitude)
aniWebs upiratesobas. es diagramac mis miervea Sedgenili:
Very formal, Frozen, Rigid Formal Neutral INFORMAL Very informal, Casual,
Familiar
21
erT cnobil modelSi jouzi ( Joos M., 24.) salaparako inglisurSi
xuT stils aRwers:
gayinuli ( frozen ): dabeWdili Seucvleli ena, iseTi
rogoricaa bibliuri citatebi, rac xSirad arqaizmebs
Seicavs.
oficialuri ( formal ): erTmxrivi ( one-way ) monawileobis
miReba, Sewyvetineba dauSvebelia. mniSvnelovania teqnikuri
leqsika; “Fussy semantics” an zusti definiciebi. Seicavs
ucnobTa Soris gacnobasac.
saTaTbiro ( consultative ): ormxrivi monawileobis miReba.
uzrunvelyofilia fonuri ( background ) informaciiT.
miRebulia iseTi ukanaarxiTi ( backchannel ) qcevebi,
rogorebicaa: “uh huh”, “I see”, Sewyvetinebac nebadarTulia.
uSualo (asoc. prof. n. daraselia) /Tamami (prof. l.
goqsaZe) ( casual ): megobarTa da nacnobTa jgufebSi. fonuri
informaciiT araa uzrunvelyofili. elifsi da slengi
miRebulia. Sewyvetinebac miRebulia.
intimuri ( intimate ): ara sazogadoebrivi. sityvebze da
gramatikaze metad intonaciaa mniSvnelovani. gamoyenebulia
piradi leqsika. (http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/register.com, 89.)
Janri gamoiyeneba maSin, roca adamiani – metyveli subieqti
teqsts kulturulad cnobil nimuSad miiCnevs. teqstTa dajgufeba
kulturulad gansazRvruli miznebis mixedviT xdeba.
teqstis Janri SeiZleba gansazRvrul iqnas:
22
1. misi lingvisturi funqciiT.
2. oficialuri StrixebiT ( formal traits ).
3. teqsturi organizaciiT.
4. komunikaciuri situaciisa da teqstis formalur da
organizaciur Strixebs Soris urTierTobiT.
(http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre.com, 90.).
axla minda Sevajamo yovelive zemoT Tqmuli Janrisa da
registris Sesaxeb da am terminTa erTi martivi axsna warmovadgino.
registri aris enis funqcionaluri tipi. igi Seicavs
arasaliteraturo enas, romelsac sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebi
gamoiyeneben. mag, Seicavs wirvis dros mlocvelTa mier gamoyenebul
enas, sportuli komentatorebis mier fexburTis matCis detaluri
aRwerisas gamoyenebul enas, mkvlevarTa mier gamoyenebul enas.
mecnierul registrebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sxvadasxva Janri: statia,
moxseneba, konferenciis qronika.
Janri ki SeiZleba ganmartebul iqnas, rogorc teqstis tipTa
konfiguracia. igi Seicavs orives – saliteraturo da
arasaliteraturo teqstis variantebs. mag: mokle moTxrobebs,
romanebs, sonetebs, informacionalur moxsenebebs ( gazeTebSi an
JurnalebSi ), teqnikur saxelmZRvaneloebs, SeTavazebebs. moTxrobis
Janri SeiZleba sxvadasxva registrebSi gamovlindes:
sayofacxovreboSi, mxatvrulSi, publikaciurSi.
minda, davamato, rom Cems mier pragmatikuli kategoriebis
mixedviT gansaxilvelad arCeuli teqstebi:
1. iuridiuli teqstebi, Cemi azriT, miekuTvneba Janris
kategorias, imitom rom es kategoria Seicavs
saliteraturo da arasaliteraturo teqstis
saxesxvaobebs, iuridiuli teqstebis SemTxvevaSi ki
23
Seicavs arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs.
registris kategorias iuridiul teqstebs imitom ver
mivakuTvnebdi, rom maTSi gamoyenebuli ena SeiZleba
gasagebi ar iyos orivesTvis – adresantisTvisac da
adresatisTvisac; adresatisTvis anu msmeneli
subieqtisTvis anu mkiTxvelisTvis SeiZleba bundovani,
gaugebari iyos.
2. umberto ekos “Foucault’s Pendulum” – ic Cemi azriT,
miekuTvneba Janris kategorias, imitom rom es kategoria
Seicavs saliteraturo da arasaliteraturo teqstis
saxesxvaobebs, umberto ekos SemTxvevaSi ki Seicavs
saliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs. registris
kategorias umberto ekos aRniSnuli nawarmoebis
Targmnil variants imitom ver mivakuTvnebdi, rom masSi
gamoyenebuli ena SeiZleba gasagebi ar iyos orivesTvis –
adresantisTvisac da adresatisTvisac, SeiZleba
bundovani da gaugebari iyos. nawarmoebSi gamoyenebuli
ena mxolod adresantisTvis anu metyveli subieqtisTvis
iqneba gasagebi.
3. Carlz dikensis “Great Expectations”, Cemi azriT miekuTvneba
orives – registrisa da Janris kategorias. Carlz
dikensis am nawarmoebs registris kategorias imitom
mivakuTvnebdi, rom nawarmoebSi gamoyenebuli ena, Cemi
azriT, gasagebi iqneba da ara bundovani, orivesTvis –
adresantisTvisac da adresatisTvisac. Janris kategorias
ki imitom mivakuTvnebdi, rom es kategoria, rogorc ukve
aRvniSne, Seicavs saliteraturo da arasaliteraturo
teqstis saxesxvaobebs, Carlz dikensis SemTxvevaSi ki
Seicavs saliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs.
24
4. sagazeTo statia, Cemi azriT, miekuTvneba orives -
registrisa da Janris kategorias. aRniSnul statias
registris kategorias imitom mivakuTvnebdi, rom masSi
gamoyenebuli ena, Cemi azriT, gasagebi iqneba da ara
bundovani orivesTvis – adresantisTvisac da
adresatisTvisac. Janris kategorias ki imitom
mivakuTvnebdi, rom rom es kategoria, rogorc ukve
aRvniSne, Seicavs saliteraturo da arasaliteraturo
teqstis saxesxvaobebs, aRniSnuli sagazeTo statiis
SemTxvevaSi ki Seicavs arasaliteraturo teqstis
saxesxvaobebs.
5. samecniero statia, kerZod, literaturuli samecniero
statia, anu samecniero statia gakeTebuli literaturis
dargSi, Cemi azriT miekuTvneba orives - registrisa da
Janris kategorias. Janris kategorias, imitom rom es
kategoria rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Seicavs saliteraturo
da arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs,
literaturuli samecniero statiis SemTxvevaSi ki
Seicavs saliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs. registris
kategorias Cems mier arCeul literaturul samecniero
statias imitom mivakuTvnebdi, rom masSi gamoyenebuli ena
Cemi azriT, gasagebi iqneba da ara bundovani, orivesTvis
– adresantisTvisac da adresatisTvisac. istoriuli
samecniero statia, Cemi azriT miekuTvneba Janris
kategorias. Janris kategorias, imitom rom es kategoria
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Seicavs saliteraturo da
arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs, istoriuli
samecniero statiis SemTxvevaSi ki Seicavs
arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs. registris
kategorias istoriul samecniero statias imitom ver
mivakuTvnebdi, rom masSi gamoyenebuli ena SeiZleba
gasagebi ar iyos orivesTvis – adresantisTvisac da
25
adresatisTvisac, msmeneli subieqtisTvis anu
mkiTxvelisTvis SeiZleba bundovani da gaugebari iyos,
datvirTuli istoriuli qronologiiTa da terminebiT,
rac Cemi azriT, ufro istoriulad ganaTlebul
mkiTxvels moiTxovs. aqedan gamomdinare, statiaSi
gamoyenebuli ena mxolod adresantisTvis anu metyveli
subieqtisTvis iqneba gasagebi. samedicino dargSi
(sferoSi) Seqmnili samecniero statia, Cemi azriT
miekuTvneba Janris kategorias. Janris kategorias, imitom
rom es kategoria rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Seicavs
saliteraturo da arasaliteraturo teqstis
saxesxvaobebs, samedicino dargSi (sferoSi) Seqmnili
samecniero statiis SemTxvevaSi ki Seicavs
arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs. registris
kategorias samedicino dargSi (sferoSi) Seqmnil
samecniero statias imitom ver mivakuTvnebdi, rom masSi
gamoyenebuli ena SeiZleba gasagebi ar iyos orivesTvis –
adresantisTvisac da adresatisTvisac, msmeneli
subieqtisTvis anu mkiTxvelisTvis SeiZleba bundovani da
gaugebari iyos, datvirTuli mTeli rigi samedicino
terminebiT, rac Cemi azriT, ufro medicinaSi
gaTviTcnobierebul mkiTxvels moiTxovs. aqedan
gamomdinare, statiaSi gamoyenebuli ena mxolod
adresantisTvis anu metyveli subieqtisTvis iqneba
gasagebi.
es, rac Seexeboda zogadad teqstTa Janrebad klasificirebas,
axla gadavideT Cemi sadisertacio naSromis mTavar mizanze,
ganvixiloT isini Cems mier arCeuli sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis
mixedviT.
26
Tavi I
pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva iuridiuli
teqstebis mixedviT
Cemi sadisertacio naSromis I TavSi pragmatikul kategoriebs
ganvixilav iuridiuli teqstebis magaliTze. iuridiul teqstebad
aRebuli maqvs saqarTvelos konstituciis inglisuri versia da
saqarTvelos kanoni eleqtroenergiisa da gazis Sesaxeb, aseve
inglisuri versia.
Tavdapirvelad minda ganvixilo saqarTvelos konstitucia, xolo
Semdeg Sevadaro igi saqarTvelos kanons eleqtroenergiisa da gazis
Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos konstitucia Sedgeba cxra Tavisagan da 109
muxlisagan; TiToeuli muxli Sedgeba punqtebisagan zogierTi punqti
ki qvepunqtebisagan, magaliTad 54-e muxlis me-2 punqti, 65-e muxlis me-2
punqti, 73-e muxlis pirveli punqti, 75-e muxlis me-2 punqti, 89-e muxlis
pirveli punqti da 102-e muxlis pirveli punqti.
saqarTvelos konstituciis TiToeul Tavs Tavisi saTauri aqvs.
aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTlian teqstSi gvaqvs erTi
mTavari Tema ___ saqarTvelos saxelmwifos kanoni da qveTemebi,
romlebic am mTavar Temas ukavSirdebian. e. i. gvaqvs Tematuri
urTierTkavSiri.
cnobilia, rom saerTod teqstis lingvisturi cneba Sinaganad
orazrovania da es orazrovneba gamomdinareobs teqstis lingvisturi
gansazRvris funqciuri da struqturuli kriteriumebis gansxvavebidan.
Tu teqsts (am SemTxvevaSi iuridiul teqsts) wminda funqciuri
TvalsazrisiT gavigebT, maSin teqstad SeiZleba CavTvaloT
konstituciis erTi romelime muxlis erTi romelime winadadeba,
imdenad ramdenadac masSi asaxulia komunikaciuri lingvistikisTvis
relevanturi komunikaciis cneba; e. i. Tu gamonaTqvamSi asaxulia
rogorc sakuTriv lingvisturi, ise eqstralingvisturi situacia
27 (rogorc referentuli, ise komunikaciuri), maSin SeiZleba CaiTvalos,
rom swored gamonaTqvami warmoadgens komunikaciis produqts, romelic
SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc teqstis warmomqmneli, anu
teqstobrivi qmedeba; e. i. gveqneba erTi calkeuli gamonaTqvami, Tu
gamonaTqvamTa Tanmimdevroba, anu aisaxeba Sesabamisi referentuli
situacia erT gamonaTqvamSi Tu gamonaTqvamTa TanmimdevrobaSi, amas
wminda funqciuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvneloba ara aqvs: teqsti SeiZleba
daemTxves gamonaTqvams da gamonaTqvami __ teqsts. teqsti SeiZleba
poulobdes realizacias, Tundac erTi winadadebis saxiT __ Tundac
am erT winadadebas hqondes minimaluri __ erTi sityvis __ moculoba.
mag: wminda funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, roca vaxsenebT sityva
"konstitucias" __ rac aris saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoni, romc ar
wavikiTxoT igi, ubralod sityvis mixedviT Cven mivxvdebiT da
warmodgena gveqneba imaze, Tu ras gulisxmobs es sityva. daviwyebas ar
unda mieces is faqti, rom TviT arakomunikaciur lingvistikaSic
winadadeba SeiZleba warmodgenili yofiliyo sityviT da es xels ar
SeuSlida imas rom sityva aRqmuli da gagebuli yofiliyo, rogorc
winadadeba. zustad aseve, teqstic SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos
winadadebiT, winadadeba ki Sedgebodes erTi sityvisgan. Tu am
msjelobas logikur dasasrulamde miviyvanT, maSin aramc Tu sityva,
aramed iseTi sametyvelo movlenac, rogoricaa pauza da iseTi
semiotikuri fenomenic ki rogoricaa Jesti, SeiZleba miviCnioT
teqstad, Tuki isini komunikaciur funqcias asruleben. funqciur
Tvalsazriss upirispirdeba struqturuli Tvalsazrisi. es gageba
ufro realisturia. marTalia teqsti SeiZleba Sedgebodes erTi
winadadebisagan, magram umravles SemTxvevaSi, igi Sedgeba erTze meti
winadadebisagan. magram Tu Cven vlaparakobT teqstze, rogorc
winadadebaTa Tanmimdevrobaze, amiT garkveul ganusazRvrelobas
vaniWebT teqstis lingvistur cnebas. teqstad, lingvisturi
TvalsazrisiT, unda CaiTvalos Tematurad urTierTdakavSirebul
winadadebaTa Tanmimdevroba. is, rac winadadebaTa Tanmimdevrobas
aqcevs teqstad, es aris swored Tematuri urTierTkavSiri anu teqstis
winadadebebSi asaxuli Temis erTianoba. (sergia v. a., 80.)
28
Cems mier gansaxilvelad aRebul am iuridiul teqstSi __
saqarTvelo konstitucia, metyveli subieqti dafarulia, anu igi
pirdapir ar aris gadmocemuli. SesaZlebelia metyvel subieqtad
pirovneba ki ara xelisufleba moisazreba. Txroba mimdinareobs mesame
pirSi. aqcenti msmenel subieqtzea. marTalia adresanti ar Cans,
dafarulia magram mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor gasagebad aris
gadmocemuli saTqmeli, miT umetes, Tu saqme exeba konstitucias.
marTalia iuridiul teqstebs isini ufro kargad gaigeben, vinc
kargad aris gaTviTcnobierebuli iuridiul sferoSi, magram Tu
teqsti gasagebadaa gadmocemuli (me vgulisxmob, Tu Zalian ar aris
datvirTuli mTeli rigi terminebiT), maSin nebismieri mkiTxvelisTvis
gasagebi iqneba.
Tanamedrove lingvisturi moZraobis romeli mxarec ar unda
aviRoT, orive SemTxvevaSi mivdivarT komunikaciur lingvistikamde __
erT SemTxvevaSi teqstamde, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi __ pragmatikamde.
axla ki minda mivubrunde pragmatikul kategoriaTa sam
qvesistemas da gavixseno:
1. pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic asaxaven adresants da
mis gavlenas sametyvelo aqtsa da gamonaTqvamze. es
kategoriebi egocentristuli xasiaTisaa. (adresanti Tavis
Tavze ambobs "me"-s [ego]. igi komunikaciis momentSi Tavis
sakuTrebad aqcevs mTel enobriv sistemas (benvenisti).
lingvisturi pragmatikis es mosazreba dRes ukve miuReblad
iTvleba imitom, rom adresantis garda aris adresati da misi
roli gamonaTqvamis struqturaSi aranakleb mniSvnelovania.
rogori iqneba gamonaTqvami rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, ise
formaluri TvalsazrisiT, damokidebulia ara marto metyvel
subieqtze, aramed msmenel subieqtzec: mosmena, aRqma
aranakleb mniSvnelovania, aqtiuria, vidre informaciis
miwodeba.
29
2. pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic pirvel rigSi, asaxaven
adresats da mis zegavlenas, romelsac igi axdens
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsobriv da komunikaciur struqturaze.
3. pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic atareben sinTezur
xasiaTs.
lingvisturi pragmatika Teoriuli lingvistikis is sferoa,
romelic eqspansias axdens mTel enobriv sistemaze. amitom enobrivi
erTeulebi da kategoriebi, romlebic tradiciulad Seiswavlebodnen
pragmatikasTan yovelgvari kavSiris gareSe, iReben pragmatikul
ganzomilebas; xdeba tradiciul erTeulTa da kategoriaTa
pragmatizacia. pragmatika teqstis lingvistikasTan erTad miCneulia
komunikaciuri lingvistikis konceptualur birTvad. Tu komunikaciur
lingvistikas, ise rogorc yvela mecnierebas, aqvs konceptualuri
birTvi, is rac gamoxatavs am mecnierebis ZiriTad Sinaarss, __ maSin es
birTvi oraspeqtiania: mas pragmatika da teqstis lingvistika Seadgens.
maTi Serwymis uSualo Sedegs warmoadgens is, rom yoveli enobrivi
erTeulis an kategoriis pragmatizacia niSnavs amave dros mis
teqstologizacias. teqstologizacia ki gulisxmobs, rom yoveli
kategoria, romelic teqstis gareSe Seiswavleboda, axla teqstis
farglebSi aRiqmeba. (lebaniZe g., 78.)
pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva iuridiuli teqstebis
magaliTebze pirdapir daviwyoT im kategoriebiT, romlebic msmenel
subieqtTan arian dakavSirebuli; Tu ratom, amas qvemoT mogaxsenebT:
vinaidan da radganac, metyveli subieqti aRniSnul iuridiul
teqstSi ar Cans, masTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebic ar iqneba
ganxorcielebuli. saerTod Tanamedrove pragmatika gamohyofs xuT
kategorias, romelic ukavSirdeba da asaxavs metyveli subieqtis rols
da adgils sakomunikacio aqtSi. iuridiul teqstebSi ki, minda vTqva,
rom mTavaria msmeneli subieqti rogor aRiqvams teqsts. aRar
Sevudgebi adresantze orientirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis
CamoTvlas, radgan erTxel ukve CamovTvale; ubralod aRvniSnav, rom
30 SeiZleba maTgan erTi mivuyeno iuridiul teqsts; Tumca srulad ki
ara, nawilobriv. es aris lokaciis kategoria. cnobilia, rom
lokaciis formulaa: "me-aq-axla"; e. i. lokaciis kategorias aqvs sami
aspeqti: personaluri, sakuTriv lokaluri da temporaluri. rodesac
vTqvi, rom lokaciis kategoria iuridiul teqstebSi arasruladaa
warmodgenili, vigulisxme is, rom metyveli subieqti teqstSi ar Cans,
Tumca cxadia, arsebobs an arsebobda, sxvagvarad teqsti ver
Seiqmneboda. rac Seexeba danarCen or aspeqts, lokaluri aspeqti
aSkarad Cans, moqmedeba saqarTveloSi xdeba, xolo temporaluri
aspeqti, metyveli subieqtisa ar iyos, teqstSi dafarulia, da ar aris
miTiTebuli.
metyvel subieqtze orientirebuli danarCeni kategoriebidan arc
erTi ar aris mocemuli iuridiul teqstebSi; isic minda davsZino, rom
xdeba ukve arsebul kategoriaTa gadaazreba da maTTvis
pragmatikulobis statusis miniWeba.
aRvniSne, rom pragmatikul kategoriaTa sistema Sedgeba
Sesabamisad, sami qvesistemisagan, pirveli qvesistema __ esaa im
pragmatikul kategoriaTa erToblioba, romlebic asaxaven metyveli
subieqtis rols, pozicias da am poziciis gavlenas rogorc mTel
sakomunikacio aqtze, ise enobrivi sistemis im erTeulebze, romelTa
aqtualizacia xdeba am sakomunikacio aqtSi.
isic vTqvi, rom pirveli qvesistemis umniSvnelovanesi
pragmatikuli kategoriaa lokaciis kategoria, romelic sami
koordinatiT ganisazRvreba __ "me-aq-axla". lokaciis magaliTze msurs,
davinaxoT, rom pragmatikis yvela kategoria ara ganyenebulad, aramed
arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac igi aisaxeba konkretulad yvela
doneebrivi erTeulis SinaarsSi da mis kategoriebSi.
"me" __ koordinatis, iseve rogorc "aq" da "axla" koordinatebis
gamoxatva SeuZlia zmnas da aqedan gamomdinare, Cans WeSmariti zmnuri
kategoriebis pragmatikuli buneba. WeSmariti zmnuri kategoriebi
gamoxatulia ara zmniT, aramed mTeli gamonaTqvamiT. e. i. piris
kategoriac, drois kategoriac pragmatikuli kategoriebia.
pragmatikulia gansazRvrulobis kategoriac. ase rom SeiZleba iTqvas,
31 rom pragmatikas aqvs gamWoli statusi mTeli enobrivi sistemis
farglebSi __ pragmatika asaxulia yvela enobrivi donis erTeulebSi
da yvela am erTeulis kategoriul sistemaSi. unda iTqvas isic, rom
pragmatikis subieqturoba gulisxmobs ara marto adresantis, aramed
adresatis subieqturobasac da arsebobs pragmatul kategoriaTa meore
qvesistema __ is kategoriebi, romlebic asaxaven adresats, mis
poziciasa da gavlenas mTel teqstze. pragmatikul kategoriaTa
pirveli qvesistema ufro ukeTesadaa Seswavlili, vidre meore, vinaidan
pragmatika tradiciulad gulisxmobda mxolod subieqts, laparakobda
sametyvelo aqtis egocentrizmze. magram vinaidan aRvniSne, rom
iuridiul teqstebSi aqcenti meore __ msmenel subieqtzea, jer minda
kidev erTxel davasaxelo, xolo Semdeg ganvixilo, Tu rogor aris
ganfenili TiToeuli maTgani Cems mier aRniSnul iuridiul teqstebSi.
es kategoriebia:
informaciulobis kategoria
eqspresiiulobis kategoria
gamWvirvalobis kategoria
kategoriaTa am qvesistemas safuZvlad udevs adresantis
daintereseba imaSi, rom adresatma mas adekvaturad gaugos. es ki
niSnavs, rom adresantma unda gaiTvaliswinos adresati __ es
sakomunikacio aqtis efeqturobis safuZvelia, magram efeqturobis
misaRwevad mTavari is ki ar aris, rom teqsti Seicavdes lokacias,
modalobas, Sefasebas, da a.S. teqsti garkveuli TvalsazrisiT unda
iyos informaciuli, eqspresiuli da gamWvirvale.
axla ki vnaxoT, ramdenad informaciulia, gamWvirvale da
eqspresiulia iuridiuli teqsti.
iuridiuli teqstic, rogorc yvela teqsti, Tavis TavSi
gulisxmobs garkveul informaciulobas. msmeneli subieqtisTvis
faqtiurad Cems xelT arsebuli saqarTvelos konstituciis inglisuri
32 versia iTvleba axlad. misTvis axalia yovelive, rac konstituciaSi
weria; Tumca unda aRvniSno, rom iuridiul sferoSi moRvawe
pirTaTvis konstituciis yoveli muxli, yoveli punqti, cnobilia,
xolo rigiTi mkiTxvelisTvis ki __ axali.
Cemi azriT, am SemTxvevaSi marTebuli iqneba, Tu vaxsenebT
koherentulobas, romelic yvela kategoriis integrirebas axdens. igi
iTargmneba, rogorc SekavSirebuloba. koherentulobis xseneba imitom
damWirda, rom aRvniSno, teqstSi mTavaria Sinagani SekavSirebuloba.
cnobilia, rom romeli ierarqiuli donec ar unda aviRoT teqstisa,
teqsti mudam warmoadgens iseTi winadadebebis Tanmimdevrobas,
romlebic erTiandebian erTi ZiriTadi TemiT; teqsts qmnis Tematuri
erTianoba, teqstSi mTavaria Sinagani SekavSirebuloba __ mTavaria
Sinagani kavSiri winadadebaTa Soris. koherentuloba ki iTvleba
centralur kategoriad, radgan igi asaxavs teqstis ZiriTad
makonstruirebel niSans.
koherentulobas aqvs Semdegi funqciebi:
igi akavSirebs teqstis nebismier nawils. (Cvens SemTxvevaSi,
iuridiul teqstSi dasawyisi Tu bolo winadadeba erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebulia azriT, rac koherentulobis damsaxurebaa).
swored koherentulobis meSveobiT emzadeba adresati teqstis
jer ararealizebuli segmentebis aRqma-gagebisaTvis. Cems mier
gansaxilvelad aRebuli iuridiuli teqstebis romeli monakveTic ar
unda aviRoT, igi Tavis TavSi Seicavs ara marto informacias Tavis
Tavze, aramed garkveuli saxis informacias imaze, rac jer ar Tqmula,
anu teqstis jer ararealizebul segmentze. aq saqme exeba informaciis
anticipacias. swored koherentulobis meSveobiT teqstSi axlad
realizebuli segmenti ukavSirdeba ukve realizebul segmentebs.
koherentuloba, marTalia, teqstobrivi kategoriaa, magram
xazgasmulia misi pragmatuli arsi, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi
mudam arsebobs ara ganyenebulad, ara TavisTvis da Tavis TavSi,
aramed minimum or subieqts Soris.
33
es rac Seexeboda informaciis kategorias, romlis ganxilvamac
gamaxsena koherentuloba da saWirod CavTvale oriode sityviT amexsna
misi kavSiri informaciulobasTan.
axla ki gadavideT msmenel subieqtze orientirebul, meore
pragmatikul kategoriaze __ gamWvirvalobis kategoriaze. am
kategoriis arseboba da cxadia, Sinaarsic ganpirobebulia adresatiT.
teqsti gamWvirvalea imdenad, ramdenadac igi gamWvirvalea
adresatisTvis. gamWvirvaloba gulisxmobs imas, rom Cveni naTqvami
gasagebia adresatisaTvis.
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Cems mier gansaxilvelad aRebuli
iuridiuli teqstebi gamWvirvaleni arian Tu ara, mxolod is ar kmara,
rom isini gasagebad iyvnen warmodgenili adresatisaTvis, aramed
gamWvirvalobis yoveli faqtori unda iyos mocemuli teqstSi.
pirveli faqtoris mixedviT teqstSi asaxuli referentuli
situacia unda iyos erTnairi orive monawilesTvis. am pirobis gareSe
gamWvirvaloba ver iqneba. saqarTvelos konstituciis ganxilvisas ki
referentul situacias warmoadgens konstitucia Tavisi muxlebiT.
cxadia igi erTnairia metyveli subieqtisTvis (romelic dafarulia,
magram arsebobs) da msmeneli subieqtisTvis.
meore faqtoria komunikaciuri situacia (vin, vis, rodis, sad
eubneba) : komunikaciuri situacia unda iyos identuri orive
monawilisTvis. iuridiuli teqstis mixedviT ki komunikaciuri
situacia identuri ver iqneba orive monawilisTvis; Tu ratom, amas
Semdegnairad avxsni:
komunikaciuri situacia Seicavs or komunikants: adresantsa da
adresats. yoveli komunikanti xasiaTdeba garkveuli niSnebiT:
socialuri statusi, socialuri roli, da a. S.
cxadia, rom iuridiuli teqstis SemTxvevaSi, orive monawiles
erTnairi socialuri statusi, anda socialuri roli ver eqneba.
gamWvirvalobis Semdegi faqtoria komunikantTa Tezaurusebi __
maTi fonuri codna Tu samyaros xati an unda emTxveodes erTmaneTs an
maT Soris ar unda iyos principuli gansxvaveba. Cems mier aRniSnul
iuridiul teqstebSi ki teqstis Semqmnelisa da aRmqmelis Tezaurusebi
34 ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. SesaZlebelia am kategoriis teqstis mkiTxvelis
warmodgenaTa da codnaTa erToblioba ar Seesabamebodes teqstis
Semqmnelis codnaTa erTobliobas. lingvistikaSi Tezaurusebis
gverdiT xmaroben agreTve termins fonur codnas da filosofiur-
fsiqologiuri warmoSobis termins samyaros xats. komunikaciis yoveli
aqti gulisxmobs, rom komunikantebs warmodgena aqvT erTmaneTis
Tezaurusebze, fonur codnasa Tu samyaros xatze, rac iuridiuli
teqstebis SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba. yoveli Tezaurusi amasTanave
gulisxmobs ara marto samyaros Sesaxeb uSualo codnis an
warmodgenaTa sistemas, aramed am sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
presupoziciaTa sistemasac. xazi unda gavusva imasac, rom
gamWvirvalobis kategoria uSualod miemarTeba iseT
zogadkomunikaciur kategorias, rogoricaa komunikaciuri efeqturobis
kategoria.
CamoTvlili faqtorebidan gamomdinare, iuridiuli stilis
teqsti nawilobriv gamWvirvalea. nawilobriv imitom, rom igi gasagebia
mkiTxvelisaTvis, magram gamWvirvalobis yvela faqtors ver pasuxobs.
pragmatikul kategoriaTa meore qvesistemis Semdegi kategoriaa
eqspresiulobis kategoria. tradiciulad mTeli gamonaTqvamis an
gamonaTqvamis romelime komponentis eqspresiuloba aTvisebuli iyo
lingvistikis mier konotaciis cnebis saSualebiT; konotacias ki
stilistika Seiswavlida. aqac saqme exeba pragmatizaciis fenomens, rac
mudam or moments Seicavs: subieqtivizaciisa da teqstologizaciis
momentebs.
stilistikis farglebSi teqstis anda misi romelime komponentis
eqspresiuloba gulisxmobda, rom yoveli gamonaTqvami anda misi
komponenti denotaciis garda mudam Seicavs konotacias, rogorc
enobrivi niSnis mier aRniSnuli realobisadmi subieqtis
damokidebulebis gamoxatvas. es damokidebuleba SeiZleba iyos rogorc
dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi. arsebobs neitraluri konotaciac.
konotaciis gareSe gamonaTqvami ar arsebobs, iseve rogorc denotaciis
gareSe.
35
subieqtivizaciis planSi ki eqspresiulobis kategoriis
pragmatizacia niSnavs aqcentis gadatanas adresantidan adresatze.
eqspresiulobis kategoriis pragmatizacia ar uaryofs imas, rom
adresantma SeiZleba gamoxatos Tavisi subieqturi damokidebuleba,
magram misi mizania, adresatze zemoqmedeba.
Cems mier dasaxelebuli iuridiuli teqstebi ara eqspresiulia.
minda vTqva, rom ara marto es konkretuli teqstebi, aramed saerTod,
iuridiuli teqstebi eqspresiulobiT ar xasiaTdebian; yovelives avxsni
Semdegnairad:
Tu metyveli subieqti gamoxatavs raimesadmi Tavis subieqtur
damokidebulebas da am damokidebulebis gamoxatva komunikaciuri
TvalsazrisiT efeqturia __ xolo efeqturia igi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es
subieqti Cafiqrebul zegavlenas axdens, __ maSin es komunikaciuri
efeqturoba emyareba ara marto adresantis komunikaciur intencias,
aramed mis mier samyaros im xatis adekvaturad gaTvaliswinebasac,
romelic damaxasiaTebelia adresatisaTvis.
iuridiuli teqstis SemTxvevaSi ki amgvari ram warmoudgenelia.
Cems mier dasaxelebuli teqstebi xom dokumentebia, romlebSic
mTavaria faqtebis, konkretuli pirobebis aRniSvna, da ara metyveli
subieqtis damokidebuleba, da is, Tu ra zegavlenas moaxdens igi
msmenelze.
aqedan gamomdinare, dasaxelebul iuridiul teqstebs
eqspresiulobis kategorias ver mivuyenebdi.
saqarTvelos konstitucia, yovelive Tqmulidan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom informaciulia, nawilobriv gamWvirvale da ara
eqspresiuli.
saqarTvelos konstituciasTan SedarebiT, kanoni saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergiisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb, ufro rTuli
agebulebisaa. masSi mravladaa specipikuri sityvebi da terminebi:
"export", "import", "gas storage", "gas suply", "transit", "transportation
licensee", "Executive Board of the Georgian Wholesale Electricity Market", "Tecnical
36 Standards", "Market Rules", "Import Llicensee", "Export Licensee" da a. S.
(www.parliament.ge/Legal_Acts/Constitution/consem.html, 100.)
es kanoni Sedgeba punqtebisagan da qvepunqtebisagan. metyveli
subieqti, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, aqac dafarulia.
masze orientirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebidan vercerTs ver
mivusadagebdi am kanons. aqcenti aqac msmenel subieqtzea. adresatze
orientirebuli kategoriebidan ki samive kategoria isevea mocemuli,
rogorc saqarTvelos konstituciaSi; mxolod gamWvirvalobis
TvalsazrisiT, minda vTqva, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis teqsti
ufro gamWvirvalea, vidre es kanoni; igi ufro moiTxovs winaswar
Semzadebas, radgan gadatvirTulia mTeli rigi specifikuri
terminebiT, rac umeteswilad energetikis sferoSi moRvawe
adamianebisTvisaa cnobili (Tumca ara mxolod maTTvis). saqarTvelos
konstituciis teqsti adresatisTvis ufro gasagebadaa warmodgenili,
vidre kanoni saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiisa da bunebrivi gazis
Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos konstituciis teqsts,
miuxedavad gamWvirvalobis yvela faqtoris ganuxorcieleblobisa,
ufro metad gamWvirvaled CavTvli, vidre meore kanons; orive kanoni
nawilobriv gamWvirvalea radgan verc erTi maTgani ver pasuxobs
gamWvirvalobis yvela faqtors, Tumca met-nakleboba aqac dasaSvebia.
Cems mier ganxiluli iuridiuli teqstebis SemTxvevaSi, minda
aRvniSno, rom es orive teqsti aris kanoni, romlisTvisac
mizanSewonili da mTavari iqneba kanonis ZalaSi gatarebas mieniWos
kategorialuri statusi; maSin es kategoria sxva danarCeni
kategoriebis msgavsad miiRebs pragmatikul ganzomilebas, moxdeba misi
pragmatizacia; rac amave dros niSnavs mis teqstologizacias; es
kategoria Seswavlil iqneba sxva stilis teqstebis ki ara, aramed
iuridiuli teqstebis farglebSi da orive subieqtze – metyvel da
msmenel subieqtebze anu adresantebsa da adresatebze iqneba
orientirebuli. nebismieri kanoni iqmneba, yalibdeba garkveuli
Sexedulebebis mixedviT, magram igi ver imoqmedebs, Tu ar iqneba
ZalaSi gatarebuli. mas Zala ar eqneba da yovelgvari ganxilva da
37 sja-baasi amao iqneba, Tu kanoni ar miiRes. yovelive Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, iuridiuli teqstebis SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, kanonebis
SemTxvevaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani, kanonis ZalaSi gatarebis
kategoria iqneba. unda aRvniSno isic, rom iseTi cnobili kategoriis
msgavsad, rogoricaa gamWvirvalobis kategoria, kanonis ZalaSi
gatarebis kategoriis miyeneba teqstisadmi (kerZod, iuridiuli
teqstisadmi) SesaZlebelia, ra Tqma unda maSin, roca yvela piroba,
rac saWiroa dawerilis teqstad aRqmisaTvis, dakmayofilebulia; es
sakiTxi mainc kvlevis Ria da saintereso sagnad rCeba.
I Tavis bolos daskvnis saxiT minda vTqva, rom Cems mier
ganxilul iuridiul teqstebSi (ara marto am teqstebSi, saerTod,
iuridiul teqstebSi) aqcenti msmenel subieqtsa da masze
orientirebul kategoriebzea. metyveli subieqti dafarulia, magram
arsebobs. dasaxelebuli orive kanoni informaciulia, araeqspresiuli;
gamWvirvalobis TvalsazrisiT ki orive teqsti nawilobriv
gamWvirvalea met-naklebobis fonze. Semovitane azri, rom kanonis
ZalaSi gatarebas mieniWos kategorialuri statusi, radgan kanonis
ZalaSi gatarebis gareSe kanons Zala ar eqneba da mis ganxilvasac
azri daekargeba.
38
Tavi II
pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva
postmodernisti mwerlis – umberto ekos
nawarmoeb “ Foucault’s Pendulum” – idan pirveli ori Tavis
mixedviT
Cemi sadisertacio naSromis II TavSi pragmatikul kategoriebs
ganvixilav cnobili italieli filosofosis, istorikosis,
literatoris, semiotikosis, kritikosisa da esTetikosis, umberto ekos
nawarmoebidan "Foucault's Pendulum", pirveli ori Tavis magaliTze. minda
aRvniSno, rom ganvixilav am nawarmoebis ara originals, italiurad
daweril versias, aramed mis inglisurad Targmnil variants, romelic
uiliam viverma Seasrula. minda, davsZino, rom am nawarmoebSi Tavebi
qveTavebisgan Sedgeba; me gansaxilvelad aviReb or Tavsa da eqvs
qveTavs.
dasaxelebuli nawarmoebi aT segmentad iyofa. misi saTauri
frang fsiqiatr Foucault-is mier Seqmnili namdvili Pendulum-idan aris
aRebuli. man Pendulum-i imisTvis Seqmna, rom dedamiwis brunvis
demonstrireba moexdina.
nawarmoebSi sami mTavari gmiria, sami megobari: belbo,
diotaveli da kasauboni, romlebic milanSi sagamomcemlo kompaniaSi
muSaoben.
dasaxelebuli Tavebis wakiTxvis Semdeg iseTi gancda dameufla,
TiTqos veraferi gavige, mxedvelobaSi Tu ar miviReb zogierT frazas.
nawarmoebi pirvel pirSia dawerili; Txroba I pirSi midis erT-
erTi mTavari gmiris – kasaubonis mier. amitom Tu Cven mivmarTavT
iseTi lingvistis naazrevs, rogoricaa e. benvenisti, mis erT-erT
Teziss warmoadgens swored is, rom metyveleba egocentrulia; e. i.
metyvelebis aqti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom metyveli subieqti mocemul
momentSi, TiTqosda iTvisebs mTel enobriv sistemas da iyenebs mas
Tavisi meobis, Tavisi egos gamosaxatavad. amdenad, sametyvelo aqti
39 aris egocentristuli. manve pirvelad Semoitana metyvelebis
intersubieqturobis cneba, magram sametyvelo aqtis egocentristuli
pozicia metyvelebs imaze, rom aqcenti mainc metyvel subieqtzea.
Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom yoveli nawarmoebi, teqsti
iqmneba imisTvis, rom viRacam waikiTxos da amdenad, upriania imis Tqma,
rom miuxedavad imisa, rom metyveli subieqti ufro aqtiuria aseTi
tipis nawarmoebSi, radgan msmenelis anu adresatisTvis am tipis
nawarmoebi sruliad gaugebari iqneba (magram msmenelsac gaaCnia).
amdenad, maT Soris umeteswilad iqneba, Cemi azriT, SeuTavsebloba.
vinaidan teqsti imisTvis iqmneba, rom viRacam waikiTxos, am nawarmoebis
SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba dainteresebul, kiTxvismoyvare adamians sruliad
gauqres misi wakiTxvis survili. magaliTisTvis minda, moviyvano aseTi
nawyvetebi nawarmoebidan:
" O, What a beautiful morning at the end of November, in the beginning was the
word, sing to me, goddess, the son of Peleus, Achilles, how is the winter ofvour discontent.
Period, new paragraph. Testing testing grams, if you've written a novel with a confederate
hero named Rhett Butler and fickle girl named Scarlet and then change your mind, all you
have to do is punch a key and Abu will global replace the Rett Butler to prince Andreis, the
Scarletts to Natashas, Atlanta to Moscow, and lo! you've written war and peace.
Abu, du another thing now: Bebo orders Abu to change all words, make each "a"
become "Akka" and each "o" become "ulla", for a paragraph to look almost Finish.
Akkabu, dulla akkanullather thing nullaw: Belbulla ullarders, Akkabu tulla
chakkange akkal wullards, makkake eakkach "akka" becullame "akkakkakka" akkand
eakkach "ulla"becullame "ullakka, fullar akka pakkara kkagrakkaph tulla lullaullak
akkalmul last Finnish". ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 22, paragrafi 1).
“ Abraham Abulafia’s Hokhmath ha-Zeruf was at once the science of the
combination of letter and the science of the purification of the heart. Mystic logic, letters
whirling in infinite change, is the world of bliss, it is the music of thought, but see that you
proceed slowly, and with caution, because your machine may bring you delirium instead of
ecstasy. Many of Abulafia’s disciples were unable to walk the fine line between
contemplation of the names of God and the practice of magic. They manipulated the names
40 in an effort to turn them into a talisman, an instrument of dominion over nature, unaware
– as you are unaware, with your machine – that every letter is bound to a part of the body,
and shifting a consonant without the knowledge of its power may affect a limb, its position
or nature, and then you find yourself deformed, a monster. Physically, for life; spiritually,
for eternity.” ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 29, paragrafi 2).
cxadia, adresatisaTvis amgvari metyveleba sruliad miuRebeli
iqneba, mxedvelobaSi Tu ar miviRebT im faqts, rom mTeli nawarmoebi
aseTi absurduli frazebiT ar Semoifargleba.
adresantsa da adresats Soris SeuTavsebloba Tavs iCens jer
kidev nawarmoebis saTauridan; msmeneli subieqti ver mixvdeba, ras
niSnavs "Foucault's Pendulum", Tu ar aris parizSi namyofi da ar unaxavs
igi an ar waukiTxavs, an ar smenia raime “Foucault’s Pendulum”-is Sesaxeb.
nawarmoebis TiToeuli Tavis dasaTaureba, cota ar iyos bundovania:
"Keter", "Hokhman", "Binah", "Hesed", "Gevurah", "Tiferet", "Nezah",
"Hod", "Yesod", "Malkhut". ( Eco Umberto, 102, Table of contents, gv VII, VIII, IX, X,
XI, XII, XIII, XIV).
ufro mkafiod rom vTqvaT, am tipis nawarmoebSi metyvel
subieqtsa da msmenel subieqts Soris kavSiri ver damyardeba im
doneze, rogorc es moxdeba sxva tipis teqstebSi (didi mniSvneloba
aqvs im mimdinareobas, romelsac mwerali ekuTvnis da mis weris
manerasac gaaCnia; umberto eko xom postmodernisti mweralia....)
radgan metyveli subieqti aqtiurad figurirebs umberto ekos
nawarmoebSi "Foucault's Pendulum", im pragmatikuli kategoriebis moZebna,
romlebic ukavSirdebian da asaxaven metyveli subieqtis rols da
adgils sakomunikacio aqtSi, savsebiT SesaZlebelia.
vinaidan Tavdapirvelad, ganvixilavT im pragmatikul
kategoriebs, romlebic metyveli subieqtis rols ukavSirdebian,
daviwyoT lokaciis kategoriiT. mas ganvixilavT ara rogorc
izolirebul kategorias, aramed procesualobasTan mimarTebaSi.
procesualoba mxatvrul teqstSi calsaxad ar isazRvreba: igi teqstis
41 funqcinalur-komunikaciuri maxasiaTebelic aris, teqstisa da
mxatvruli xatis arsebobis formac; magram procesualobis
formalizacia, sruli modelireba ver xerxdeba, radgan misi
realizacia mkiTxvelis mier nawarmoebis aRqmis dros xdeba.
lokaciis kategoria umberto ekos nawarmoebSi "Foucault's
Pendulum", SeiZleba iTqvas cvalebadia; magram aqve SevniSnav, rom
icvleba ara samive aspeqti: personaluri, temporaluri da lokaluri,
aramed mxolod ori __ temporaluri da lokaluri. personaluri
aspeqti am kategoriisa ucvlelia. moqmedebis centrSia mxolod erTi
subieqti, romelic metyvelebs. drouli da sivrcobrivi koordinatebis
cvlileba xdeba yoveli axali epizodis dasawyisSi. mag:
" To enter the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers in Paris, you firs cross an
eighteenth-century courtyard and step into an old abbey church, now part of a later comlex,
but originally part of a priory…" ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 7, paragrafi 1 ).
“ On the floor stretches a line of vehicles: bicycles, horseless carriages,
automobiles; from the ceiling hang planes. Some of the objects are intact, though peeling
and corroded by time, and in the ambigious mix of natural and electric light they seem
covered by a patina, an old violin’s varnish. Others are only skeletons or chassis, rods and
cranks that threaten indescribable tortures. You picture yourself chained to a rack,
something digging into your flesh untill you confess.” ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 7,
paragrafi 2 ).
" I crossed the hall again, and there was the Statue of Liberty, "eclairant le monde"
from a pedestal was a kind of sentry box, from which you could look through a porthole at
a diorama of New York harbor…" U( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 9, paragrafi 5).
" I abondoned the chapel, turned left at the statue of Gramme, and entered a
gallery…" ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 10, paragrafi 4 ).
“ I went upstairs, walked through the halls of the crafts, of energy, electricity. No
place to hide here, not in these cases. I began to guess their meaning, but suddenly I was
42 gripped by the fear that there would not be time to find a place from which I could witness
the nocturnal revelation of their secret purpose. Now I moved like a man pursued –
pursued by the clock, by the ghastly advance of numbers. The earth turned, inexorably, the
hour was approaching. In a little while I would be kicked out.” ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 13,
paragrafi 3 ).
“ Crossing the exhibit of electrical devices, I came to the hall of glass. By what logic
had they decided that the most advanced and expensive gadgetry of the modern mind
should be followed by a section devoted to an art known to the Phoenicians thousands of
years ago? “. ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 13, paragrafi 4 ).
“ It had been two days earlier, a Thursday. I was lazing in bed, undecided about
getting up. I had arrived the previous afternoon and had telephoned my office. Diotallevi
was still in the hospital, and Gudrun sounded pessimistic: condition un changed; in other
words, getting worse. I couldn’t bring myself to go and visit him.” ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv
19, paragrafi 1 ) .
“ It was already night, Thursday, June 21. My eyes were watering . I had been
staring at the screen and then at the printer’s pointillist anthill since morning. What I had
read might be true or it might be false, but Belbo said he would call in the morning. I would
have to wait here. My head swam. “ ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 37, paragrafi 8) .
minda isic aRvniSno, rom nawarmoebSi moqmedeba adamianis
cnobierebaSi xdeba; wlebi, Tveebi, romlebic icvlebian, mxolod
mogonebebia. "Foucault's Pendulum"-i, rogorc presa aRniSnavs, kerZod
Chicago Tribune, __ "es aris jadosnuri saidumlo mogzauroba
dasavluri gonebisa" ("It is a magical tour of the Western mind"). (
www.umbertoeco.com, 97. ) nawarmoebi savsea aluziebiT, parodiebiT da arc
aris gasakviri, rom arc konkretul dros, arc konkretul adgilas, ar
xdeba moqmedeba. aqedan gamomdinare, lokaciis kategoriis lokaluri
da temporaluri aspeqtebi garkveuli cvalebadobiT xasiaTdebian.
sxva kategoriebTan dakavSirebiT minda kidev erTxel aRvniSno,
rom xdeba ukve arsebul kategoriaTa gadaazreba da maTTvis
43 pragmatikulobis statusis miniWeba. modalobis kategoria didi xania
cnobili. erTmaneTisgan ganarCeven subieqtur da obieqtur modalobas.
jer minda davakonkreto, orive saxis modalobis mniSvneloba da
Semdeg vnaxoT, romeli maTgani miesadageba umberto ekos nawarmoebs.
obieqturi modaloba, es aris teqstSi an gamonaTqvamSi asaxuli
situaciis damokidebuleba realobasTan;
subieqturi modaloba ki, asaxavs metyveli subieqtis
damokidebulebas gamonaTqvamSi asaxuli situaciis mimarT. unda
aRiniSnos, rom ori saxis modalobidan pirveli saerTod ar
axasiaTebs mxatvrul teqsts, ufro metic, obieqtur-modaluri
mniSvneloba umetes SemTxvevaSi ifargleba mxolod winadadebiT.
swored obieqturi modalobis mixedviT gamoiyofa winadadebis iseTi
saxeebi, rogoricaa TxrobiTi, kiTxviTi, brZanebiTi da Zaxilisa. eseni
obieqtur-modaluri mniSvnelobis mqone tipebia. unda iTqvas, rom
obieqturi modaloba umetes SemTxvevaSi ar axasiaTebs teqsts.
subieqturi modaloba ki ZiriTadad teqstis mTavari da arsebiTi
Taviseburebaa. subieqturi modalobis velis centrad g. i. solganikis
mixedviT miCneulia "me" nacvalsaxeli. "me" nacvalsaxels, rogorc
teqstis modalobis gamoxatvis saSualebas, mis semantikur da
struqturul funqcias Tavisi gamokvleva uZRvna g. i. solganikma.
(sergia v. a. __ "teqstis lingvistika", Tbilisi gamomcemloba
"ganaTleba", 1989) misi azriT, metyveleba SeuZlebelia metyvelis
gareSe, xolo metyveli aRniSnavs Tavs "me" nacvalsaxeliT. nebismieri
metyveleba gamomdinareobs "me"-sgan da mimarTulia "Sen"-ken da
mogviTxrobs mis Sesaxeb (saganze, cnebaze da a.S.). "me"-sTan erTad
gamoCndeba xolme subieqtur-SefasebiTi mniSvneloba.
teqstSi modaloba saerTod gadmoicema CarTuli sityvebiTa da
gamoTqmebiT, modaluri sityvebiT, zmnis droisa da kilos formebiT,
ganmeorebiTi modaluri winadadebiTa da metateqstiT.
"Foucault's Pendulum"-is gansaxilvelad arCeuli pirveli ori Tavi
minda davyo metateqstebad, raTa is modaluri metateqstebi, romlebic
am TavebSi gamovyavi, TvalnaTliv gamoikveTos; modalobis
gamomxatveli im saSualebebidan, romlebic am funqciiT winadadebaSic
44 gamoiyeneba, am or TavSic gamoCnda; magaliTad nawilaki "o"; amis
dasasabuTeblad moviyvan nawyvetebs teqstidan:
"O what a beautiful morning at the end of November…" ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 22,
paragrafi 1).
“ O joy, o new vertigo of difference, o my platonic reader-writer racked by a most
platonic insomnia, o wake of finnegan, o animal charming and benign…" ( Eco Umberto,
102, gv 22, paragrafi 4).
“ O Raimundo, O Camillo, you had only to cast your mind back to your visions and
immediately you could reconstruct the great chain of being, in love and joy, because all that
was disjointed in the universe was joined in a single volume in your mind, and Proust
would have made you smile. “ ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 23, paragrafi 1 ) .
"O" Sorisdebulis funqcia aq Sesustebulia.
vinaidan “O” Sorisdebuli vaxsene, minda, oriod sityva vTqva
inglisur enaSi misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
saerTod, inglisur enaSi “O” Sorisdebuli gamoiyeneba, rogorc
wamoZaxili, romelic pirdapir mimarTulia personis an
personificirebuli sagnis mimarT. aRniSnuli Sorisdebuli SeiZleba
iyos tkivilis, dardis, gakvirvebis, survilis, SiSis gamomxatveli
aRtkinebuli wamoZaxili. “O” Sorisdebuls xSirad moyveba elifsi,
roca is gamoxatavs: survils, mag,
“ O, I wish that Ishmael might live...”,
gakvirvebas, sinanuls, aRSfoTebas/guliswyromas, mag,
“ O it is sad that such eyes should e’er meet other object,” Sheridan Knowles”.
(www.dictionaryofwords.com/o/definition of term o, meaning of o, 92.)
45
vinaidan da radganac Sorisdebulebi “O” da “Oh” gamoyenebis
mxriv TiTqosda gvanan erTmaneTs, saWirod mimaCnia, maT Soris
gansxvaveba mainc arsebobs.
Sorisdebuleb “O”-s da “Oh”-s Soris gansxvaveba saxeldobr
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom “O” umjobesia gamoiyenebodes mxoloc maSin,
rodesac adamians an personificirebul sagans pirdapir mivmarTavT da
mas Zaxilis niSani saerTod ar unda moyvebodes, maSin rodesac “Oh”
gamoiyeneba iseTi wamoZaxilis dros, roca pirdapiri mimarTva
adamianisa da personificirebuli sagnisadmi ar arsebobs da Zaxilis
niSani mas SeiZleba moyvebodes, SeiZleba – ara; es winadadebis
agebulebazea damokidebuli.
zogi Tvlis, rom “Oh” unda gamoiyenebodes mxolod, rogorc
Zlieri grZnobis gamomxatveli Sorisdebuli. “O”-s forma ki orive
mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes – Zlieri grZnobis
gamosaxatavadac da susti grZnobis gamosaxatavadac. mag,
“ O, I am slain…”
“ O what a fair and ministering angel…”
“ O sweet angel…” (http:/www.dictionaryofwords.com/o/definition of term o,
meaning of o, 92).
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Sorisdebuli “O” gamoxatavs sxvadasxva
saxis emocias, magram umetesad gamoxatavs: gaocebas, dards, wuxils,
tkivils, SiSs... (www.dictionaryofwords.com/o/definition of term o, meaning of o, 92.)
umberto ekos “Foucault’s Pendulum”-idan zemoT moyvanil
nawyvetebSi Sorisdebul “O”-s funqcia Cemi azriT, Sesustebulia.
teqstis doneze modalobis gamoxatvis Zlier saSualebebad unda
miviCnioT: Sedareba, epiTeti, modaluri winadadebebi, modaluri
metateqstebi, modaluri daskvna-reziume.
46
minda aRvniSno, rom umberto ekos "Foucault's Pendulum"-is im or
TavSi, romlebsac me ganvixilav, ramdenime modaluri metateqsti
gamovyavi. vidre Cems mier gamoyofil metateqstebze daviwyebde
saubars, minda ganvmarto, Tu ra aris metateqsti da ratom Seiqmna igi.
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi winadadeba iTvleboda enisa da
metyvelebis umaRlesi donis sintaqsur erTeulad. magram
enaTmecnierebis axali dargis __ teqstis lingvistikis warmoSobam
uaryo es tradiciuli gageba. aRmoCnda, rom winadadeba ar aris ena-
metyvelebis umaRlesi donis erTeuli. is aris sakomunikacio erTeuli.
xolo roca daisva sakiTxi __ arsebobs, Tu ara winadadebaze didi
sakomunikacio sidide, aRmoCnda, rom aseTi odenoba, aseTi enobrivi Tu
sametyvelo erTeuli marTlac arsebobs, romelsac mkvlevarebi
sxvadasxva terminebiT aRniSnaven, xolo sergia metateqsts uwodebs;
(sergia v. a., 80.) misi gagebiT, metateqsti aris winadadebaze maRali
donis enobrivi odenoba, romelsac aqvs sakuTari mikroTema, azrobrivi
damTavrebuloba da sakomunikacio funqcia. metateqstis, rogorc
enobrivad mTliani erTeulis komponentia, azrobrivad monaTesave,
Sinaarsobrivad axlo mdgomi damoukidebeli winadadebebi, romlebic
informacias gvawvdian erTi sagnis, erTi movlenis, erTi mikroTemis
Sesaxeb.
axla ki minda davasaxelo is modaluri metateqstebi, romlebic
"Foucault's Pendulum"-is pirveli ori Tavis ganxilvisas gamovyavi; minda,
davsZino, rom es ori Tavi (mTel nawarmoebSi Tavebi) Sedgeba
qveTavebisgan.
pirveli modaluri metateqsti, Cemi azriT, "Pendulum"-is
daxasiaTebaa TviTon metyveli subieqtis mier; nawarmoebidan Sevityve,
rom metyveli subieqti mogzaurobs Tavis warmosaxvaSi; mis amgvar
mogzaurobas simboluri mogzauroba SeiZleba vuwodoT. metyveli
subieqti, dedamiwis brunvasTan "Pendulum"-is brunvis Sedarebas axdens.
igi iyenebs mandalas __ es aris xati modernistuli nawarmoebisa:
" Pendulum told me that, as everything moved, earth, solar system, nebulae, and
black holes, all the children of the great cosmic expansion ---- one single point stood still: a
47 pivot, bolt, or hook around which the universe could move…" ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 5,
paragrafi 1). (mandala niSnavs wres, romelsac aqvs centri da igi am
centris garSemo moZraobs) (www.mandala.com, 94.)
minda davsZino, rom metyveli subieqtis yoveli gadaadgileba
sivrceSi, axal modalur metateqsts qmnis.
yvelaze mTavaria, mainc is modaluri daskvna-reziumeebi,
romlebic aseve minda gamovyo:
" Take heart, I said to myself: don't think of wisdom now; ask the help of
science…" ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 8, paragrafi 5 ).
" I had to leave, get away; this was madness. I was falling into the same trap, the
same game, that had driven Jacobo Belbo out of his mind, I, the doubter…" ( Eco,
Umberto, 102, gv 10, paragrafi 2).
" But perhaps in that simsun, that diminishment, that lonely seperation ---
Diotallevi said --- there was already the promise of the return…" ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv
16, paragrafi 2) .
“ In any case, if I had the strength and the courage to stay here for another half
hour or so, the night watchman might not see me. “ ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 14,
paragrafi 4 ) .
“ Memories, distinct, precise, orderly. Of the past three frantic days, of the past two
years, and the forty-year-old memories I found when I broke into Jacopo Belbo’s electronic
brain. “ ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 15, paragrafi 7 ) .
“ A sharp report, like a shot. It must have been the receiver falling, slamming
against the wall or onto that little shelf they have under telephones. A scuffle. Then the
click of the receiver being hung up. Certainly not by Belbo. “ ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 20,
paragrafi 5 ) .
48
“ And if you happen to write what modesty forbids, it all goes onto a floppy disc,
and you can give the disc a password, and no one will be able to read you. Excellent for
secret agents. You write the message, save it, then put the disc in your pocket and walk off.
Not even Torquemada could find out, what you have written: It’s between you and it (It?).
And if they torture you, you pretend to confess; you start entering the password, then press
a secret key, and the message disappears forever. Oh I’m so sorry, you say, my hand
slipped, an accident, and now it’s gone. What was it? I don’t remember. It wasn’t
important. I have no Message to reveal. But later on – who knows? – I might.” ( Eco
Umberto, 102, gv 24, paragrafi 2 ) .
“ Suddenly I was struck by the nimbus in the middle, the divine throne. The Hebrew
letters were large; I could see them even from my chair. But Belbo couldn’t write Hebrew
on Abulafia. I took a closer look: I knew them, of course, from right to left, yod, he, vav, he.
The Tetragrammaton, Yahweh, the name of God. “ ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 27,
paragrafi 5 ) .
“ And now, two days later, having achieved, I hope, serenity and amor fati, I can tell
the story I reconstructed so anxiously ( hoping it was false) inside the periscope, the story I
had read two days ago in Belbo’s apartment, the story I had lived for twelve years between
Pilade’s whiskey and the dust of Garamond Press.” ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 39,
paragrafi 5 ) .
es gaxldaT is modaluri daskvna-reziumeebi, romlebic me
gamovyavi. isini ZiriTadad modaluri metateqstebis bolos gvxvdeba.
modalobis gamoxatvis yvela Cems mier gamoyofili saSualeba
erTiandeba da emsaxureba im mizans, rom uSualod, pirdapir da
eqspliciturad gviCvenon mwerlis (metyveli subieqtis) subieqtur-
modaluri damokidebuleba sxvadasxva sagnisa Tu movlenis mimarT.
axla gadavideT danarCen pragmatikul kategoriebze, romlebic
aseve metyvel subieqts ukavSirdebian da vnaxoT, ramdenad
SesaZlebelia maTi misadageba umberto ekos nawarmoebisadmi.
49
Sefasebis kategoria umberto ekos am nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba,
radgan Cemi azriT, yvela saxis mxatvrul teqstSi, ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, romeli drois nawarmoebi iqneba, metyveli subieqti
axdens ara mxolod realobis ubralo nominacias, aramed mis
Sefasebasac, xolo es Sefaseba saboloo jamSi gulisxmobs kargisa da
cudis opozicias. teqstSi moqmedeba SeiZleba adamianis cnobierebaSi
xdebodes, magram amas Cemi azriT, araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs,
radgan adamiani Tavis cnobierebaSic xom axdens imis garCevas, Tu ra
aris kargi da ra aris cudi. saerTodac moqmedeba teqstSi metyveli
subieqtis cnobierebaSic rom ar xdebodes, movlenebis Sejameba
sabolood mainc mis gonebaSi xdeba. mas gamoaqvs daskvnebi yovelive
momxdaris Semdeg. umberto ekos Cems mier aRniSnul nawarmoebSic
metyveli subieqti axdens garkveuli faqtisa Tu movlenis Sefasebas.
magaliTisTvis nawarmoebidan moviyvan nawyvets, rodesac axalgazrda
wyvili saubrobs "Foucault's Pendulum"-ze:
" It's Foucault's Pendulum", he was saying. "First tried out in a callar in 1851,
then shown at the Observatoire, and later under the dome of the Pantheon with a wire
sixty-seven meters long and sphere weighing twenty-eight kilos. since 1855 it's been here,
in a smaller version, hanging from that hole in the middle of the rib."
" What does it do? Just hang there?"
" It proves the rotation of the earth. Since the point of suspension doesn't move…"
" Why doesn't it move?"
" Well, because a point… the central point, I mean, the one right in the middle of
all the points you see… it's a geometric point; you can't see it because it has no dimension,
it can't move, not tight or left, not up or down. So it doesn't rotate with the earth. You
understand? It can't even rotate around itself. There is no 'itself.' "
" But the earth turns."
" The earth turns, but the point doesn't. That's how it is. Just take my word for it."
" I guess it's the Pendulum's business." ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 5, paragrafi 3).
metyveli subieqti gamoTqvams Tavis azrs gogonaze.
50
" Idiot "__ ambobs is,
" Above her head was the only stabl place in the cosmos, the only refuge from the
damnation of the panta rei, and she guessed it was the Pendulum's business not her's." (
Eco Umberto, 102, gv 5, paragrafi 6 ).
metyveli subieqti anu adresanti axdens ara imis gamijvnas, Tu
ra aris kargi da ra aris cudi; unda aRvniSno, rom Sefasebis
kategorias mxolod ase ver ganvsazRvravdi. metyveli subieqtis mier
nebismieri gamoTqmuli azri raRac saganze, movlenaze, __ es xom misi
Sefasebaa. am SemTxvevaSi mas axalgazrdebis saubridan ar moewona
fraza: " I guess, it's the Pendulum's business ", da Tavisi azri gamoTqva amaze:
" Idiot. "
mxatvrul teqstebSi Sefasebis kategoria met-naklebad gvxvdeba.
mag: SeiZleba, realisturSi ufro metad aris gamovlenili, vidre
modernistulSi; Tumca es sakiTxi ufro dawvrilebiT Seswavlas
saWiroebs.
vinaidan metyveli subieqti aqtiurad aris Cabmuli aRniSnul
teqstSi, distanturobis kategoriis miyeneba misadmi savsebiT
SesaZlebelia.
emociurobis kategoria, Sefasebis kategoriis msgavsad,
mxatvruli teqstisadmi, sadac metyveli subieqti aqtiurad metyvelebs,
advili misayenebelia. emociebi xom ganyenebulad ar arseboben, isini
mudam metyvel subieqts axlavs, rac naTlad SeiZleba gamoixatos
dasaxelebul teqstSi. mag: metyveli subieqtis emocia Cans aseT
frazebSi:
" O, what a beautiful morning at the end of November…" ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv
22, paragrafi 1 ) .
51
" O joy, o new vertigo of difference, o my platonic reader-writer racked by a most
platonic insomnia, o wake of finnegan, o animal charming and benign…" ( Eco Umberto,
102, gv 22, paragrafi 4).
“ O Raimundo, O Camillo, you had only to cast your mind back to your visions and
immediately you could reconstruct the great chain of being, in love and joy, because all that
was disjointed in the universe was joined in a single volume in your mind, and Proust
would have made you smile. “ ( Eco Umberto, 102, gv 23, paragrafi 1 ) .
axla ki pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva minda gavagrZelo
msmenel subieqtze orientirebuli kategoriebiT. marTalia,
Tavdapirvelad aRvniSne, rom umberto ekos nawarmoebSi "Foucault's
Pendulum", aqcenti metyvel subieqtzea, magam es, ra Tqma unda ar
niSnavs imas, rom am teqsts msmeneli subieqti ar moepoveba. ubralod
aRvniSne, rom am tipis nawarmoebSi metyvel subieqtsa da msmenel
subieqts Soris kavSiri ver damyardeba im doneze, rogorc es moxdeba
sxva stilis nawarmoebSi, mag: sagazeTo teqstSi. marTalia, aqcenti
metyvel subieqtzea, magram msmeneli subieqtic aucileblad
figurirebs teqstSi. aqve unda SevniSno, rom yovelive damokidebulia
mkiTxvelis kategoriaze, mis Tezaurusze da fonur codnaze.
axla minda, ganvixilo nawarmoebi adresatze damokidebuli
pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT da vnaxoT, ramdenad figurireben
isini am teqstSi.
adresatze orientirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva
daviwyoT gamWvirvalobis kategoriiT. misi Sinaarsi da arseboba
ganpirobebulia adresatiT. (Tumca isic sagulisxmoa, rom ar arsebobs
pragmatikuli kategoria, romelic mxolod erTi subieqtiT iqneba
ganpirobebuli.) rogorc gamonaTqvami, ise gamonaTqvamis romelime
aspeqti gamWvirvalea imdenad, ramdenadac igi gamWvirvalea
adresatisTvis. gamWvirvaloba xom gulisxmobs imas, rom Cveni naTqvami
gasagebia adresatisTvis. umberto ekos "Foucault's Pendulum"-i, Cemi
azriT, zogisTvis SeiZleba gamWvirvale iyos, zogisTvis ki __
gaumWvirvale; jer minda Camovayalibo gamWvirvalobis faqtorebi,
52 xolo Semdeg avxsna, Tu ratom SeiZleba zogisTvis gamWvirvale iyos,
zogisTvis ki __ gaumWvirvale.
pirveli faqtori aris is, rom teqstSi asaxuli referentuli
situacia unda iyos erTnairi orive monawilesTvis. am pirobis gareSe
gamWvirvaloba ver iqneba.
gamWvirvalobis Semdegi faqtoria komunikaciuri situacia,
romelic unda iyos identuri orive monawilisaTvis.
Semdegi faqtoria komunikantTa Tezaurusebi, maTi fonuri codna,
Tu samyaros xati an unda emTxveodes erTmaneTs, an maT Soris ar unda
iyos principuli gansxvaveba. adresantis mier gamonaTqvamSi xmarebul
sityvebs da maT Sexamebebs ar unda hqondeT iseTi mniSvneloba,
romelic principulad gansxvavebulia im mniSvnelobebisagan, romelsac
mas adresati aniWebs.
CamoTvlili faqtorebidan verc erTi pasuxobs gamWvirvalobis
kategorias umberto ekos SemTxvevaSi da swored aqedan gamomdinare,
vTvli, rom es nawarmoebi gaumWvirvalea. Tumca isic minda aRvniSno,
rom aseTi tipis nawarmoebs Tavisi mkiTxveli hyavs, romlisTvisac
nawarmoebi absurduli da gaugebari ar iqneba. zog mkiTxvels gaaCnia
is foniseuli codna, romelic emTxveva adresantisas da ar viqnebi
swori Tu CavTvli, rom veravin gaigebs am nawarmoebs, da yvelasTvis
gaumWvirvale iqneba; gaumWvirvaloba, __ es xom arakomunikalurobis
niSania. igi aris samyaros gansxvavebuli xedvis asaxva. gaumWvirvaloba
aris iq, sadac gvaqvs subieqtTa martosuloba. rogorc Cans,
gamWvirvalobis kategoriis TvalsazrisiT, ver vityviT, rom aRniSnuli
nawarmoebi an sruliad gamWvirvalea an sruliad __ gaumWvirvale,
yovelive damokidebulia mkiTxvelis kategoriaze, mis fonur codnasa
da Tezaurusze.
adresatze orientirebuli Semdegi pragmatikuli kategoriis __
informaciulobis kategoriis TvalsazrisiT, es teqsti Seicavs
adresatisTvis axals, es axali ki emyareba imas, rac cnobilia. mag:
cnobilia, rom dedamiwa brunavs, romelsac emyareba is, rom Foucault's
Pendulum-i xels uwyobs dedamiwis brunvas __ "It proves the rotation of the
53 earth. Since the point of suspension doesn't move." isic minda aRvniSno, rom es
nawarmoebi Tanamedrove drois mkiTxvelisTvis axalia da
SesaZlebelia, rom yvela donis mkiTxvelisaTvis es nawarmoebi verc
gamWvirvale da verc informaciis mimcemi ver iqneba. zog mkiTxvels ki
gaaCnia is foniseuli codna, romelic emTxveva adresantisas da ar
viqnebi swori, Tu CavTvli, rom veravin gaigebs am nawarmoebs.
axla minda, gadavideT kidev erT pragmatikul kategoriaze,
romelic aseve msmenel subieqtTan aris dakavSirebuli da, romelic ar
uaryofs imas, rom saqme gvaqvs adresantis mier subieqturi
damokidebulebis gamoxatvasTan. es aris eqspresiulobis kategoria;
misi ZiriTadi mizania, adresatze zemoqmedebis moxdena. eqspresiuloba
xom mudam ori funqciuri momentis Serwymis Sedegia:
1. adresantis komunikaciuri intencia (ra zemoqmedeba surs mas
moaxdinos adresatze).
2. adresantis mier samyaros im xatis gaTvaliswineba, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia adresatisaTvis. (enuqiZe r., 75.)
imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvelma anu msmenelma subieqtma gaigos teqsti,
(am SemTxvevaSi umberto ekos "Foucault's Pendulum"-i), mas unda hqondes
molaparakesTan, e. i. metyvel subieqtTan saerTo winaswari codna:
1. samyaros codna / the world vision / __ msmenelma unda icodes
mocemuli enis yvela sityva da sintaqsur wesTa funqcioba,
molaparakesTan unda hqondes faqtebis saerTo codna;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaigos, magram saTanadod ver
Seafasos teqsti. Tu molaparakesa da msmenels ara aqvT
garemos erTnairi codna, maSin saWiro iqneba ganmartebebi
molaparakis mxridan.
54
2. situaciis codna / situation vision /, rac gulisxmobs msmenelTan
saubris droisa da adgilis, situaciis sxva maxasiaTeblebis
codnas. umetesad amis Sesruleba TavisTavad xdeba, magram
umberto ekos SemTxvevaSi es SeuZlebelia.
3. teqstis codna / text vision /, romelic aris codna im
informaciisa, romelic mimdinareobs uSualod enobrivi
konteqstidan, amis gareSe ver movaxdenT teqstis
interpretacias.
4. teqstis wminda enobriv pirobaTa codna, Tumc xSirad isini
bundovania da ganusazRvreli, magram enis codna niSnavs am
specifikur enobriv pirobaTa codnasac. (Sengelaia n., 83.)
ganxilvidan gamomdinare davaskveni, rom nawarmoebi
araeqspresiulia, radgan eqspresiulobis es ori funqciuri
momenti ver erwymis erTmaneTs. Tumca unda aRiniSnos kidev
erTxel, rom yovelive Tqmuli mainc damokidebulia mkiTxvelis
kategoriaze, mis fonur codnasa da Tezaurusze. zogierTisTvis
SeiZleba eqspresiulic iyos Cems mier aRniSnuli teqsti,
gamWvirvalec da informaciulic, an piriqiT.
55
Tavi III
postmodernisti mwerlis _ umberto ekos Sedareba
realist mweral – Carlz dikensTan pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT
Cemi sadisertacio naSromis III TavSi minda, movaxdino umberto
ekos Sedareba erT did klasikos mweralTan, romelic misgan weris
maneriTac da mimdinareobiTac absoluturad gansxvavdeba. Semdeg ki am
klasikosi mwerlis erT-erTi romani ganvixilo pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT. igi Zalian cnobili mwerali Carlz dikensia.
umberto eko postmodernisti mweralia. postmodernizmi ki
internacionaluri mimdinareobaa, romelmac zegavlena moaxdina yvela
Tanamedrove xelovnebaze, romlebic modernizms misdevdnen.
literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT romanSi, postmodernizmi uaryofs
tradiciul realizms. postmodernisti mwerali romansa da
Jurnalistikas Soris zRvars abundovnebs. umberto eko swored aseTi
mimdinareobis warmomadgenelia. misi nawarmoebi "Foucault's Pendulum" __
es aris "semiotic murder mystery", romelic mniSvnelobebis mTel rig
fenaSia gaxveuli. . ( www.umbertoeco.com, 97.) es nawarmoebi savsea
teqsturi aluziebiT. misi gmirebi iZieben teqsts, rogorc realobas da
realobas, rogorc teqsts. aRar daviwyeb imis gameorebas, Tu romeli
kategoria sWarbobs am teqstSi, radgan yovelive Cemi naSromis II TavSi,
Cemi azriT, TvalnaTliv gadmoveci.
axla ki minda, klasikos mweral dikensis erT-erTi nawarmoebis
mixedviT gamovyo pragmatikuli kategoriebi da gavavlo paraleli
umberto ekosTan. vnaxoT, Tu rogor gansxvavebulad aris
warmodgenili es kategoriebi Carlz dikensis Cems mier SerCeuli
nawarmoebis nawyvetSi.
III Tavis dasawyisSi umberto ekos da im mimdinareobas Sevexe,
romelsac igi ekuTvnis; yovelive amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rom
56 TvalnaTliv davinaxoT, rogor gansxvavebulad arian warmodgenili
pragmatikuli kategoriebi sxvadasxva tipis teqstebSi, rac Cemi
kvlevis ZiriTad mizans Seadgens.
Tavdapirvelad, minda oriode sityva vTqva Carlz dikensis weris
maneraze, raTa warmodgena Segveqmnas masze da Semdeg gadavide misi
nawarmoebidan "Great Expectations", SerCeuli nawyvetebis pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
Carlz dikensis Semoqmedebis meTods gansazRvravs realisturi
da romantikuli sawyisebis Serwyma. mis SemoqmedebaSi erTmaneTs
enacvleba tragikuli da komikuri, mkacri realisturi suraTi da
fantastika, uzustesi daxvewili aRwera da groteski, dramatuli
scenebi da epikuri Txroba. dikensis Semoqmedeba garkveulwilad
winaaRmdegobrivic aris; misi socialuri Sexedulebebi metismetad
sworxazovania Tavisi amosavali principebiT. imis gamo, rom mwerals
sinamdvile martooden keTilisa da borotis Sejaxebis asparezad
warmoudgenia, misi personaJebic mkveTrad iyofian keTil da borot,
dadebiT da uaryofiT tipebad. dikensis optimizmi emyareba didaqtikur
tendenciebs. Taviseburia misi enac. igi xan lirikulia, xan amaRlebul-
paTetikuri; emociuria, mdidaria idiomebiT, xalxuri TqmebiT.
Tavis erT-erT saukeTeso romanSi, romelic me gansaxilvelad
avirCie, "Gtreat Expactations"-Si Carlz dikensi erTmaneTTan aerTebs
dramasa da satiras, raTa gadmogvces sruli ambavi komediiTa da
paTosiT savse.
dikensis nawarmoebi "Great Expactations" Sedgeba 59 Tavisagan. Cemi
naSromisaTvis gansaxilvelad aviReb mxolod xuTs, radgan rac Cemi
kvlevis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens, imis gasarkvevad xuTic sakmarisi
iqneba.
"Great Expectations"-Si Txroba pirvel pirSi mimdinareobs. umberto
ekos "Foucault's Pendulum"-isagan gansxvavebiT, pirvelive frazebidan
yvelaferi gasagebia. am nawarmoebSi metyveli subieqtica da msmeneli
subieqtic erTnairad aqtiuria. maT Soris, SeiZleba iTqvas, sruli
harmoniaa.
57
minda, am nawarmoebis Cems mier amorCeuli Tavebis gaanalizeba
metyvel subieqtze orientirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebiT daviwyo.
aRar daviwyeb imis gameorebas, Tu ras warmoadgens TiToeuli
kategoria; ubralod minda, ganvixilo, ramdenad srulad arian isini
mocemulni dikensis G"Great Expactations"- is Cems mier amorCeul TavebSi.
vinaidan mTel nawarmoebs ar ganvixilav, aramed mxolod ramdenime
Tavs, upriani iqneba imis aRniSvna, rom me vaxden arsebuli sruli
teqstis daSlas metateqstebad, magram teqstis ZiriTadi Tema
SenarCunebulia; am metateqstebs ki TavianTi mikroTemebi gaaCniaT,
romlebic saerTo Temis garSemo erTiandebian. es erTianoba ki
metateqstis azrobriv mTlianobasa da damTavrebulobas qmnis.
metyvel subieqtze orientirebuli kategoriebidan
umniSvnelovanes pragmatikul kategoriad iTvleba lokaciis kategoria,
romelic sami koordinatiT ganisazRvreba: "me-aq-axla". "Great
Expactations"- Si aSkarad Cans, rom metyveli subieqti, romelic pirvel
pirSi saubrobs, axdens mTeli enobrivi sistemis aqtualizacias.
saerTod tradiciuli "me" aisaxeboda gramatikul sistemaSi, rogorc
piris zmnuri kategoriis erT-erTi wevri, da nacvalsaxelTa sistemis
komponenti (me, Sen, is). imdenad, ramdenadac "me" asaxulia zmnur
kategoriaTa sistemaSi, maSin laparaki SeiZleba zmnis pragmatul
kategoriebze. unda iTqvas isic, rom "me" koordinatis rogorc
Sinaarsi, ise gamoxatva aRemateba im gamoxatvas, romelic xdeba zmnis
farglebSi. imas, Tu vin axdens enobrivi sistemis aqtualizacias, zmnis
garda, gviCvenebs nacvalsaxelad wodebuli sityva "me", xolo im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac am koordinats ar gamoxatavs eqspliciturad arc
zmna da arc sityva "me", mas gamoxatavs gamonaTqvamis mTeli Sinaarsi.
"Great Expactations"-is SemTxvevaSi lokaciis kategoriis personaluri
aspeqts gamoxatavs sityva "me", romelsac mTeli teqstis Sinaarsic
ukavSirdeba. es "me" CarTulia mTlianad teqstSi:
58
" My father's family name being Pirrip, and my Christian name Philip, my infant
tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip. So, I called
myself Pip, and came to be calld Pip." ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 5, paragrafi 1 ) .
rogorc am frazidan Cans, "me" koordinati Tavad aris CarTuli
teqstSi da mTeli Sinaarsic mas ukavSirdeba.
rac Seexeba danarCen or aspeqts, lokalursa da temporalurs,
isini icvlebian yoveli axali epizodis dasawyisSi. mag:
Tavdapirvelad, metyveli subieqti imyofeboda eklesiis ezoSi, Semdeg
saxlSi, mdinaris napiras da a. S. mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze aseve xan
dilaa, xan saRamo da a. S. mag:
“ At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles
was the churchyard, and that Philip Pirrip, late of this parish, and also Georgiana wife of
the above, were dead and buried; and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias, and
Roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were also dead and buried; and that the dark flat
wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected with dykes and mounds and gates, with
scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes; and that the low leaden line beyond was the
river; and that the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the sea; and
that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip”.
(Dickens Charles, 101, gv 5, paragrafi 3).
“ When I ran home from the churchyard, the forge was shut up, and Joe was sitting
alone in the kitchen. Joe and I being follow-sufferers, and having confidences as such, Joe
imparted a confidence to me, the moment I raised the latch of the door and peeped in at
him opposite to it, sitting in the chimney corner. “( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 10,
paragrafi 2 ) .
“ It was a rimy morning, and very damp. I had seen the damp lying on the outside
of my little window, as if some goblin had been crying there all night, and using the window
for a pocket-handkerchief. “( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 17, paragrafi 3 ) .
59
rogorc Cans, "Great Expectations"-Si lokaciis kategoria ori
aspeqtis monacvleobiT xasiaTdeba.
axla minda, gadavideT modalobis kategoriaze da vnaxoT, Tu
SeiZleba misi misadageba am teqstisadmi.
ori saxis modalobidan __ subieqturidan da obieqturidan,
"Great Expectations"-isadmi subieqturi modalobis misadageba SeiZleba,
romelic asaxavs metyveli subieqtis anu adresantis damokidebulebas
teqstSi asaxuli situaciis mimarT.
Cems mier dasaxelebuli teqstis nawyvetebSi modalobis
gamoxatvis sxvadasxva saSualeba gvxvdeba, romlebic sxvadasxva
metateqstSi asruleben modalobis funqcias; modalobis gamomxatveli
im saSualebebidan, romlebic am funqciiT winadadebaSic gamoiyeneba,
am teqstis nawyvetSic gamoCnda Semdegi Sorisdebulebi:
"O" winadadebaSi :
“ O! Don’t cut my throat, sir,’ I pleaded in terror. ‘ Pray don’t do it sir.” ( Dickens
Charles, 101, gv 6, paragrafi 4) .
"Oh" nawyvetebSi :
“ Oh! Said he, coming back. ‘And is that your father alonger your mother?”
(Dickens Charles, 101, gv 7, winadadeba 9 ) .
“ Oh-h! said I, looking at Joe. Hulks !” ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 15,
paragrafi 10 ) .
“ Oh ah! He returned, with something like a gruff laugh. Him? Yes, yes! He don’t
want no wittles” . ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 20, paragrafi 7 ) .
“ Every Christmas Day he presented himself, as a profound novelty with exavtly the
same words, and carrying the two bottles like dumbbells. Every Christmas Day, Mrs. Joe
60 replied, as she now replied, ‘Oh, Un – cle Pum – ble – chook! This is kind!’ he retorted, as
he now retorted, ‘It’s no more than your merits. And now are you all bobbish, and how’s
Sixpennorth of halfpence? Meaning me”. (Dickens Charles, 101, gv 25, paragrafi 2 ).
" Ha" winadadebaSi :
“ Hah! Said Mrs. Joe, restoring Tickler to his station”. ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv
11, paragrafi 7 ) .
“Ah" winadadebaSi :
“ Ah! Said Joe. There is another conwict off” . ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 15,
paragrafi 2) .
CarTuli sityvebi: "Well" nawyvetebSi :
“ Well, said Joe, glancing up at the Dutch clock, she’s been on the Ram-page, this
last spell, about five minutes, Pip. She’s a-coming! Get behind the door, old chap, and have
the jack-towel betwixt you”. ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 10, paragrafi 7) .
“ Well, but I mean a four-footed Squeaker, said Mr. Pumblechook. If you had been
born such, would you have been here now? Not you - - “ . ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 27,
paragrafi 6 ) .
"You know", nawyvetebSi :
“ You know, Pip, said Joe, solemnly, with his last bite in his cheek, and speaking in
a confidential voice, as if we two
were quite alone, you and me is always friends, and I’d be the last to tell upon you, any
time. But such a – he moved his chair, and looked about the floor between us, and then
again at me – such a most uncommon bolt as that!” ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 13,
paragrafi 10 ) .
61
“ You know, old chap, said Joe, looking at me, and not at Mrs. Joe, with his bite
still in his cheek, I Bolted, myself, when I was your age – frequent – and as a boy I’ve been
among a many Bolters; but I never see your bolting equal yet, Pip, and it’s a mercy you
ain’t Bolted dead”. ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 13, paragrafi 11 ) .
teqstis doneze ki modalobis gamoxatvis Zlier saSualebebad
miCneulia modaluri winadadebebi, modaluri daskvna-reziumeebi:
"Conscience is a dreadful thing, when it accuses man or boy; but when in the case
of a boy, that secret burden co-operates whith another secret burden down the leg of his
trousers, it is a great punishment." ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 14, paragrafi 2 ) .
"Oh, Heavens, it had come at last! He would find it eas weak, he would say it was
weak, and I was lost! I held tight to the leg of the table, under the cloth, with both hands,
and awaited my fate " . ( Dickens Charles, 101, gv 28, paragrafi 3 ) .
rogorc Cans, modalobis kategoria, dasaxelebuli teqstis
nawyvetisadmi, Tavisi gamomxatveli saSualebebiT: SorisdebulebiT,
CarTuli sityvebiT, modaluri winadadebebiTa da modaluri daskvna-
reziumeebiT, advili misayenebelia.
rac Seexeba, Sefasebisa da emociurobis kategoriebs, orive
maTgani gvxvdeba "Great Expectations"-Si.
dikenss, rogorc aRvniSne, sinamdvile martooden keTilisa da
borotis Sejaxebis asparezad warmoudgenia; misi personaJebic iyofian
borot da keTil, dadebiT da uaryofiT tipebad. Sefasebis kategoriac
xom ZiriTadad eyrdnoba imas, rom gamonaTqvamis leqsikuri elementebi
Seicaven ara marto realobis ubralo nominacias, aramed mis
Sefasebasac, xolo es Sefaseba ki gulisxmobs kargisa da cudis
opozicias. es opozicia ki pragmatikuli xasiaTisaa da asaxavs
metyveli subieqtis aqseologiur damokidebulebas realobisadmi.
emociurobis kategoriac mudam subieqts axlavs, radgan emociebi
ganyenebulad ar arseboben. dikensis enac xom emociuria; amdenad, am
kategoriis misi nawarmoebisadmi misadageba, Secdomad ar CaiTvleba.
62
distanturobis kategoria, dikensis Cems mier arCeuli
nawarmoebisadmi, Zalianad advili misasadagebelia. viciT, rom es
kategoria asaxavs metyveli subieqtis dainteresebulobas teqstis
SinaarsiT, imas, Tu igi piradadaa CarTuli teqstSi. distanturobis
done ki damokidebulia imaze, Tu romel funqciur stils ekuTvnis igi.
distanturobis kategoria "Great Expectations"-Si mkafiod aris
gamovlenili, radgan rac zemoT vTqvi, yovelive ganxorcielebulia am
teqstSi.
amrigad, Cven davinaxeT pragmatikuli kategoriebis gamWoli
statusi mTeli enobrivi sistemis farglebSi __ pragmatika asaxulia
yvela enobrivi donis erTeulebSi da yvela am erTeulis
kategoriarul sistemaSi. isic vTqviT, rom pragmatikis subieqturoba
gulisxmobs ara marto adresantis, aramed adresatis subieqturobasac
da amdenad, gvaqvs pragmatikul kategoriaTa meore qvesistemac __ is
kategoriebi, romlebic asaxaven adresats, mis poziciasa da gavlenas
teqstze. sakomunikacio efeqtis misaRwevad ar aris sakmarisi, rom
teqsti Seicavdes lokacias, modalobas, Sefasebas da a. S. igi unda
iyos informaciuli, eqspresiuli da gamWvirvale.
axla modiT, vnaxoT, ramdenad eqspresiuli, informaciuli da
gamWvirvalea dikensis nawarmoebi "Great Expectations".
informaciulobis kategoriis Sinaarsi komunikaciuri
lingvistikis dRevandel etapze mTlianad ifareba, ivseba im fenomeniT,
romelsac winadadebis aqtualuri danawevrebis fenomeni ewodeba.
cnobilia, rom yoveli winadadeba xasiaTdeba binaruli __
subieqt_predikatuli struqturiT. subieqtisa da predikatis cneba
ukve Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs garkveul informaciulobas. yvelaferi
damokidebulia imaze, ra aris axali da ra aris cnobili imisTvis,
visac mivmarTavT. subieqti emTxveva cnobils da predikati axals.
gaCnda cnebebi "Tema" da "rema". "Tema" niSnavs subieqts, "rema" ki __
predikats. ("subieqti" da "predikati" laTinuri warmoSobis sityvebia,
"Tema" da "rema" ki __ berZnuli.) sintaqsuri struqturisaTvis
sulerTia, ra iqneba axali da ra __ cnobili. magram imis mixedviT, Tu
vin, vis, rodis, sad eubnebawinadadebas, gansxvavebuli iqneba misi
63 komunikaciuri struqtura. cnobilia, rom yoveli pragmatikuli
kategoria mudam miuTiTebs subieqtis (an subieqtTa) rolze da am
rolis gavlenaze ara winadadebis da, miTumetes ara calkeuli
sityvis, aramed mTliani teqstis farglebSi. e. i. yoveli kategoria
Sinaganad dakavSirebulia teqstTan im mizezis gamo, rom komunikacia
xdeba ara winadadebis, ara calkeuli sityvis, aramed teqstis
saSualebiT, teqstis farglebSi. ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom roca
lingvisturi pragmatika romelime tradiciul kategorias iTvisebs,
aTvisebis es aqti Tu procesi droulad or moments gulisxmobs: xdeba
am cnebis pragmatizacia, rac erTis mxriv, gulisxmobs mis
aqtivizacias, masSi subieqtis rolis danaxvas, xolo meores mxriv, __
mis teqstologizacias. winadadebis aqtualuri danawevrebis
SemTxvevaSi ki teqstologizacia niSnavs, rom Tema_rematuli
struqtura ZiriTadad axasiaTebs ara winadadebas, aramed teqsts.
dikensis Cems mier arCeuli nawarmoebi informaciulia imdenad,
ramdenadac Cemi azriT, ar arsebobs teqsti, rom igi Tavis TavSi ar
Seicavdes garkveul informacias. teqsti informaciulad mxolod maSin
ki ar unda CavTvaloT Tu masTan dakavSirebiT zemoT naTqvami
srulad ganxorcielda masSi, aramed maSinac ki Tu srulad ar
ganxorcielda; teqsti Cemi azriT, es xom erTi didi informaciaa.
axla modiT, vnaxoT, ramdenad gamWvirvalea Cems mier aRniSnuli
teqsti. gamWvirvalobis kategoriis Sinaarsis dawvrilebiT ganxilvas
aRar Sevudgebi, imitom rom ukve ramdenjerme ganvixile. ubralod
minda, gavixseno, ra aris gamWvirvaloba. igi gulisxmobs, rom metyveli
subieqtis naTqvami gasagebia adresatisTvis. vinaidan da radganac,
gamWvirvalobas Tavisi faqtorebi gaaCnia da, Tu romelime ar iqneba
teqstSi, ise gamWvirvaloba ver gveqneba, maSin metis Tqma vfiqrob,
saWiro aRar aris, imitom rom es teqstic umberto ekos teqstis
msgavsad nawilobriv gamWvirvale iqneba. teqstSi asaxuli verc
referentuli situacia, verc komunikaciuri situacia erTnairi ver
iqneba orive subieqtisTvis, verc komunikantTa Tezaurusebi daemTxveva
erTmaneTs, verc fonuri codna da verc samyaros xati. marTalia
dikensis dasaxelebuli nawarmoebi nawilobriv gamWvirvale iqneba
64 umberto ekos msgavsad, magram misgan gansxvavebiT, "Great Expectations"-Si
Txroba ufro gasagebia yvela kategoriis mkiTxvelisTvis. msmenel
subieqts ar moeTxoveba Zlieri winaswari Semzadeba, rom es nawarmoebi
waikiTxos. man Tavisuflad SeiZleba airCios igi da didi interesiTac
waikiTxos.
Carlz dikensis "Great Expectations"-is ganxilvisas calke
gamovyofdi komunikaciuri efeqturobis kategorias da vityodi, rom
komunikaciuroba marTlac efeqturia, miuxedavad imisa, rom
gamWvirvalobis kategoriis verc erTi faqtori ver ganxorcielda.
dikensi xom klasikosi mweralia da Cemi azriT, imsaxurebs imis Tqmas,
rom ara marto es nawarmoebi, aramed misi yvela nawarmoebi
komunikaciurobis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian efeqturia.
pragmatikul kategoriaTa meore qvesistemis Semdegi kategoriaa
eqspresiulobis kategoria. rogorc ukve aRvniSne wina TavebSi,
eqspresiulobis mizani, adresatze zemoqmedebaa. Tu metyveli subieqti
gamoxatavs raimesadmi subieqtur damokidebulebas, rac dikensis "Great
Expectations"-Si aSkarad xdeba, anu subieqti Tavad ganicdis yovelives,
rac mis irgvliv xdeba. igi TviTon ukavSirdeba im movlenebs, rac ki
xdeba. aseTi damokidebulebis gamoxatva komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiT,
efeqturia __ xolo efeqturia Tu adresanti Cafiqrebul zegavlenas
axdens; dikensi Tavisi nawarmoebiT zegavlenas marTlac axdens; am
SemTxvevaSi komunikaciuri efeqturoba emyareba ara marto adresantis
komunikaciur intencias, aramed mis mier samyaros im xatis
gaTvaliswinebasac, rac damaxasiaTebelia adresatisaTvis.
yovelive Tqmulidan gamomdinare, dikensis aRniSnuli nawarmoebi
aSkarad eqspresiulia.
Cemi naSromis III TavSi Cemi mizani iyo, umberto eko Semedarebina
Carlz dikensisTvis weris maneriTac da mimdinareobiTac da
pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT dikensis "Great Expectations"-is
ganxilvis Semdeg am nawarmoebsa da umberto ekos "Foucault's Pendulum"- s Soris msgavseba an gansxvaveba aRmomeCina.
65
metyvel subieqtTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebidan umberto ekos
"Foucault's Pendulum"-is msgavsad, lokaciis kategoria garkveuli
cvlilebebiT xasiaTdeba (cvlilebebSi igulisxmeba lokaciis
kategoriis ori aspeqtis, temporaluri da lokaluri aspeqtebis
monacvleoba) Carlz dikensis "Great Expectations"-Si. modalobis
kategoria umberto ekosTan ufro aqtiurad aris mocemuli, vidre
Carlz dikensTan. emociurobis, Sefasebis da distanturobis
kategoriebi ki Carlz dikensTanac naTlad gvxvdeba da umberto
ekosTanac.
rogorc II TavSi aRvniSne, mxatvrul teqstSi metyvel subieqtTan
dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebi arseboben da gvxvdebian
ganurCevlad mimdinareobisa; metyveli subieqti, ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
teqstSi moqmedeba adamianis cnobierebaSi xdeba, Tu saubrisas,
yovelTvis axdens raRacis Sefasebas da Tavis emociebsac gamoxatavs
xolme, pirdapir Tu ara, impliciturad mainc.
msmenel subieqtTan anu adresatTan dakavSirebuli
kategoriebidan, Carlz dikensTan informaciulobisa da
eqspresiulobis kategoriebis misadageba savsebiT SesaZlebelia,
gamWvirvaloba nawilobriv aris ganxorcielebuli; umberto ekosTan ki
yovelive damokidebulia mkiTxvelis kategoriaze, mis Tezaurussa da
fonur codnaze. zogierTisTvis misi nawarmoebi SeiZleba eqspresiulic
iyos, gamWvirvalec da informaciulic, an piriqiT.
66
Tavi IV
pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva sagazeTo
statiis mixedviT
Cemi sadisertacio naSromis IV TavSi, teqstis pragmatikuli
kategoriebi minda, ganvixilo sagazeTo statiis mixedviT.
sagazeTo statia aRebuli maqvs britaneTis yoveldRiuri
gazeTidan "The Daily Telegraph", 2003 wlis 25 aprilis nomridan.
statiis saTauria:
"Britain's ‘complacent’ policy on Sars attacked as virus claims more victims".
vidre sakuTriv pragmatikuli kategoriebis am dasaxelebuli
statiis mixedviT ganxilvaze gadavidode, minda, oriod sityva vTqva
saerTod statiis agebulebaze da metyveli subieqtis mier
gasaTvaliswinebel moTxovnebze.
statia Sedgeba abzacebisgan da es abzacebi qmnian teqsts.
TiToeuli abzaci erTmaneTTan Tematurad aris dakavSirebuli.
saerTod statiaSi metyveli subieqtis subieqturi azri ar unda
Candes. msmenelma subieqtma anu mkiTxvelma misi subieqturi azri ki ar
unda moisminos, aramed konkretuli movlenisa Tu faqtis Sesaxeb unda
miiRos garkveuli informacia, anu SeiZleba iTqvas, metyveli subieqtis
mizania raRac ambavi mogviTxros obieqturad.
statiis damwerma anu adresantma (metyvelma subieqtma) garkveuli
moTxovnebi unda gaiTvaliswinos. kerZod, man ar unda isaubros
sakuTar Tavze, unda axsovdes, rom is wers publikisTvis da ara
megobrebisTvis. misi azrebi saintereso mxolod maSin gaxdeba, Tu igi
maT naTlad ganixilavs, gasarTobad da saxalisod warmoadgens.
statiis damweri – metyveli subieqti – adresanti unda werdes
sainteresod. xalxi Jurnal-gazeTebs mosawyenad ar yidulobs. Tu misi
67 statia saintereso ar iqneba, publika mas ar waikiTxavs da mis
statiasac aRar dabeWdaven. imisaTvis rom is iyos saintereso, statiis
damwerma – adresantma – metyvelma subieqtma unda gaiTvaliswinos
Semdegi:
1. unda SearCios iseTi saTauri, rom mkiTxveli anu
adresati anu msmeneli subieqti miizidos. swored es aris
nebismieri statiis mizani. statia SeiZleba iyos
oficialuri (formaluri) anda ara oficialuri (ara
formaluri). es damokidebulia msmenel auditoriaze.
2. statia kargad, sainteresod unda iwyebodes, rom
mkiTxvelis yuradReba miiqcios. misi pirveli paragrafi
imdenad saintereso unda iyos, rom msmenelma subieqtma
misi wakiTxva moindomos.
3. unda gamoiyenos konkretuli faqtebi da saxeebi da ara
zogadi cnebebi da ganzogadebebi.
4. unda gamoiyenos saTanado da saintereso sityvebi da
gamoTqmebi, zedsarTavi saxelebisa da gamaZlierebeli
zmnizedebis CarTviT. iseTi gacveTili da primitiuli
sityvebi, rogorebicaa "nice", "good" "very" da a.S. statiaSi
metyvelma subieqtma ar unda gamoiyenos.
5. unda ganacvifros mkiTxveli – msmeneli subieqti –
adresati, unda Tqvas raRac axali.
6. unda icodes, rodis daasrulos statia da daasrulos
xarisxianad.
7. statiis damwers – metyvel subieqts – adresants unda
axsovdes, visTvis wers, vin aris im tipis Jurnalis an
68
gazeTis mkiTxveli, visTvisac is wers; ra asakisaa? ra
erovnebis? ra aris mkiTxvelisTvis im Temis Sesaxeb
cnobili, rac statiaSia mocemuli, risi axsna daWirdeba
mas.
8. statiis damwerma – metyvelma subieqtma – adresantma
unda icodes, ris miRwevas cdilobs is Tavisi statiis
daweriT; magaliTad is cdilobs, mkiTxveli – msmeneli
subieqti – adresati daarwmunos, raRac gaakeTos;
cdilobs, raRac Seatyobinos, urCios, gaarTos, Tu
yvelafer amis erTad gakeTebas cdilobs.
adresantis – metyveli subieqtis – statiis damweris
gasaTvaliswinebel moTxovnebTan erTad minda aseve gaCvenoT, Tu
rogori unda iyos statiis maketi: statias unda qondes saTauri da
unda iyos dawerili paragrafebiT. zogierTi Jurnalis an gazeTis
statia Seicavs instruqciebis mTel nusxas, rCevaTa nusxas, rac
grafikulad gamoxatvas, punqtebad Camoweras moiTxovs.
statiis damweri – adresanti – metyveli subieqti unda Seecados,
rom isaubros erTi Temis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, 250 sityvian statiaSi;
gaakeTos SeniSvnebi, Semdeg aucileblad erTi winadadebiT unda
Seajamos is, risi Tqmac unda. unda daweros gegma, romelic
dafuZnebuli iqneba am erT winadadebaze. statiis danarCeni nawili
axsnis da imis ilustrirebas gaakeTebs, risi Tqmac mas unda.
statiis damweri – metyveli subieqti – adresanti unda iyos
darwmunebuli imaSi, rom statia pasuxobs saTaurs da yvelaferi
statiaSi misi azris adekvaturia, mis mTavar azrs Seesabameba.
Tu Jurnali an gazeTi moiTxovs, rom statiaSi gamoyenebuli
unda iyos 250 sityva, adresantma ar unda daweros 500, aseT SemTxvevaSi
mis statias ar dabeWdaven; Seamowmeben, waikiTxaven statiis mxolod
naxevars da amisTvis adresanti daisjeba, SesaZloa mkacradac.
statiis damwerma – adresantma – metyvelma subieqtma Worebi da
varaudebi faqtebad ar unda warmoadginos. aseTi uyuradRebobiT mis
69 statias marto uRirsad, ara Rirebulad da ara zustad ki ar
CaTvlian, roca daibeWdeba, aramed ukanonodac. Ffaqti da Wori
adresantma ubralod erTi sityvis an frazis damatebiT unda
ganasxvaos. mag: the alleged murderer, the suspected Mafioso, I’ve heard it said
that…, there is a rumour that…, the minister is said to have / rumoured to have / supposed,
to have taken bribes.
statiis pirveli abzaci, an winadadeba anu Sesavali erT an
erTze met mizans emsaxureba:
• unda miizidos mkiTxvelis – metyveli subieqtis –
adresatis yuradReba da moandomos mas statiis bolomde
wakiTxva.
• gaagebinos mkiTxvels – adresants – metyvel subieqts, ris
Sesaxeb iqneba statia ( Tema).
• gaagebinos mkiTxvels – adresants – metyvel subieqts, ris
Tqmas apirebs statia (Sinaarsi).
• gaagebinos mkiTxvels – metyvel subieqts – adresants,
rogor iqneba statia organizebuli (struqtura).
statiis daskvnas iseTive mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc mis Sesavals.
cudma daskvnam SeiZleba gaafuWos yvelaferi. statiis daskvnis eqvs
ZiriTad saSualebas gTavazobT:
1) dabruneba dasawyisTan: daskvna axdens Sesavlis perifrazs.
2) mTeli statiis Sejameba.
3) SekiTxva.
70
4) citata.
5) gamosaxuleba / suraTi, rac dasasruls ganasaxierebs (mzis
Casvla, sikvdili), an raRac axlis dasawyiss (ganTiadi, axali
sicocxlis dabadeba).
6) patara winadadeba, rac mTel statiaSi ganviTarebul
movlenebze an dasasrulis mizanze migvaniSnebs.
daskvnaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos Semdegi sityvebi: all in all,
then, to sum up… ( www.articles.com, 91.)
es, rac Seexeboda statiis agebulebas da metyveli subieqtis
gasaTvaliswinebel moTxovnebs, axla, ki Cems mier gasaanalizebel
statias warmogidgenT; jer vnaxoT, ramdenad amarTlebs igi zemoT
dasaxelebul moTxovnebs da Semdeg ganvixiloT igi pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT.
Cems mier gansaxilvelad aRebuli statia marTlac miiqcevs
adresatis yuradRebas; misi saTauri Zalian mimzidvelia ("cachy"):
"Britain's ‘complacent’ policy on Sars attacked as virus claims more victims". ("The
Daily Telegraph", 99.)
mkiTxveli anu adresanti saTauris wakiTxvisTanave moindomebs
statiis wakiTxvas. pirveli paragrafic sainteresod iwyeba:
"The Government's policy on Sars, the potentially fatal pneumonia virus, was
severely criticised yesterday as thousands of schoolchildren and students returned from the
Far East". ( "The Daily Telegraph", 99.)
yovelives wakiTxvis Semdeg mkiTxveli anu adresati Tavs ki ar
daanebebs kiTxvas, aramed Rrmad dainteresebuli dauyovnebliv
gaagrZelebs kiTxvas.
71
am statiaSi metyveli subieqtis subieqturi azric ar Cans. igi
obieqturad, yovelgvari emociis gareSe mogviTxrobs virusuli
pnevmoniis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnul statiaSi primitiuli da mosawyeni sityvebi
gamoyenebuli ar aris, igi savsea saintereso sityvebiTa da
gamoTqmebiT:
"to corral people', "immense allarm", "feeble", "complacent", da a. S. ( " The
Daily Telegraph", 99.)
rogorc davinaxeT, Cems mier amorCeuli statia savsebiT
amarTlebs zemoT dasaxelebul moTxovnebs.
axla ki minda, es statia jer metyvel subieqtze anu adresantze,
xolo Semdeg msmenel subieqtze anu adresatze orientirebuli
pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT ganvixilo, radgan rogorc
viciT, komunikaciur aqtSi Cven gvyavs ara erTi subieqti, aramed ori:
metyveli subieqti anu adresanti da msmeneli subieqti anu adresati da
arseboben kategoriebi, romlebic metyvel subieqts ukavSirdebian, da
kategoriebi, romlebic msmenel subieqts ukavSirdebian.
Tu gvsurs, komunikaciuri lingvistikis farglebSi gavaanalizoT
romelime enobrivi movlena da gavaanalizoT igi pragmatikulad da
pragmatikuli aqcentis dros aqcenti gavakeToT metyvel subieqtze,
maSin gasaanalizebel enobriv movlenas unda mivuyenoT Semdegi
kategoriebi:
lokaciis kategoria,
modalobis kategoria,
Sefasebis kategoria,
emociurobis kategoria,
72
distanturobis kategoria.
xuTive kategoriis gamoyeneba analizis dros, Tu mxolod
ramdenime maTganis, damokidebulia TviT gansaxilveli momentis
ragvarobaze, imaze Tu enobrivi sistemis romel dones ekuTvnis igi.
rac ufro maRalia es done, miT ufro SesaZlebelia, mivusadagoT mas
xuTive es kategoria. Tu teqstis analizs vaxdenT _ unda mivusadagoT
yvela es kategoria. magram Tu vaxdenT romelime leqsikuri erTeulis,
leqsemis an leqsemaTa jgufis analizs, Zneli iqneba mivusadagoT mas
lokaciis an modalobis kategoria, Tumca ara mxolod leqsikuri
erTeulis analizisasaa SeuZlebeli mTlianad yvela kategoriis
misadageba, teqstis stils da donesac gaaCnia.
minda aRvniSno, rom metyveli subieqtis sakiTxs sagazeTo
teqstSi, cota sxvagvarad unda mivudge. aRvniSnav, rom metyveli
subieqti am teqstSi piradad ar Cans, Txroba III pirSi mimdinareobs.
igi miTiTebulia statiis TavSi. Cemi azriT, am teqstSi gvaqvs erTi
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da ramdenime misi qve subieqti. axla,
modiT gaverkveT, ras niSnavs Cems mier Semotanili termini ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtis qve subieqti?!
cnobilia, rom metyveli subieqti aris is, vinc Seqmna teqsti da
vinc piradadac aris CarTuli teqstSi. sagazeTo stilis teqstSi
ZiriTadma metyvelma subieqtma Seqmna anu dawera Cems mier
dasaxelebuli statia; misi saxeli miTiTebulia statiis TavSi, Celia
Hall ---- medical editor. sakuTriv teqstSi ki gamoyvanilia sxva subieqtebi,
romlebic icvlebian, swored amaT me vuwode mTavari adresantis qve
subieqtebi. TiToeuli maTgani piradad aris CarTuli am teqstSi da
Tavis Sefasebas axdens statiaSi aRniSnul pnevmoniis virusze.
SemiZlia, naTqvami sqemiTac warmovadgino:
73
yovelive Tqmulidan gamomdinare, minda, ganvixilo pragmatikuli
kategoriebi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare da
pragmatikuli kategoriebi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve
subieqtebidan gamomdinare. rogorc davinaxeT, gvaqvs erTi ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqti da masTan dakavSirebuli aTi misi qve subieqti.
Tavdapirvelad, sagazeTo statiis analizs, ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtidan gamomdinare pragmatikuli kategoriebiT daviwyeb;
lokaciis kategoriis sami aspeqtidan: personaluri temporaluri da
lokaluri, mxolod personaluri ar Cans teqstSi, Tumca igi arsebobs.
marTalia am kategoriis sami koordinatidan: me-aq-axla, Cven ar gvaqvs
arc sityva "me", arc e.w. "pirveli piri", magram es "me", rogorc
koordinati CarTulia mTel am teqstSi.
temporaluri aspeqti statiis pirvelive paragrafSi gvxvdeba:
"The Government's policy on Sars, the potentially fatal pneumonia virus, was
severely criticised yesterday…" ( " The Daily Telegraph", 99.)
xolo lokaluri aspeqts ki teqstis saTaurSive mivagnebT:
"Britain's ‘complacent’ policy on Sars attacked as virus claims more victims".
("The Daily Telegraph", 99.)
74
aSkaraa, rom moqmedeba britaneTSi xdeba. rogorc vnaxeT
lokaciis kategoria pirveli SemTxvevisaTvis amgvarad xorcieldeba.
rac Seexeba modalur kategorias isev da isev ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtidan gamomdinare, minda aRvniSno, rom sagazeTo teqsti am mxriv
sruliad gansxvavdeba im teqstebisgan, romlebic wina TavebSi
ganvixile. saerTod, erTmaneTisgan ganarCeven subieqtur da obieqtur
modalobas. wina TavebSi aRvniSne, rom obieqturi modaloba mxatvrul
teqsts ar axasiaTebs. sagazeTo teqsts ki im SemTxvevisTvis, romelsac
amjerad ganvixilav, swored obieqturi modaloba Seefereba. obieqturi
modaloba, es xom gamonaTqvamSi asaxuli situaciis damokidebulebaa
realobasTan. ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtic Tavis gancdebsa da
emociebs statiaSi ar gamoxatavs. igi sruliad obieqturad asaxavs ama
Tu im movlenasa da faqts.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare ganvixilav
emociurobis, Sefasebis da distanturobis kategoriebsac. am
SemTxvevaSi emociurobis kategoria sagazeTo teqsts ar miesadageba,
radgan ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti anu wamyvani adresanti Tavis
emociebs statiaSi ar gamoxatavs.
verc Sefasebis kategorias mivusadagebdi am statias ZiriTadi
subieqtidan gamomdinare, radgan masSi igi imas ki ar gviCvenebs,
TviTon rogor afasebs teqstSi naxseneb pnevmoniis virusis Sesaxeb
gavrcelebul informacias, aramed mxolod gvatyobinebs am
informacias.
verc distanturobis kategorias ver mivusadagebdi, aRniSnuli
SemTxvevidan gamomdinare, am statias, radgan ZiriTadi subieqti
piradad araa CarTuli mocemul teqstSi.
axla ganvixiloT pragmatikuli kategoriebi ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare. am SemTxvevaSi lokaciis
kategoriis sami aspeqtidan personaluri aspeqtic Seicvleba;
TiToeuli maTgani piradad aris CarTuli teqstSi da Tavisi azri da
Sexedulebebi gaaCnia arsebuli situaciis mimarT. temporaluri
aspeqtic icvleba, mag:
75
“ The Government’s policy on Sars, the potentially fatal pneumonia virus, was
severely criticised yesterday as thousands of schoolchildren and students returned from the
Far East”. ( "The Daily Telegraph", 99.)
“ On Tuesday, the Department of Health advised people against travelling to
Toronto, Beijing and the Chinese province of Shanxi as well as to Hong Kong and
Guangdong in China but said that quarantining returning travellers from these places was
not necessary at present”. ( "The Daily Telegraph", 99.)
“ The position was fully supported by the British Medical Association yesterday
which warned against a public panic”. ("The Daily Telegraph", 99.)
lokaluri aspeqti ki ucvlelia. aRvniSnav, rom am sagazeTo
statiaSi gvaqvs sul, erTi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da aTi misi
qve subieqti. minda, CamovTvalo isini:
1. The Government’s policy
2. The World Health organisation
3. Dr. Liam Fox
4. The Public Health Act
5. The Liberal Democrates
6. Prof. Sir Liam Donaldson
7. A spokesman
8. The Department of Health
9. Dr. Julie Hall
76
10. Dr. Evan Harris
es, rac Seexeboda im qve subieqtebs, romlebic me gamovyavi.
axla ki, gadavideT modalobis kategoriaze. ori saxis
modalobidan, am SemTxvevisTvis, subieqtur modalobas mivusadagebdi
am statias; SeiZleba iTqvas, am sagazeTo statiisadmi orive saxis
modalobis misadageba SeiZleba. subieqturs imitom mivusadagebdi, rom
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebi TavianT damokidebulebas
gamoxataven teqstSi asaxuli situaciis mimarT. obieqturs imitom
mivusadagebdi, rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti Tavad ar aris
CarTuli teqstSi; masSi naCvenebia gamonaTqvamSi asaxuli situaciis
damokidebuleba realobasTan.
Sefasebisa da emociurobis kategoriebis miyeneba dasaxelebuli
sagazeTo statiisadmi, ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan
gamomdinare, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, radgan TiToeuli qve subieqti
Taviseburad afasebs teqstSi gamoxatul situacias. magaliTisTvis
moviyvan nawyvetebs teqstidan:
“ Dr. Fox accused the government of being "feeble", "complacent", and
"irresponsible and said that existing legal powers should be used”. ( "The Daily Telegraph",
99.)
“ A Spokesman for the Department of Health said that the system of notification
was cumbersome and old fashioned. “ Doctors now phone us or e-mail us and we get an
instant picture”. ( "The Daily Telegraph", 99.)
TiToeuli qve subieqtis mier movlenis SefasebaSi garkveuli
emocia devs; da, vinaidan emociebi ganyenebulad ar arseboben da isini
am qve subieqtebs axlavs, swored amitom vusadagebT emociurobis
kategorias am sagazeTo teqsts, meore SemTxvevis gaTvaliswinebiT.
swored ZiriTad metyvel subieqtTan dakavSirebuli qve subieqtebidan
gamomdinare statiisadmi distanturobis kategoriis misadagebac
77 savsebiT SesaZlebelia. es qve subieqtebi xom piradad arian CarTuli
teqstSi.
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli mowmobs imas, rom sagazeTo teqstSi,
pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic metyvel subieqts ukavSirdebian,
unda ganvixiloT ar mxolod ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan
gamomdinare, aramed masze damokidebuli qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare.
rogorc Cans, Sedegi gansxvavebulia.
axla ki minda, dasaxelebuli sagazeTo statiis msmenel
subieqtze anu adresatze orientirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis
mixedviT ganxilvaze gadavideT. cnobilia, rom adresantma unda
gaiTvaliswinos adresati, es ki sakomunikacio aqtis efeqturobis
safuZvelia. efeqturobis misaRwevad ki ar aris sakmarisi, rom
gamonaTqvami Seicavdes lokacias, modalobasa da a.S. gamonaTqvami unda
iyos informaciuli, eqspresiuli da gamWvirvale.
saerTod, nebismieri teqsti Tavis TavSi Seicavs
informaciulobas. gamonakliss ar warmoadgens dasaxelebuli statiac.
isic garkveuli informaciis matarebelia da amdenad, informaciulia.
gamWvirvalobis TvalsazrisiT am tipis sagazeTo statia
SeiZleba iTqvas yvelaze gamWvirvalea, radgan masSi gamWvirvalobis
yvela faqtori aris mocemuli; teqstSi asaxuli referentuli
situacia SeiZleba iTqvas, erTnairia mTavari metyveli subieqtisTvis,
misi qve subieqtebisTvis da adresatisTvis; komunikaciuri situaciac
identuria; komunikantTa Tezaurusebi, fonuri codna da samyaros
xatic emTxveva erTmaneTs. radgan yvela faqtori uklebliv aris
ganxorcielebuli sagazeTo teqstSi, igi absoluturad gamWvirvalea.
komunikaciuri efeqtic umaRles donezea miRweuli. metyvel subieqtsa
da msmenel subieqts Soris kavSiri aSkarad harmoniulia.
rac Seexeba eqspresiulobis kategorias, dasaxelebul sagazeTo
teqstSi eqspresiulobis ori funqciuri momenti erwymis erTmaneTs.
adresanti sagazeTo statiis SemTxvevaSi Cafiqrebul zegavlenas
axdens; komunikaciuri efeqturobac emyareba ara marto mis
komunikaciur intencias, aramed mis mier samyaros im xatis adekvatur
gaTvaliswinebasac, romelic damaxasiaTebelia adresatisTvis.
78
rogorc vnaxeT, sagazeTo teqsti informaciuli, gamWvirvale da
eqspresiulia. am mxriv komunikaciac Zalze efeqturia.
79
Tavi V
pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva
samecniero statiebis mixedviT
Cemi sadisertacio naSromis V TavSi pragmatikuli kategoriebi
minda, ganvixilo samecniero statiebis mixedviT.
am TavSi Cemi mizania, pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
samecniero statiebis sxvadasxva tipis ganxilva. avarCie istoriuli
samecniero statia, samecniero statia Sesrulebuli biologiis
sferoSi da samecniero statia Sesrulebuli literaturis dargSi.
vidre pragmatikuli kategoriebis am tipis statiebis mixedviT
ganxilvas daviwyebde, minda, saerTod samecniero statiis agebulebasa
da misi weris maneraze vTqva oriod sityva.
samecniero statiebi arc saidumloebebiT aRsavse moTxrobebia,
rac mkiTxvelebis – msmeneli subieqtebis – adresatebis gaocebas
iwvevs raRac aRmoCenebiT da arc yovel warmatebul Tu warumatebel
eqsperimentebze dawerili dRiurebi. samecniero statiebSi mTavari
aRmoCenebi statiis pirvelive nawilSi keTdeba. samecniero statiis
damweris an damwerebis – metyveli subieqtis an metyveli subieqtebis –
adresantis an adresantebis mizania, Tavisi an TavianTi aRmoCenebi
warmoadginos an warmoadginon da daarwmunos an daarwmunon
mkiTxvelebi – msmeneli subieqtebi – adresatebi monacemTa sworad
gadmocemaSi. mag, Jurnalis samecniero statiebi iyofa nawilebad;
aseTi statiebis TiToeul nawils specifikuri mizani aqvs. yvela
Jurnals aqvs egreTwodebuli “Sida stili” (“house style”). Msamecniero
statiebi, umetesad Jurnalis samecniero statiebi, unda Seicavdes
Semdegs:
• saTaurs ( title ): kargad SerCeuli saTauri kvlevis Sesaxeb
iZleva garkveul informacias. samecniero statiis SeqmnaSi
monawile yvela adamianis saxeli saTauris Semdeg unda
80
iyos Cveulebriv Camowerili. pirvelad saxeldebian is
mecnierebi, romlebmac saqmis umetesi nawili Seasrules;
bolos ki – sxvebi.
• reziumes ( abstract, summary ) : samecniero statiis am nawilSi
metyvelma subieqtma – adresantma eqsperimentuli sakiTxi,
zogadi meTodebi, mTavari aRmoCenebi da eqsperimentTa
mniSvneloba mokled unda aRweros. am nawilis limitia 250
sityva.
• Sesavals ( Introduction ) : samecniero statiis am nawilSi
mTavari eqsperimentuli sakiTxi da am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
arsebuli informacia aris warmodgenili. aseve
gamoyenebulia marTebuli da ukve cnobili citatebi,
romlebic statiis bolos Camotanili SeniSvnebis nawilSia
CamoTvlili. Sesavlis mizania, mkiTxvelebi – msmeneli
subieqtebi – adresatebi miaxvedros, ra aris samecniero
statiis SemqmnelTa – metyvel subieqtTa – adresantTa
hipoTeza da maTi kvlevis mizani.
• masalasa da meTodebs ( materials and methods ) : samecniero
statiis am nawilSi yoveli eqsperimentuli procedura da
reaqtivi ( reagenti ) sakmaod detalurad aris aRwerili
sxva mkvlevarTaTvis, raTa moaxdinon aRmoCenaTa
reproducireba. es nawili unda iyos zusti da sruli
imisaTvis, Tu unda moxdes aRmoCenaTa ratifikacia, raTa
SemdgomSi sxva mkvlevarTa mier gafarTovdes.
• Sedegebs ( results ) : samecniero statiis am nawilSi faqtebia
warmodgenili, rac sxva mecnierebs msjelobis saSualebas
aZlevs. aRmoCenebi aRwerilia sityvebiT da
ilustrirebulia ricxvebiTa da cxrilebiT. ricxvebi
81
faqtebis ufro advilad warmodgenisTvis gamoiyeneba; amas
moyveba axna-ganmartebebi, rasac “ legendebi “ ewodeba.
• diskusia / ganxilvas ( discussion ) : samecniero statiis am
nawilSi metyvelma subieqtebma – adresantebma SeiZleba,
warmoadginon raime modeli an idea, rac maTi azriT
yvelaze ukeT Seefereba maT mier aRweril faqtebs.
zogierTi Jurnali or nawils – Sedegebisa da diskusiis
nawils aerTianebs da erT nawilad warmoadgens. roca es
ori nawili calcalkea warmodgenili, msmeneli subieqti –
adresati – mkiTxveli advilad ganasxvavebs aRweril
faqtebsa da metyveli subieqtebis – adresantebis an
metyveli subieqtis anu adresantis mier am faqtebze
gamoTqmul azrs.
• Camotanili SeniSvnebis nawils ( references ) : mecnieruli
progresi arsebul codnasa da warsulSi Catarebul
aRmoCenebzea dafuZnebuli, rac nebismier axal naSromSi
citatebad aris moyvanili. citatebi erTadaa Tavmoyrili
samecniero statiis bolos. zogierTi Jurnali moiTxovs
citatebis anbanis mixedviT ganlagebas, zogierTi ki –
statiaSi gamoCenis rigis mixedviT.
(www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer, 98.)
es gaxldaT samecniero statiis formati, Tu rogor unda iyos is
agebuli da ramdeni nawilisgan unda Sedgebodes. minda, davsZino, rom
samecniero statiebis kiTxvisas erT-erT yvelaze did dabrkolebas
maTSi gamoyenebuli mecnieruli terminologia warmoadgens.
axla ki, rac Seexeba Cems mier gansaxilvelad arCeul samecniero
statiebs; jer vnaxoT, aris Tu ara zemoxsenebuli moTxovnebi maTSi
gaTvaliswinebuli da Semdeg, ganvixiloT isini pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT.
82
biologiis dargSi Sesrulebuli samecniero statia arCeuli
maqvs internet veb gverdidan :www.scientificarticles.com/
www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science
statiis saTauri metyvel subieqts – adresants sainteresod
SeurCevia. is kvlevis Sesaxeb garkveul informacias iZleva. statiis
saTauria :
“ Living longer: Science ”. (www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science,
104.)
statiis Semqmnelis – adresantis – metyveli subieqtis saxelic
saTauris Semdeg aris miTiTebuli :
Joe Treen, September and October 2006.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
adresantis – metyveli subieqtis saxels mosdevs samecniero
statiis Semdegi nawili reziume. masSi marTlac mokled aris
aRwerili eqsperimentuli sakiTxi da ar aris darRveuli reziumes
sityvebis raodenobis limiti – 250 sityvaze meti araa gamoyenebuli;
dasaxelebuli samecniero statiis reziumes nawili 38 sityvisagan
Sedgeba:
“ In the last few years, researchers have made some amazing discoveries about how
and why we age. Here’s what they have learned and why we may be on the brink of truly
being able to extend life”. (www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
samecniero statiis Semdegi nawili – Sesavali, Cemi azriT, am
dasaxelebul statiaSi aSkarad warmodgenilia. SesavalSi mkiTxveli –
msmeneli subieqti – adresati, mixvdeba, Tu razea saubari:
“ Ordinarily, no one would compare Edward Rondthaler to a naked mole rat. The
idea is preposterous. Ed is charming, gregarious man of many interests who writes songs
83 and children’s stories and a weekly letter to the editor for his newspaper in Croton-on-
Hudson, New York. Naked mole rats are bizarre East African rodents that live
underground in beelike colonies and, depending on your point of view, are ugly, hideously
ugly, or cute in the way bulldogs or Shar-Peis can be cute. But Ed and naked mole rats do,
in fact, have one thing incommon: longevity. Naked mole rats live ten times longer than
any other mammal their size – up to 30 years. Ed is 101”.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
Maxla, rac Seexeba samecniero statiis Semdeg nawils, romelsac
masalisa da meTodebis nawili qvia, Cemi azriT, es nawilic mocemulia
am samecniero statiaSi. metyveli subieqti – adresanti sakmaod
detalurad aRwers masSi dasmul sakiTxs, Tu ra ganapirobebs
adamianis an cxovelis sicocxlis xangrZlivobas. magaliTisTvis
moviyvan nawyvetebs statiidan:
“ Ed is a perfect model. Like most of the 55,000 centenarians in the United States,
he comes from a long-lived family. His father and three of his grandparents all lived into
their 80s; his sister, Jane, is 91. a paragon of good living, he has never smoked, keeps his
weight down, and has avoided all but the occasional social drink his entire life. He never
formally exercised, but he did walk a hilly mile to and from the commuter train for 47
years. (He didn’t give up his typographic-design business until he was 83.)”
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“ I think, a lot of living to 100 years old is due to luck”, says comparative biologist
Steven Austad, Ph.D., a leading longevity expert at the University of Texas Health Science
Center in San Antonio”. (www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
es, rac Seexeboda samecniero statiis masalisa da meTodebis
nawils, Semdegi – Sedegebis nawilic, Cemi azriT, aSkarad mocemulia
am dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi. masSi TvalnaTliv aris
warmodgenili sxvadasxva mecnierTa da mkvlevarTa kvlevis Sedegebi.
mag:
84
“Right now the message is that there seem to be lots of different ways to be long-
lived,” says biologist Austad. There is one way to be a long-lived mouse and another way to
be a long-lived bat and another way to be a long-lived python”.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“For all the research, the best way to be a long-lived human like Ed Rondthaler
seems relatively uncomplicated: eat an antioxidant-rich diet, avoid obvious environmental
pollution such as cigarettes, get lots of exercise, and find ways to cope with stress. Some
would have you believe that the key to longevity is in a pill bottle, Sprott says. My view is
that it’s not there. All of those medicines and vitamins that are supposed to make you live a
long time are modern-day snake oil. The real key is diet and exercise. We don’t have
anything that comes out of a pill bottle that does a better job”.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
samecniero statiis Semdegi nawili – diskusia/ganxilvis
nawilic, Cemi azriT mocemulia am dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi.
metyveli subieqtebi – adresantebi aSkarad warmoadgenen TavianT
ideebs, rac maTi azriT yvelaze ukeT Seefereba maT mier aRweril
faqtebs. mag:
“ I think, a lot of living to 100 years old is due to luck”, says comparative biologist
Steven Austad, Ph.D., a leading longevity expert at the University of Texas Health Science
Center in San Antonio”. (www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“ Right now the message is that there seem to be lots of different ways to be long-
lived,” says biologist Austad. There is one way to be a long-lived mouse and another way to
be a long-lived bat and another way to be a long-lived python”.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“ For all the research, the best way to be a long-lived human like Ed Rondthaler
seems relatively uncomplicated: eat an antioxidant-rich diet, avoid obvious environmental
pollution such as cigarettes, get lots of exercise, and find ways to cope with stress. Some
would have you believe that the key to longevity is in a pill bottle, Sprott says. My view is
85 that it’s not there. All of those medicines and vitamins that are supposed to make you live a
long time are modern-day snake oil. The real key is diet and exercise. We don’t have
anything that comes out of a pill bottle that does a better job”.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
samecniero statiis Semdegi nawili – Camotanili SeniSvnebis
nawili zemoT dasaxelebul statiaSi araa warmodgenili. am
samecniero statiis bolos aranairi SeniSvna araa mocemuli.
rogorc davinaxeT, Cems mier pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
gansaxilvelad arCeul zemoT dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi Cems
mierve warmodgenil samecniero statiis yvela moTxovna araa
gaTvaliswinebuli, masSi samecniero statiis yvela nawilia
warmodgenili garda erTisa – Camotanili SeniSvnebis nawilisa.
Ees rac Seexeboda, biologiuri samecniero statiis agebulebas,
Cven davinaxeT akmayofilebda, Tu ara dasaxelebuli samecniero statia
samecniero statiis gasaTvaliswinebel moTxovnebs; is nawilobriv
akmayofilebda.
axla ki gadavideT, aRniSnuli samecniero statiis pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT ganxilvaze da vnaxoT, ramdenad informaciuli,
gamWvirvale da eqspresiulia am tipis samecniero statia, vgulisxmob,
biologiis dargSi Sesrulebul samecniero statias.
rogorc viciT, komunikaciur aqtSi Cven gvyavs ara erTi, aramed
ori subieqti: metyveli subieqti anu adresanti da msmeneli subieqti
anu adresati da rogorc ramdenjerme aRminiSnavs Cemi sadisertacio
naSromis msvlelobisas, arseboben metyvel subieqtTan anu
adresantTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebi da msmenel
subieqtTan anu adresatTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebi.
swored amitom, zemoT dasaxelebul samecniero statias jer metyveli
subieqtTan, xolo Semdeg, msmenel subieqtTan dakavSirebuli
pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT ganvixilav.
sagazeTo statiis msgavsad am samecniero statiaSic gvaqvs erTi
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da ramdenime misi qve subieqti.
86
ZiriTadma metyvelma suqieqtma Seqmna teqsti, is miTiTebulia
statiis TavSi, Joe Treen, Txroba III pirSi mimdinareobs, sakuTriv
teqstSi ki gamoyvanilni arian kidev sxva subieqtebi, romelTac me qve
subieqtebi vuwode, TiToeuli maTgani piradad aris CarTuli am
teqstSi da Tavis azrs gamoxatavs, Tavis kvlevis Sedegebs gvamcnobs
statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze, ra ganapirobebs adamianis an cxovelis
didxans sicocxles. sagazeTo statiis msgavsad am samecniero
statiaSic SemiZlia naTqvami sqemiTac warmovadgino:
vinaidan am dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSic, sagazeTo
statiis msgavsad, erTi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da aTi misi qve
subieqtia, pragmatikuli kategoriebs jer ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtidan gamomdinare ganvixilav da Semdeg misi qve subieqtebidan –
gamomdinare.
zemoT dasaxelebuli samecniero statiis analizs ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare pragmatikuli kategoriebiT daviwyeb.
87
lokaciis kategoriis sami aspeqtidan: personaluri, temporaluri
da lokaluri, personaluri aspeqti teqstSi Cans, marTalia ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqti mesame pirSi mogviTxrobs, magram igi CarTulia
mTel teqstSi da mTel teqsts gasdevs. swored ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqti iwyebs Txrobas da msmenel subieqtebs, anu adresatebs
garkveul warmodgenas uqmnis statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze – sicocxlis
xangrZlivobaze. mag:
“ Ordinarily, no one would compare Edward Rondthaler to a naked mole rat. The
idea is preposterous. Ed is charming, gregarious man of many interests who writes songs
and children’s stories and a weekly letter to the editor for his newspaper in Croton-on-
Hudson, New York. Naked mole rats are bizarre East African rodents that live
underground in beelike colonies and, depending on your point of view, are ugly, hideously
ugly, or cute in the way bulldogs or Shar-Peis can be cute. But Ed and naked mole rats do,
in fact, have one thing in common: longevity. Naked mole rats live ten times longer than
any other mammal their size – up to 30 years. Ed is 101.”
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
rac Seexeba lokaciis kategoriis meore – temporalur aspeqts
isev da isev ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, am
dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi is aSkarad TvalnaTliv aris
warmodgenili. is statiis saTauris qvemoT gvxvdeba:
By Joe Treen, September & October 2006.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
rogorc davinaxeT, lokaciis kategoriis temporaluri aspeqti
am samecniero statiaSi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare
saTauris Semdeg gvxvdeba.
rac Seexeba, lokalur aspeqts ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan
gamomdinare, is Cemi azriT am samecniero statiaSi warmodgenili araa.
anu SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi
lokaciis kategoriis mxolod ori aspeqtia warmodgenili –
88 personaluri da temporaluri. Llokaluri aspeqti am SemTxvevisaTvis,
masSi warmodgenili araa.
modalobis kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT isev ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtidan gamomdinare, vityodi, rom sagazeTo statiis msgavsad, am
samecniero statiasac, swored obieqturi modaloba Seefereba. wina
TavebSi aRvniSne, rom obieqturi modaloba mxatvrul teqts ar
axasiaTebs. obieqturi modaloba, es xom teqstSi asaxuli situaciis
damokidebulebaa realobasTan. ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti, Cemi azriT,
Tavis gancdebsa da emociebs winamdebare statiaSi ar gamoxatavs. igi
sruliad obieqturad adarebs erTmaneTs adamiansa da cxovels, maT
Soris gansxvavebasac me vTvli, rom zomierad obieqturad
warmogvidgens. mag:
“ Ordinarily, no one would compare Edward Rondthaler to a naked mole rat. The
idea is preposterous. Ed is charming, gregarious man of many interests who writes songs
and children’s stories and a weekly letter to the editor for his newspaper in Croton-on-
Hudson, New York. Naked mole rats are bizarre East African rodents that live
underground in beelike colonies and, depending on your point of view, are ugly, hideously
ugly, or cute in the way bulldogs or Shar-Peis can be cute. But Ed and naked mole rats do,
in fact, have one thing in common: longevity. Naked mole rats live ten times longer than
any other mammal their size – up to 30 years. Ed is 101.”
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare ganvixilav
emociurobis, Sefasebisa da distanturobis kategoriebsac. am
SemTxvevaSi emociurobis kategoria am dasaxelebul samecniero
statias ar miesadageba, radgan ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti anu
wamyvani adresanti Tavis emociebis gamoxatvisagan statiaSi Tavs
ikavebs da, Cemi azriT, sakmaod obieqturad miyavs Txroba, msmenel
subieqtebs anu adresatebs statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze – sicocxlis
xangrZlivobaze, anu imaze, Tu ra ganapirobebs adamianis an cxovelis
didxans sicocxles, uqmnis garkveul warmodgenas.
89
verc Sefasebis kategorias mivusadagebdi am samecniero statias
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, radgan masSi igi imas ki
ar gviCvenebs, TviTon rogor afasebs teqstSi dasmul sakiTxs, aramed
patara Sesavals ukeTebs statias da Semdeg sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa da
mecnierTa kvlevis Sedegebsa da azrebs warmogvidgens.
rac Seexeba distanturobis kategorias, Cemi azriT, ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, am kategoriis misadageba
dasaxelebuli samecniero statiisadmi savsebiT SesaZlebelia, radgan
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti anu adresanti piradadaa CarTuli teqstSi.
axla ki, ganvixiloT pragmatikuli kategoriebi ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare. am SemTxvevaSi
lokaciis kategoriis sami aspeqtidan personaluri da temporaluri
aspeqtebi Seicvleba, xolo lokaluri aspeqti ki am SemTxvevaSic ar
gvaqvs warmodgenili. ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis TiToeuli qve
subieqti piradad aris CarTuli teqstSi da Tavisi azri da
Sexedulebebi gaaCnia teqstSi dasmul sakiTxze. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSne, gvaqvs erTi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da aTi misi qve
subieqti:
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtia am statiis Semqmneli Joe Treen
misi qve subieqtebi ki arian:
1. Cynthia Kenyon – a leading biologist, Ph.D., of the University of
California at San Francisco.
2. Nir Barzilai, M. D., director of the Institute for aging Research at the
Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City.
3. Richard Sprott, Ph.D., executive director of the Ellison Medical
Foundation.
4. Dellara Terry, M.D., associate director of the New England Centenarian
Study.
90
5. Peter Medawar, a British scientist.
6. Daniel Promislow, Ph.D., of the University of Georgia.
7. Steven Austad, a comparative biologist, Ph.D., a leading longevity expert
at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio.
8. Leonard Hayflick, Ph.D., an anatomy professor at the University of
California at San Francisco.
9. Rochelle Buffenstein, Ph.D., a City of New York biologist.
10. David Sinclair, Ph.D., of Harvard Medical School.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
es, rac Seexeboda ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebs,
rogorc vxedavT lokaciis kategoriis personaluri aspeqti am
SemTxvevaSi aSkara cvalebadobiT xasiaTdeba. igive iTqmis lokaciis
kategoriis temporaluri aspeqtzec, is teqstSi icvleba. mag;
“… A little Bit of Dizzy Done it All, which he is apt to sing at the drop of a hat. His
many pun-filled songs are part of his cheery, positive outlook, one he maintains even
though he clearly misses Dorothy, his wife of 72 years, who died in 2002 at age 97.”
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“… Another is his independence: he still drives, and he resides in the log home on
the Croton River that he and “Dot” bought in 1942.”
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“ Back in 1962, Leonard Hayflick, Ph.D., an anatomy professor at the University of
California at San Francisco, demonstrated that cells have their own biological clock, one
91 that ticks off the days of their life span.”
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“ It was originally put forth in 1952 by Nobel Prize winner Peter Medawar, a British
scientist who argued that natural selection – sometimes called survival of the fittest – fails
when it comes to longevity.” (www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
rogorc davinaxeT, lokaciis kategoriis temporaluri aspeqti
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare aSkara
cvalebadobiT xasiaTdeba. xolo lokaluri aspeqti ki, rogorc zemoT
aRvniSne am SemTxvevaSic ar gaqvs warmodgenili.
axla ki, gadavideT modalobis kategoriaze; ori saxis
modalobidan, am SemTxvevisaTvis, subieqtur modalobas mivusadagebdi
am samecniero statias; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sagazeTo statiis msgavsad
am samecniero statiisadmi orive saxis modalobis misadagebaa
SesaZlebeli. subieqturs imitom mivusadagebdi, rom ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtis qve subieqtebi TavianT damokidebulebas gamoxataven teqstSi
asaxuli situaciis mimarT. obieqturs ki imitom mivusadagebdi, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti Tavadac CarTulia
teqstSi, is Tavis emociebis gamoxatvisagan da garkveuli Sefasebebis
keTebisagan statiaSi Tavs ikavebs da, Cemi azriT, sakmaod obieqturad
miyavs Txroba, msmenel subieqtebs anu adresatebs statiaSi dasmul
sakiTxze – sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze, anu imaze, Tu ra ganapirobebs
adamianis an cxovelis didxans sicocxles, uqmnis garkveul
warmodgenas.
Sefasebis kategoriis misadageba dasaxelebuli samecniero
statiisadmi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan
gamomdinare, Cemi azriT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, radgan TiToeuli qve
subieqti Taviseburad afasebs teqstSi dasmul sakiTxs da am sakiTxze
Taviseburi Sexedulebebi da azrebi gaaCnia. magaliTisTvis moviyvan
nawyvetebs statiidan:
92
“ Longevity is really very highly heritable, says Nir Barzilai, M.D., director of the
Institute for Aging Research at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City.
Which is not to say you can’t live to 105 if your parents or your grandparents died young”.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“There is a difference between being familial and genetic”, says Dellara Terry,
M.D., associate director of the New England Centenarian Study. Family behaviours – such
as diet, smoking, and exercise – might contribute just as much as genes, she says. So
genetics is just one piece.” (www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“I think a lot of living to 100 years old is due to luck”, says comparative biologist
Steven Austad, Ph.D., a leading longevity expert at the University of Texas Health Science
Center in San Antnio. “You know, this free radical hits your DNA in this spot and that
doesn’t do anything, and it hits my DNA in another spot and gives me cancer”.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“Naked mole rats are providing real insight into the aging process because they
seem to be doing so many things slightly differently”, says Rochelle Buffenstein, Ph.D., a
City College of New York biologist who has studied the rodents for years.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
“Some would have you believe that the key to longevity is in a pill bottle”, Sprott
says. “My view is that it’s not there. All of those medicines and vitamins that are supposed
to make you live a very long time are modern-day snake oil. The real key is diet and
exercise. We don’t have anything that comes out of a pill bottle that does a better job”.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104.)
es, rac Seexeboda Sefasebis kategorias, emociurobis
kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT vityodi, rom samecniero statiisadmi am
kategoriis misadageba ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan
gamomdinare, iseve rogorc ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare,
Cemi azriT SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom emociebi ganyenebulad
ar arseboben da isini yvela adamianSia, mainc ver mivuyenebdi am
93 kategorias dasaxelebul samecniero statias, imitom rom samecniero
statiebSi, Cemi azriT, kvlevis Sedegebia naCvenebi da faqtebis
demonstrireba xdeba yovelgvari emociebis gareSe.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare
samecniero statiisadmi Semdegi kategoriis – distanturobis
kategoriis misadageba, Cemi azriT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, imitom rom
es qve subieqtebi xom piradad arian CarTuli teqstSi.
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli mowmobs imas, rom dasaxelebul
samecniero statiaSi, iseve rogorc sagazeTo statiaSi, metyvel
subieqtTan anu adresantTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebi
unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan
gamomdinare, aramed misi qve subieqtebidan gamomdinarec.
axla ki minda, gadavideT msmenel subieqtze anu adresatze
orientirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis dasaxelebuli samecniero
statiis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
cnobilia, rom sakomunikacio aqtis efeqturobis misaRwevad ar
aris sakmarisi, rom teqsti Seicavdes lokacias, modalobasa da a. S.
teqsti unda iyos informaciuli, eqspresiuli da gamWvirvale.
saerTod, nebismieri teqsti Tavis TavSi Secavs informaciulobas,
am mxriv samecniero statiis dasaxelebuli tipi – statia romelic
biologiis dargSia (sferoSia) Seqmnili, gamonakliss ar warmoadgens.
isic garkveulwilad informaciis matarebelia da amdenad,
informaciulad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
gamWvirvalobis TvalsazrisiT, dasaxelebuli samecniero statias
me gaumWvirvaled miviCnevdi. ase imitom vfiqrob, rom masSi Cemi azriT,
gamWvirvalobis arcerTi faqtori araa mocemuli. kerZod, teqstSi
asaxuli referentuli situacia erTnairi ver iqneba mTavari
adresantis, misi qve subieqtebisaTvis da adresatisaTvis; verc
komunikaciuri situacia iqneba identuri maTTvis, verc komunikantTa
Tezaurusebi, fonuri codna da samyaros xati ver daemTxveva
erTmaneTs; imitom rom TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva adgilas da
sxvadasxva dros moRvaweobs, maTi samuSao an sacxovrebeli adgili
veranairad ver iqneba msgavsi. minda isic aRvniSno, rom adresatTa
94 sxvadasxva tipi arsebobs, zogisTvis es samecniero statia SeiZleba
gasagebi iyos, zogisTvis absoluturad bundovani aRmoCndes, anu
imaTTvis, vinc biologiis sferoSi kargad ar arian Caxedulni
statiaSi aseTi terminebiT gajerebulma adgilebma SeiZleba maTi
dabneva gamoiwvios, Tumca statia informaciulobis TvalsazrisiT
aSkarad garkveuli informaciis mimwodebeli iqneba yvela tipis
mkiTxvelisTvis, magram gamWvirvale ver iqneba. ase rom me am tipis
samecniero statias gaumWvirvaled miviCnevdi.
rac Seexeba eqspresiulobis kategorias, dasaxelebul samecniero
statiaSi eqspresiulobis ori funqciuri momenti mTlad ver erwymis
erTmaneTs; SesaZloa adresanti Cafiqrebul zegavlenas axdens
adresatze, magram mTlad ver amowuravs dasmul sakiTxs, anu dasmul
sakiTxze erT amoxsnas ver poulobs; sakiTxi erTia: ra ganapirobebs
adamianis an cxovelis didxans sicocxles da pasuxi ki – mravali;
sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa kvlevis Sedegebia warmodgenili, magram
sabolood mainc iseTi STabeWdileba damrCa TiTqos problema mainc
srulad gadaWrili araa. anu yvela warmodgenili mkvlevari Tavis
azrs gvTavazobs da isini erT saerTo daskvnamde mainc ver midian. isev
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti askvnis sabolood, rom:
“For all the research, the best way to be a long-lived human like Ed Rondthaler
seems relatively uncomplicated: eat an antioxidant-rich diet, avoid obvious environmental
pollution such as cigarettes, get lots of exercise, and find ways to cope with stress”.
(www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104)
komunikaciuri efeqturoba ver emyareba verc adresantis
komunikaciur intencias da verc mis mier samyaros im xatis adekvatur
gaTvaliswinebas, romelic damaxasiaTebelia adresatisTvis. ase rom
dasaxelebuli samecniero statia ara eqspresiulia. Cemi kvlevidan
gamomdinare is mxolod informaciulia, ara eqspresiuli da
gaumWvirvale.
95
samecniero statiis am tipis SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob imas, rom es
biologiuri samecniero statiaa, minda davamato, rom masSi aqcenti
ZiriTad metyvel subieqtze da mis qve subieqtebzea; Tumca ar uarvyof
im faqtsac, rom saerTod teqsti iqmneba imisTvis, rom viRacam
waikiTxos, anu yvela teqsts hyavs Tavisi adresati, xolo is, Tu
rogor arian pragmatikuli kategoriebi masSi warmodgenili, zemoT
TvalnaTliv gamovavline. am TavSi Cemi mizania, sxvadasxva tipis
samecniero statia pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT ganvixilo da
Semdeg movaxdino maTi Sedareba.
axla gadavideT Semdegi samecniero statiis ganxilvaze. esaa
istoriuli samecniero statia, romelic biologiuri samecniero
statiis msgavsad aseve interntidan maqvs arCeuli. veb gverdis
misamarTia: www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history. statiis
saTauria: “Women in the history of the Church”.
vidre am samecniero statiis pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
ganxilvas daviwyebde, jer vnaxoT, aris Tu ara zemoxsenebuli
samecniero statiis gasaTvaliswinebeli moTxovnebi masSi
warmodgenili da Semdeg, ganvixiloT is pragmatikuli kategoriebis
mixedviT.
Tavdapirvelad ki minda, aRvniSno, rom saerTod, istoriis
dargSi Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi, statia iqneba es, wigni, naxati, Tu
leqsi, garkveul istoriul faqtebs eyrdnoba. metyveli subieqtebi anu
statiis Semqmnelebi, am SemTxvevaSi istoriuli samecniero statiis
Semqmnelebi, sxvadasxva istoriuli literaturis gamoyenebiT qmnian
statias.
wina samecniero statiaSi, kerZod, biologiur samecniero
statiaSi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis mier statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze
sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa, anu rogorc me maT ganxilvisas vuwode,
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtTa kvlevis Sedegebi da maTi
azrebia warmodgenili. Cem mier pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
gansaxilvelad arCeul istoriul samecniero statiaSi ki, gvyavs
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti, romelsac miyavs Txroba da sxvadasxva
religiur Tu istoriul wignebsa da samecniero statiebze dayrdnobiT
96 mogviTxrobs qalTa saqmianobaze da rolze eklesiis istoriaSi,
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebi, romelTa namuSevrebsac
igi iyenebs da kidev maTi qve subieqtebi, romlebic mTavari adresantis
qve subieqtTa wignebSi arian gamoyvanilni. am sakiTxze ufro
dawvrilebiT qvemoT visaubreb.
statia ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. metyveli subieqti anu
adresanti miTiTebulia saTauris qvemoT: William Weinrich..
gansaxilvelad arCeuli istoriuli samecniero statiis saTauri
sainteresod SeurCevia adresants anu metyvel subieqts. is statiaSi
warmodgenili sakiTxis Sesaxeb iZleva garkveul informacias. saTauri
aSkarad migvaxvedrebs, Tu razea saubari statiaSi. misi Semqmnelis
saxelic saTauris Semdegaa mocemuli. anu samecniero statiis pirveli
nawili winamdebare istoriul samecniero statiaSi naTlad
warmodgenilia.
meore – reziumes nawili samecniero statiis am tipSi
warmodgenili araa. statiaSi dasmuli sakiTxi statiis dawyebamde
mokled araa mocemuli.
mesame nawili – Sesavali am istoriul samecniero statias aqvs.
adresanti mkiTxvelebs anu adresatebs statiaSi dasmuli sakiTxis
Sesaxeb uqmnis garkveul warmodgenas. mag:
“ If it was once true that women were a neglected factor in church history, that
imbalance is quickly being rectified. There is a spate of recent books on the history of
women in the church that chronicle their institutions, their influence, and their
contributions…” ( www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105.)
samecniero statiis Semdegi nawili – masalisa da meTodebis
nawili aseve warmodgenilia am dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero
statiaSi. adresanti asaxelebs im masalas, romelic gamoyenebuli aqvs
masSi. mag:
“…From within evangelical circles, the most important contribution to the history
of women in the church is Daughters of the Church, by Ruth A. Tucker and Walter Liefeld.
97 This book offers historical vignettes about women who have in one way or another
exercised active, public leadership roles in the centuries of the church’s past…They have
amassed a considerable amount of material so that their book can nicely serve as a kind of
women’s “Who’s who in Church History”.
(www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105. )
samecniero statiis Semdegi nawilebidan – Sedegebis nawili,
diskusiis nawili da Camotanili SeniSvnebis nawili, Cemi azriT,
mxolod Sedegebis nawilia warmodgenili, masSi uamravi istoriuli
faqtia mocemuli, amis dasadastureblad moviyvan nawyvetebs statiidan:
“ In Germany the deaconess trained primarily as a nurse and only secondarily as a
teacher. The model for this nurse-deacnones was the deaconess home at Kaiserwerth begun
in the 1830s by a Lutheran pastor, Theodore Fliedner. Its focus was the care of the sick
poor, the orphan, discharged women prisoners, and the mentally ill. Other deaconess
training schools on the Kaiserwerth model began all over Germany, such as that in
Neuendetteisau in 1854, but the success of Fliedner’s enterprise was measured in
international terms. By the mid-nineteenth century, Kaiserwerth nurses and teachers were
staffing hospitals and schools in America, Constantinople, Smyrna, Alexandria, Jerusalem,
Bucharest, and Florence.” ( www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history,
105. )
“Throughout the history of the church thousands of dedicated women have carried
on the tradition of prayer, Christian charity, and care begun in the early church by the
widow and deaconess.” ( www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105. )
“In the nineteenth century, hymn writing by women came into its own. Anna
Laetitia Barbauld (1743-1825) wrote hymns on Prose for children, which was popular for
many years and was translated into French, Spanish, and Italian. “Praise to God, Immortal
Praise” is on of her best-known hymns. Charlotte Elliot (1789-1871) wrote around 150
hymns, including “Just As I Am.” Sarah Adams (1805-1848) wrote “Nearer, My God, to
Thee.” But in addition to her hymns Adams wrote also Vivia perpetua, a dramatic poem
about the conflict between paganism and Christianity, and The Flock at the Fountain, a
98 catechism and hymnbook for choldren. Cecil Frances Alexander (1823-1895) wrote around
four hundred hymns, mostly for children. Among her most beloved hymns are “There is a
Green Hill Far Away”, “Once in Royal David’s City”, and “Jesus Calls Us O’er the
Tumult.” ( www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105. )
danarCeni ori nawili – diskusiisa da Camotanili SeniSvnebis
nawili, vTvli rom imitom araa warmodgenili, rom Cemi azriT,
istoriul samecniero statiaSi istoriuli faqtebis warmodgena
ufroa mniSvnelovani da ara maTi ganxilva, imis aRniSvna, kargi iyo
esa Tu is faqti rom moxda, Tu ara; Camotanili SeniSvnebic am
dasaxelebul statiaSi arc TavSi gvxvdeba da arc boloSi. rogorc
davinaxeT samecniero statiis formati iseve rogorc biologiur
samecniero statiaSi, istoriul samecniero statiaSic darRveulia,
masSi samecniero statiis yvela nawili araa warmodgenili.
es, rac Seexeboda zogadad istoriuli samecniero statiis
agebulebas, axla ki, gadavideT misi pragmatikuli kategoriebis
mixedviT ganxilvaze da vnaxoT, ramdenad informaciuli, eqspresiuli
da gamWvirvalea am tipis samecniero statia, vgulisxmob, istoriul
samecniero statias.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, am dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero
statiaSi gvyavs mTavari metyveli subieqti, is vinc Seqmna statia, misi
qve subieqtebi, romelTa namuSevrebsac iyenebs ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqti da kidev maTi qve subieqtebi, romlebic am meorad metyvel
subieqtTa wignebSi arian gamoyvanilni. aqedan gamomdinare, am
dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero statias jer ZiriTad metyvel
subieqtTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
ganvixilav, Semdeg mis qve subieqtebTan dakavSirebul pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT da bolos, am qve subieqtebis qve subieqtebis
mixedviT. adresantTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis
istoriuli samecniero statiis mixedviT ganxilvas rom movrCebi, mere
gadaval adresatTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis amave
tipis statiis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
99
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare dasaxelebul
istoriul samecniero statiaSi lokaciis kategoriis personaluri
aspeqti aSkarad mocemulia, is statiis dawyebamde, saTauris qvemoT
gvxvdeba: William Weinrich. mas miyavs Txroba, Tumca mTavari adresanti
pirvel pirSi ar saubrobs. Txroba III pirSi mimdinareobs da igi
statiaSi mis mierve warmodgenil Temaze – qalebi eklesiis istoriaSi,
istoriuli faqtebis moSveliebiT mogviTxrobs.
pirveli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare, lokaciis kategoriis
temporaluri da lokaluri aspeqtebi am dasaxelebul statiaSi araa
mocemuli, arc is Cans, Tu sad dawera es statia mTavarma adresantma
da arc is Tu rodis dawera. aqedan gamomdinare, vinaidan lokaciis
kategoriis sami aspeqtidan: personaluri, temporaluri da lokaluri,
mxolod personaluria mocemuli, isic ara pirdapir, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom es kategoria mTavari adresantidan gamomdinare srulad araa
warmodgenili am dasaxelebul statiaSi.
pirveli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare, arc emociurobis da arc
distanturobis kategoriebi araa warmodgenili am dasaxelebul
samecniero statiaSi. emociurobis kategoria imitom araa
warmodgenili, rom es statia istoriulia da masSi ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtis aranairi emocia ar Cans, is ubralod istoriuli faqtebis
demonstrirebas axdens. distanturobis kategoria imitom araa
warmodgenili am statiaSi, rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti piradad
araa CarTuli im faqtebSi rasac is gadmogvcems, is ubralod
mogviTxrobs qalebze eklesiis istoriaSi da im dros gadmogvcems,
rodesac is arc dabadebuli iqneboda da verc piradad miiRebda
monawileobas statiaSi aRweril istoriul faqtebSi.
rac Seexeba Sefasebis kategorias, isev da isev ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, vityodi rom is warmodgenilia am
dasaxelebul statiaSi, imitom rom statiis SesavalSi mTavari
adresanti im masalis warmodgenisas, romelic eklesiis istoriaSi
qalebis rolze mogviTxrobs, axdens garkveul Sefasebas, romeli
ufro ukeT gadmogvcems am sakiTxs da sxvebTan SedarebiT
100 upiratesobas Ruth A. Tucker-isa da Walter Liefeld-is wigns “The Daughters of the
Church”-s aniWebs. mag:
“...As typical examples one may mention the three-volume collection of scholarly
essays, Women & Religion in America, edited by Rosemary Ruether and Rosemary Keller,
and the monograph Holy Women in Twelfth-Century England, by Sharon K. Elkins. There
is little doubt that such scholarship is making a significant contribution to our
understanding of the church’s past and, specifically, of the place and importance of women
in it.” ( www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105.)
“…From within evangelical circles, the most important contribution to the history
of women in the church is Daughters of the Church, by Ruth A. Tucker and Walter Liefeld.
This book offers historical vignettes about women who have in one way or another
exercised active, public leadership roles in the centuries of the church’s past. While striving
to be objective, Tucker and Liefeld nevertheless exhibit a predilection for feminist
interpretations of the evidence. Yet, that aside, they have amassed a considerable amount of
material so that their book can nicely serve as a kind of women’s “Who’s who in Church
History”. ( www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105. )
mTavari metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, ori saxis modalobis
kategoriidan, subieqturidan da obieqturidan, dasaxelebul statias
obieqturs mivusadagebdi, imitom rom masSi mTavari adresantis piradi
azri Tavisive statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze araa gamoTqmuli im mizeziT,
rom statia istoriulia da masSi misi damweris piradi azrebi ki ara,
faqtebia mTavari.
es, rac Seexeboda mTavari adresantidan gamomdinare
pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilvas istoriuli samecniero statiis
mixedviT; davinaxeT, rom am SemTxvevisaTvis mxolod modalobisa da
Sefasebis kategoriebia warmodgenili. axla ganvixiloT igive
kategoriebi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan
gamomdinare.
dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero statiaSi mTavari metyveli
subieqtis xuTi qve subieqtia: Rosemary Ruether, Rosemary Keller, Sharon K.
101 Elkins, Ruth Tucker da Walter Liefeld, romelTa istoriul naSromebsac
asaxelebs mTavari adresanti. amaTgan ori – Ruth Tucker da Walter Liefeld-i,
aqtiurad miviCnie, imitom rom swored maTi wignis mixedviT
mogviTxrobs ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti qalebis rolze eklesiis
istoriaSi. xolo danarCenebi – Rosemary Ruether, Rosemary Keller, Sharon K.
Elkins, ki – pasiurad, imitom rom mTavari adresanti maT ubralod
asaxelebs.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare,
maTTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebidan mxolod
modalobisa da lokaciis (isic ara srulad) aris mocemuli
dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero statiaSi. axla minda, davasabuTo
Tu ratom araa arc erTi maTTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli
kategoria garda modalobisa da lokaciisa, warmodgenili winamdebare
statiaSi; an lokaciis kategoriac ratomaa ara srulad mocemuli
masSi.
daviwyoT lokaciis kategoriiT, misi sami aspeqtidan:
personaluri, lokaluri da temporaluri, personaluris garda, isic
ara pirdapiraa mocemuli, arcerTi araa warmodgenili am statiaSi im
SemTxvevisaTvis romelsac axla ganvixilav. personaluri aspeqti
warmodgenilia am SemTxvevaSi ara pirdapir, Tumca ra Tqma unda,
arsebobs, magram TviTon ar Cans da piradad araa CarTuli teqstSi,
arc is Cans romel wels da sad Seqmnes am subieqtebma Ruth Tucker – ma
da Walter Liefeld – ma TavianTi wigni “The Daughters of the Church”. amitomac
mimaCnia, rom lokaciis kategoria srulad araa warmodgenili,
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare am
dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero statiaSi, radgan am kategoriis
mxolod erTi aspeqti - personaluria mocemuli.
emociurobis da Sefasebis kategoriebi imitom araa am
SemTxvevisaTvis winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenili, rom mTavari
subieqtebis qve subieqtTa aranairi emocia da Sefaseba ar Cans maT
mier Seqmnil, statiaSi dasaxelebul wignSi.
102
distanturobis kategorias imitom ver mivusadagebdi am
dasaxelebul statias am SemTxvevisaTvis, rom mTavari adresantebis qve
subieqtebi piradad ar arian CarTuli TavianT wignSi. maT sxvadasxva
istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT Seqmnes TavianTi wigni, rogorc
saerTod xdeba xolme; nebismieri istoriuli wigni xom raRac
arsebuli masalis mixedviT iqmneba, avtori an avtorebi ra Tqma unda
Tavisebur interpretacias ukeTeben, magram istoriul faqtebs ver
Secvlian, SeiZleba ubralod lamazi eniT gadmogvcen saTqmeli; Tumca
isic minda aRvniSno, rom zogierT istoriuli wignebSi istoriuli
masala uzustod, mcdaradaa warmodgenili anu avtoris anu adresantis
mieraa Secvlili, amitomacaa rom sxvadasxva istoriuli faqti
sxvadasxva istoriul wignebSi sxvadasxvanairadaa gadmocemuli, xan
wlebSia xolme cvlilebebi Setanili. aseTi ram ra Tqma unda
dauSvebelia, magram amas Cveulebrivi mkiTxveli SeiZleba verc mixvdes,
imitom rom mkiTxvelisTvis, Cemi azriT, mTavaria wigni saintereso
iyos da misTvis lamazi da gasgebi, ubralo eniT iyos gadmocemuli.
istoriuli faqtebis ara zustad warmodgenas mkvlevarebi da am
dargis specialistebi Tu mixvdebian mravalwliani kvlevebis Sedegad
sxvadasxva utyuari wyaroebis gadamowmebiT.
rac Seexeba modalobis kategorias, am SemTxvevisaTvis ori saxis
modalobidan – obieqturidan da subieqturidan, obieqturs mivuyenebdi
am dasaxelebul statias, imitom rom masSi naxseneb wignSi, misi
Semqmnelebi obieqturad mogviTxroben istoriul faqtebs, romlebsac
Semdeg winamdebare statiis Semqmneli – mTavari adresanti iyenebs
Tavis statiaSi.
es, rac Seexeboda mTavari adresantis qve subieqtebTan
dakavSirebul pragmatikuli kategoriebis istoriuli samecniero
statiis mixedviT ganxilvas, axla gadavideT am qve subieqtTa kidev qve
subieqtebTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis igive statiis
mixedviT ganxilvaze da Semdeg vnaxoT, ramdenad informaciuli,
eqspresiuli da gamWvirvalea winamdebare istoriuli samecniero
statia.
103
am dasaxelebul istoriul statiaSi mTavari adresantis qve
subieqtebis kidev 44 qve subieqtia:
1. Olympias
2. Mary
3. A Lutheran pastor, Theodore Fliedner
4. Elizabeth Ferard
5. Kathleen Bliss
6. Mammaea
7. Marcella
8. Paula
9. Melania the Elder
10. Rufinus of Aquileia
11. Theodosia, the sister of Amphilocius of Iconium
12. Macrina
13. Lioba, the sister of Boniface
14. St. Boniface
15. Egeria
16. Proba
17. Eudoxia, the daughter of a pagan philosopher
18. St. Teresa of Avila
19. Anna Laetitia Barbauld
20. Charlotte Elliot
21. Sarah Adams
22. Cecil Frances Alexander
23. Frances R. Havergal
24. Dorothy F. Gurney
25. Julia C. Cory
26. Fanny J. Crosby
27. Dorothy L. Sayers
28. Corrie ten Boom
29. Blandina
30. Potamiaena
104
31. Abbess Hilda at the Council of Whitby
32. Abbess Aelffled at the Srnod of Nidd
33. Elizabeth Bayley Seton
34. Wibrandis Rosenblatt
35. Calvin
36. Marguerite of Navarre, the sister of King Francis I
37. Renee of Ferrara
38. Selina Hastings
39. Clara Swain
40. Mary Slessor
41. Widows
42. The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus
43. Didaskalia Apostolorum
44. Tertullian
TiToeuli es qve subieqti piradad aris CarTuli am
dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero statiaSi; anu lokaciis
kategoriis personaluri aspeqti mTavari adresantis qve subieqtebis
kidev qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare aSkarad mocemulia masSi da
garkveuli cvalebadobiT xasiaTdeba. amave kategoriis meore da mesame
– lokaluri da temporaluri aspeqtebic icvlebian am SemTxvevidan
gamomdinare. magaliTisTvis moviyvan nawyvetebs statiidan:
“ In Germany the deaconess trained primarily as a nurse and only secondarily as a
teacher. The model for this nurse-deacnones was the deaconess home at Kaiserwerth begun
in the 1830s by a Lutheran pastor, Theodore Fliedner. Its focus was the care of the sick
poor, the orphan, discharged women prisoners, and the mentally ill. Other deaconess
training schools on the Kaiserwerth model began all over Germany, such as that in
Neuendetteisau in 1854, but the success of Fliedner’s enterprise was measured in
international terms. By the mid-nineteenth century, Kaiserwerth nurses and teachers were
staffing hospitals and schools in America, Constantinople, Smyrna, Alexandria, Jerusalem,
Bucharest, and Florence.” ( www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history,
105. )
105
“A different type was the Anglican deaconess, whose training was mostly
theological and pastoral. The inspiration for this female diaconate came from Elizabeth
Ferard, who-with six other women-founded the London Deaconess Institution in 1862.
Unlike the German deaconess, who worked largely independently of the church, the
Anglican deaconess was responsible to the bishop of the diocese in which she worked. Well
trained theologically, the Anglican deaconess worked in the parish or taught in school.”
(www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105.)
“In her 1952 report on the function and status of women in the member churches of
the World Council of Churches, Kathleen Bliss listed in addition to the deaconess these
types of women parish workers: (1) the trained lay parish worker whose duties might
include Sunday school and youth work, Bible study, home xisitation, hospital visiting,
preparation for confirmation, and social case work; (2) parish helpers; (3) directors of
religious education; (4) trained youth leaders; (5) church social workers; (6) Sunday school
organizers.” ( www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105. )
“The love of reading the Scriptures and the Church Fathers led convents also to the
copying of manuscriots. In c. 735, St. Boniface wrote to Abbess Eadburga requesting that
she have a copy of the epistles of Peter made in letters of gold…”
(www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105.)
“In the nineteenth century, hymn writing by women came into its own. Anna
Laetitia Barbauld (1743-1825) wrote hymns on Prose for children, which was popular for
many years and was translated into French, Spanish, and Italian. “Praise to God, Immortal
Praise” is on of her best-known hymns. Charlotte Elliot (1789-1871) wrote around 150
hymns, including “Just As I Am.” Sarah Adams (1805-1848) wrote “Nearer, My God, to
Thee.” But in addition to her hymns Adams wrote also Vivia perpetua, a dramatic poem
about the conflict between paganism and Christianity, and The Flock at the Fountain, a
catechism and hymnbook for choldren. Cecil Frances Alexander (1823-1895) wrote around
four hundred hymns, mostly for children. Among her most beloved hymns are “There is a
Green Hill Far Away”, “Once in Royal David’s City”, and “Jesus Calls Us O’er the
Tumult.” ( www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105.)
106
rac Seexeba, emociurobisa da Sefasebis kategoriebs mTavari
adresantis qve subieqtebis kidev qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare, Cemi
azriT, arcerTi maTgani araa mocemuli am dasaxelebul istoriul
samecniero statiaSi. kidev erTxel minda aRvniSno, rom masSi da ara
mxolod masSi, saerTod istoriul statiebSi xdeba istoriuli
faqtebis dasaxeleba da aRwera, maTSi aranairi emocia da Sefaseba ar
SeiniSneba.
Ovinaidan da radganac ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtTa
qve subieqtebi piradad arian am dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi
CarTulni, distanturobis kategoriis miyeneba am SemTxvevisaTvis
savsebiT SesaZlebelia.
ori saxis modalobidan – subieqturidan da obieqturidan,
aRniSnuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare, obieqturs mivuyenebdi am
dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero statias, radgan, Cemi azriT,
sakmaod obieqturad xdeba istoriuli faqtebisa da movlenebis
mkiTxvelebamde anu adresatebamde mitana.
es gaxldaT mTavari adresantis qve subieqtebis kidev qve
subieqtebTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva am
dasaxelebuli istoriuli samecniero statiis mixedviT.
axla minda gadavideT igive istoriuli samecniero statiis
msmenel subieqtebTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis
mixedviT ganxilvaze.
iseve rogorc yvela tipis teqsti Tavis TavSi Seicavs garkveul
informaciulobas, es istoriuli samecniero statiac ar warmoadgens
gamonakliss. is, ra Tqma unda garkveuli istoriuli informaciis
momwodebelia; anu samecniero statiis es tipi informaciulad
iTvleba.
gamWvirvalobis TvalsazrisiT, dasaxelebuli samecniero statias
me gaumWvirvaled miviCnevdi. ase imitom vfiqrob, rom masSi Cemi azriT,
gamWvirvalobis arcerTi faqtori araa mocemuli. kerZod, teqstSi
asaxuli referentuli situacia erTnairi ver iqneba mTavari
adresantisaTvis, misi qve subieqtebisTvis, am qve subieqtTa kidev qve
subieqtebisTvis da adresatisTvis, verc komunikaciuri situacia iqneba
107 identuri maTTvis, verc komunikantTa Tezaurusebi, fonuri codna da
samyaros xati ver daemTxveva erTmaneTs; imitom rom mTavari adresanti
iqneba, misi qve subieqtebi iqnebian, Tu kidev maTi qve subieqtebi an
adresatebi, TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva adgilas
moRvaweobs, erTnairi verc samuSao an sacxovrebeli adgili eqnebaT,
da verc erTsa da imave dros mouwevT moRvaweoba. minda isic aRvniSno,
rom adresatTa sxvadasxva tipi arsebobs, zogisTvis es samecniero
statia SeiZleba gasagebi iyos, zogisTvis absoluturad bundovani, an
cotaTi gaugebari aRmoCndes, anu imaTTvis, vinc istorias da religias
kargad ar icnoben, kargad ar arian Caxedulni istoriul an religiur
sakiTxebSi, statiaSi aseTi terminebiT gajerebulma adgilebma
SeiZleba maTi dabneva gamoiwvios, Tumca statia informaciulobis
TvalsazrisiT aSkarad garkveuli informaciis mimwodebeli iqneba
yvela tipis mkiTxvelisTvis, magram gamWvirvale ver iqneba. ase rom me
am tipis samecniero statias gaumWvirvaled miviCnevdi.
rac Seexeba eqspresiulobis kategorias, dasaxelebul samecniero
statiaSi eqspresiulobis ori funqciuri momenti Cemi azriT, erwymis
erTmaneTs; adresanti intenciur zegavlenas axdens adresatze.
statiaSi absoluturad amomwuravi informaciaa mocemuli qalebis
Sesaxeb eklesiis istoriaSi. mTavari metyveli subieqti mis mier
SerCeuli qve subieqtebis Ruth Tucker – isa da Walter Liefeld – is wignis
“The Daughters of the Church” mixedviT mogviTxrobs statiaSi mis mierve
dasmul sakiTxze. gamokvlevidan gamomdinare, winamdebare istoriuli
samecniero statia me eqspresiulad miviCnie.
samecniero statiis am tipis SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob imas, rom es
istoriuli samecniero statiaa, minda davsZino, rom masSi aqcenti
ZiriTad metyvel subieqtze, mis qve subieqtebze da kidev maT qve
subieqtebzea da ra Tqma unda am statiaSi maTTan dakavSirebuli
kategoriebi sWarbobs, Tumca biologiuri samecniero statiisgan
gansxvavebiT, es istoriuli samecniero statia informaciuli,
gaumWvirvale da eqspresiulia, maSin rodesac biologiuri samecniero
statia informaciuli, gaumWvirvale da ara eqspresiulad miviCnie.
108
axla gadavideT mesame samecniero statiis ganxilvaze. esaa
literaturuli samecniero statia, romelic literaturul-mxatvrul
da sazogadoebriv-politikur Jurnal “ciskris” 1971 wlis 4 aprilis
nomridan amovarCie. es Jurnali qarTul enaze gamodioda da
Sesabamisad statiac qarTul enazea. esaa zviad gamsaxurdias
literaturuli samecniero statia saTauriT: “tradiciis gageba t. s.
eliotis SemoqmedebaSi”.
vidre am samecniero statiis pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
ganxilvas daviwyebde, jer vnaxoT, aris Tu ara am Tavis dasawyisSi
naxsenebi samecniero statiisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebeli moTxovnebi
masSi warmodgenili da Semdeg, ganvixiloT is pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT.
Tavdapirvelad, minda Cemi azri SemogTavazoT literaturuli
samecniero statiebis Taobaze. Cemi azriT, literaturuli samecniero
statiebi samecnieroc aris da mxatvruli literaturis Janrsac
miekuTvneba, imitom rom maTSi ZiriTadad mxatvruli nawarmoebebi
ganixileba samecniero eniT. zemoT ganxilul sagazeTo statias,
biologiur da istoriul samecniero statiebs mxatvrul
literaturasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT, xolo literaturuli
samecniero statia ki mxatvruli literaturis Janrs miekuTvneba. es
aris pirveli ZiriTadi gansxvaveba Cem naSromSi pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT gansaxilvelad arCeul statiebs Soris –
sagazeTo da samecniero; sakuTriv samecniero statiebs Soris.
axla ki minda, vnaxoT, ramdenad aris samecniero statiis
gasaTvaliswinebeli moTxovnebi am literaturul samecniero statiaSi
gaTvaliswinebuli.
samecniero statiis pirveli nawili – saTauris nawili am
winamdebare literaturul samecniero statiaSi aSkarad mocemulia.
misi saTauri adresants sainteresod SeurCevia, romelic kvlevis
Sesaxebac iZleva garkveul informacias. statiis saTaurs kidev
erTxel davasaxeleb:
“tradiciis gageba t. s. eliotis SemoqmedebaSi”.
109
statiis Semqmnelis anu adresantis saxeli saTauramdea
mocemuli. mis saxelsac kidev erTxel gavimeoreb: zviad gamsaxurdia.
samecniero statiis Semdegi nawili – reziumes nawili am
literaturul samecniero statiaSi araa warmodgenili.
Semdegi nawili – Sesavali am dasaxelebul statiaSi naTlad
aris mocemuli; misi kiTxvis dawyebisTanave adresati anu mkiTxveli
anu msmeneli subieqti maSinve mixvdeba Tu raze iqneba saubari masSi.
adresanti jer tomas sternz eliotze gvawvdis garkveul informacias,
xolo Semdeg gvamcnobs, Tu ras isaxavs misi naSromi miznad. mag:
“ tomas sternz elioti marTebulad miekuTvneba Tanamedrove epoqis
udides SemoqmedTa ricxvs. Znelia dasaxeleba Tanamedrove msoflioSi
iseTi poetisa, romlis SemoqmedebaSic esoden srulyofilad
arekliliyos axali civilizaciis, axali kulturis Taviseburebani.
misi poeturi memkvidreoba imdenad didia da imdenad rTuli, rom
momavalSi, albaT, Taobebis Sroma dasWirdeba misi koncepciebis
mravalmxriv gaSuqebas, misi geniis TaviseburebaTa gansazRvras, misi
poeturi enisa da diqciis Seswavlas...” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 127).
“ winamdebare naSromi miznad isaxavs gansazRvros tradiciis roli
t. s. eliotis SemoqmedebaSi. agreTve mogvces daxasiaTeba Tavad
eliotis damokidebulebisa tradiciis gagebasTan, ramdenadac
eliotiseuli gageba tradiciisa Zireulad gansxvavdeba adrindeli
poetebis koncepciebisagan...” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 127).
axla, rac Seexeba samecniero statiis Semdeg nawils – masalisa da
meTodebis nawils, Cemi azriT, am dasaxelebul literaturul
samecniero statiaSi es nawilic mocemulia, adresanti sakmaod kargad
msjelobs Tavis mier dasmul sakiTxze da sakmaod naTlad
warmogvidgens garkveul mosazrebebs. amis dasadastureblad da ufro
naTelsayofad moviyvan nawyvetebs sakuTriv statiidan:
110
“ upirveles yovlisa, eliotis azriT, ar arsebobs tradicia,
rogorc Zvelis, gardasuli Jamis kuTvnileba. poeti imdenad cocxlad
unda ganicdides tradicias, rom aqcios igi Tanamedroveobad. amiT
poeti Tavisufldeba droisagan, igi droze maRla dgeba da eziareba
udroobis, uJamobis SegrZnebas, romelic aris amave dros istoriis
WeSmariti SegrZneba. aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba
saubari “Zvelsa” da “axal” poeziaze. sinamdvileSi ki poeti unda
aRiqvamdes poeziis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebs erT mTlianobaSi.
Mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi iqneba igi WeSmaritad Tanamedrove poeti”.
(“ciskari”, 106, gv 127).
“poeziis, gansakuTrebiT liriuli poeziis tradiciuli gageba
gulisxmobs subieqturi, personaluri emociebisa da ganwyobilebebis
poetur gadmocemas. eliotis gagebiT ki poetma unda miaRwios
impersonalurobas, e. i. pirovnebisagan ganTavisuflebas SemoqmedebaSi:
poeti aris metnaklebad srulyofili mediumi, romelsac gaaCnia
gansakuTrebuli, nairgvari, Tavisufali grZnobebi, remelTac igi
gvaZlevs axal-axal kombinaciebSi”. ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 129).
samecniero statiis Semdegi – Sedegebis nawili, am dasaxelebul
literaturul samecniero statiaSi warmodgenili araa, imitom rom
sxvadasxva mecnierTa da mkvlevarTa aranairi azri araa masSi
mocemuli.
Semdegi – diskusia/ganxilvis nawili, me vfiqrob rom am
dasaxelebul statiaSi warmodgenilia. mimaCnia, rom ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqti – statiis Semqmneli da misi qve subieqtebic aSkarad
warmoadgenen TavianT ideebs. amis dasadastureblad moviyvan nawyvetebs
statiidan:
“ eliotis azriT, kritikosma swored tradiciis rolis gagebiT
unda dagvanaxos, Tu raSi mdgomareobs novatoroba ama Tu im poetisa.
111 amave dros kritikosi unda iyos RirebulebaTa didi gadamfasebeli,
Tavisi Taobis poziciebidan, ra Tqma unda.” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 128).
“eliotis azriT, Cvens civilizaciaSi poeti unda iyos rTuli...”
(“ciskari”, 106, gv 129).
“...elioti garkveviT ambobs: poezia ar aris filosofiis, religiis
an Teologiis Semcvleli (Substitute); mas sakuTari funqcia aqvs. magram
ramdenadac es funqcia emocionaluria da ara inteleqtualuri, amitom
SeuZlebelia misi gadmocema inteleqtismieri terminologiiT”.
(“ciskari”, 106, gv 129).
samecniero statiis Semdegi nawili – Camotanili SeniSvnebis
nawilic warmodgenilia winamdebare statiaSi. SeniSvnebi yoveli
gverdis bolos aris mocemuli. maTSi dasaxelebulia is wigni da
gverdebi, saidanac mTavarma adresantma statiaSi gamoyenebuli
citatebi amokriba. Camotanili SeniSvnebis nawili asea warmodgenili:
T. S. Eliot-Selected Prose, London, 1955.
ix. T. S. Eliot-Selected Prose, p. 23-24.
T. S. Eliot-selected Prose, p. 23.
T. S. Eliot-Selected Prose, p. 45.
1. aq moyvanili leqsebis Targmanebi werilis avtors ekuTvnis.
2. poezia igivea, rac musika.
1. amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. agreTve Cveni werili enis sakiTxebze
(“ciskari”, 1968, #12).
112
2. Sd. Cleanth Brookes-Modern Poetry and Tradition.
1. mTvare aravisadmi ar malavs siZulvils.
(“ciskari”, 106).
mTel statiaSi, rac ki Camotanili SeniSvnebi iyo, yvela
warmovadgine TvalsaCinoebis mizniT.
rogorc davinaxeT, Cems mier pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
gansaxilvelad arCeul zemoT dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi, Cems
mierve warmodgenili samecniero statiis yvela moTxovna araa
gaTvaliswinebuli; masSi samecniero statiis yvela nawilia
warmodgenili garda reziumesi da Sedegebis nawilisa; anu samecniero
statiis formati, biologiuri samecniero statiis msgavsad, am
winamdebare statiaSic darRveulia.
es, rac Seexeboda zogadad samecniero statiis agebulebas, Cven
davinaxeT, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebda dasaxelebuli literaturuli
samecniero statia samecniero statiis gasaTvaliswinebel moTxovnebs;
davinaxeT, rom es moTxovnebi masSi darRveulia, srulad ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli.
axla ki, gadavideT aRniSnuli samecniero statiis pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT ganxilvaze da vnaxoT, ramdenad informaciuli,
gamWvirvale da eqspresiulia am tipis samecniero statia, vgulisxmob
literaturul samecniero statias.
am dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi, Cemi azriT, gvyavs erTi
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti, romelmac Seqmna winamdebare statia da
misi erTi qve subieqti, romelzec saubaria masSi.
winamdebare statiaSi mTavari adresanti aris zviad gamsaxurdia, man
dawera es statia, xolo misi qve subieqtia tomas sternz elioti,
romlis Semoqmedebasac mimoixilavs mTavari adresanti.
pragmatikul kategoriebs ganvixilav jer mTavari adresantidan
gamomdinare, xolo Semdeg misi qve subieqtidan gamomdinare.
113
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, lokaciis kategoriis
sami aspeqtidan: personaluri, lokaluri da temporaluri, mxolod
personaluria warmodgenili, Txroba xan pirvel pirSi mimdinareobs,
xan III pirSi da iTvleba, rom mTavari adresanti statiis bolomde
gasdevs teqsts da masSi Tavisi qve subieqtis ideebis garda
sakuTarsac warmogvidgens. yovelive amis ufro naTelsayofad moviyvan
nawyvetebs statiidan:
“ Cven gvaqvs tendencia, rom poetis qebisas SevCerdeT misi namuSevrs
im aspeqtebze, romlebiTac igi naklebad gvagonebs sxva poetebs. am
aspeqtebSi, misi naSromis am nawilebSi, Cven vcdilobT, vopovoT, Tu ra
aris masSi individualuri, raSi mdgomareobs sakuTriv misi arsi. Cven
kmayofilni vCerdebiT xolme im gansxvavebebze, romelnic arseboben
poetsa da mis winamorbedebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT mis uSualo
winamorbedebs Soris...” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 128).
“ ufro gvian Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT poeti-metafizikosebis
SemoqmedebiT samyaros eliotTan mimarTebaSi, agreTve laforgs,
korbiers da sxvaTa, amJamad ki davukvirdeT metaforis evolucias
metafizikuri poeziidan modernizmamde. ganvixiloT, rogor viTardeba
tradicia eliotis SemoqmedebaSi, rogor hpoulobs igi TviTmyofad
gzas poetur metyvelebaSi”. ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 131).
“ upirveles yovlisa, cxadia, rom Tanamedrove poetebi ukve
sxvagvarad uyureben metaforas. maTTvis am ukanasknels ukve aRara aqvs
is mniSvneloba, rogoric mas hqonda, magaliTad, romantikul
poeziaSi”. ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 131).
isev da isev am SemTxvevidan gamomdinare, statiaSi arc is aris
naCvenebi sad da arc is, Tu rodis xdeba masSi warmodgenili
referentuli situacia.
114
modalobis kategoriis ori tipidan – subieqturi da obieqturi,
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, am dasaxelebul statias
subieqturs mivusadagebdi, imitom rom masSi mTavari adresantis
subieqturi azrebic naTlad aris warmodgenili. amis naTelsayofad
moviyvan nawyvetebs statiidan:
“ magram tradicia mxolod imaSi rodi mdgomareobs, rom erTi
Taoba agrZelebs winare Taobis gzas brma mimbaZvelobiT da
gaubedaobiT. “tradicias” swored am SemTxvevaSi waerTmeoda Zala. Cven
mravlad gvinaxavs amgvari patara nakadulebi, romelnic male
gauCunarebulan qviSaSi. ganmeorebas siaxle sjobs, tradicia ki ufro
farTo gagebis cnebaa...” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 128).
“ arsebobs literaturis orgvari istoria: erTi dawerili da
obieqturad arsebuli wignebis saxiT, xolo meore Cvens sulSi, Cvens
cnobierebaSi arsebuli. wyobas qmnis swored es ukanaskneli... “(
“ciskari”, 106, gv 128).
“... axal poeziaSi xdeba emociebis impersonaluri gardaqmna. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom JamierebasTan, empiriul, Tundac istoriul
sinamdvilesTan dakavSirebulma emociebma ufro da ufro unda
dauTmon adgili iseT emociebs, romelnic momdinareoben adamianis
Sinagani sulieri cxovrebidan. “gansakuTrebuli mediumi”, romelic
axdens “emociis transmutacias”, aris uSinaganesi arsi adamianisa,
romelzedac unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba. igi uJamobasTan ufro
axloa, vidre JamTan. Mxolod misi meSveobiT SeiZleba dadgindes
Jamieris mimarTeba uJamobasTan...” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 130).
es iyo nawyvetebi moyvanili winamdebare statiidan, romlebic Cemi
azriT, naTlad gvaCveneben imas, rom mTavari adresantidan gamomdinare,
mas subieqturi modaloba Seefereba.
axla, rac Seexeba emociurobisa da Sefasebis kategoriebs isev da
isev ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, am kategoriebs me
115 dasaxelebul statias mivusadagebdi, imitom rom mTavari metyveli
subieqti mTeli statiis farglebSi garkveul Sefasebebs axdens da
adamianis emociebzec Tavadve laparakobs. mag;
“ poeziis, gansakuTrebiT liriuli poeziis tradiciuli gageba
gulisxmobs subieqturi, personaluri emociebisa da ganwyobilebebis
poetur gadmocemas”... ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 129).
“ Tavad enaSi SeiniSneba ori faqtori: erTi, romelic ukavSirdeba
mniSvnelobas da romliTac ena ekuTvnis Jamierebas, warmavlobas.
meores ki mivyavarT mniSvnelobis miRma, uJamobis elementisaken.
emociis impersonaluri gardaqmna mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ZaluZs
poets, Tu igi grZnobs am uJamobas enaSi, Tu igi ganixilavs enas,
rogorc uJamobis fenomens...” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 130).
“ istoriuli SegrZneba, romelic imdenadvea uJamobis SegrZneba,
ramdenadac Jamierebis, aZlevs mwerals tradiciulobas”. ( “ciskari”,
106, gv 129).
mTavari adresantidan gamomdinare, distanturobis kategoriasac
mivusadagebdi am dasaxelebul literaturul samcniero statias,
imitom rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti piradadaa CarTuli teqstSi.
es, rac Seexeboda mTavar adresantTan dakavSirebul pragmatikul
kategoriebs, rogorc davinaxeT, am SemTxvevidan gamomdinare,
emociurobis, Sefasebis, distanturobis, modalobis kategoriebis
misadageba savsebiT SesaZlebelia dasaxelebuli literaturuli
samecniero statiisadmi, vinaidan lokaciis kategoriis marto erTi
aspeqtia warmodgenili, es kategoria, Cemi azriT, ara srulad aris
mocemuli winamdebare statiaSi.
axla, gadavideT mTavari adresantis qve subieqtTan dakavSirebuli
pragmatikuli kategoriebis am literaturuli samecniero statiis
mixedviT ganxilvaze da Semdeg ki vnaxoT, ramdenad informaciuli,
gamWvirvale da eqspresiulia winamdebare statia.
116
winamdebare statiaSi mTavari adresantis qve subieqtad me tomas
sternz elioti miviCnie, imitom rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti
swored am mwerlis Semoqmedebas mimoixilavs da misi statiac miznad
isaxavs, gansazRvros tradiciis roli mis SemoqmedebaSi; agreTve
mogvces daxasiaTeba Tavad eliotis damokidebulebisa tradiciis
gagebasTan, ramdenadac eliotiseuli gageba tradiciisa Zireulad
gansxvavdeba adrindel poetTa koncepciebisagan.
mTavari adresantis qve subieqtidan gamomdinare lokaciis am
dasaxelebuli statiisadmi misadageba, Cemi azriT, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia. am kategoriis sami aspeqtidan – personaluri,
lokaluri da temporaluri, mxolod personaluri da temporaluria
mocemuli da amitom lokaciis kategoria am SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba
iTqvas nawilobriv aris warmodgenili. lokaciis kategoriis
personaluri aspeqti ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtidan
gamomdinare xan I pirSia warmodgenili, xan III- Si, mag:
“ me vgulisxmob, rom es aris principi esTetiuri da ara mxolod
istoriuli kriticizmisa...” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 127).
“ eliotis azriT, poetis novatorobas mxolod maSin eqneba fasi,
Tu igi SesZlebs Tavad tradiciis novatorulad aRorZinebas”...
(“ciskari”, 106, gv 129).
“ eliotis azriT, Cvens civilizaciaSi poeti unda iyos rTuli”...
(“ciskari”, 106, gv 129).
mTavari adresantis qve subieqtidan – tomas sternz eliotidan
gamomdinare, am dasaxelebul literaturul samecniero statiaSi,
lokaciis kategoriis temporaluri aspeqtis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs is
faqti, rom elioti meoce saukuneSi daibada da am saukuneSive
moRvaweobda, misi namuSevrebi meoce saukuneSi Seiqmna; statiaSi
Tanamedrove epoqa – meoce saukune naxsenebia ara erTxel:
117
“ tomas strenz elioti marTebulad miekuTvneba Tanamedrove epoqis
udides SemoqmedTa ricxvs...” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 127).
“ XX saukuneSi Seiqmna mag. eliotis “oTxi kvarteti”... ( “ciskari”,
106, gv 128).
“ meoce saukunis adamiani ukve sxvagvarad aRiqvams “fausts”, magram
ara imis gamo, rom igi geografiulad ama Tu im qveyanaSi imyofeba, an
imitom, rom kalendarulad misi dabadeba XX saukuneSi moxda, aramed
imitom rom arsebobs meoce saukunis poezia da filosofia da mas
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi eqneba swori, Tanadrouli aRqma warsulis
memkvidreobisa, Tu igi organulad Seisisxlxorcebs Tanamedrove
kulturas, romelic hqmnis erT mTlian wyobas warsulis kulturasTan
erTad.” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 128).
es, rac Seexeboda lokaciis kategorias mTavari adresantis – zviad
gamsaxurdias, qve subieqtis – tomas sternz eliotidan gamomdinare,
rogorc davinaxeT, es kategoria am SemTxvevaSic arasrulad aris
warmodgenili, imitom rom misi mxolod ori aspeqti – personaluri da
temporaluria mocemuli am dasaxelebul literaturul samecniero
statiaSi, lokaluri aspeqti am SemTxvevidan gamomdinare masSi
warmodgenili araa.
Sefasebisa da emociurobis kategoriebTan dakavSirebiT vityodi,
rom orive kategoria mTavari adresantis qve subieqtidan gamomdinare
winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenilia. ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve
subieqti – elioti msjelobs da garkveul Sefasebebs akeTebs mTavari
adresantis mier statiis saTaurSive dasmul sakiTxze – tradiciis
gagebaze eliotis SemoqmedebaSi:
“eliotis azriT, ar arsebobs tradicia, rogorc Zvelis, gardasuli
Jamis kuTvnileba. poeti imdenad cocxlad unda ganicdides tradicias,
118 rom aqcios igi Tanamedroveobad. amiT poeti Tavisufldeba droisagan,
igi droze maRla dgeba da eziareba udroobis, uJamobis SegrZnebas,
romelic aris amave dros istoriis WeSmariti SegrZneba”. ( “ciskari”,
106, gv 127).
“ eliotis azriT, kritikosma swored tradiciis rolis gagebiT
unda dagvanaxos, Tu raSi mdgomareobs novatoroba ama Tu im poetisa.
Amave dros kritikosi unda iyos RirebulebaTa didi gadamfasebeli,
Tavisi Taobis poziciebidan, ra Tqma unda.” ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 128).
xolo rac Seexeba emociurobis kategorias, am dasaxelebul
literaturul samecniero statiaSi mTavari adresantis qve
subieqtidan gamomdinare, aRvniSnav, rom elioti emociebis Tavisebur
gagebas warmogvidgens. mas miaCnia, rom axal poeziaSi unda moxdes
emociis impersonaluri gardaqmna, anu poetma unda miaRwios
impersonalurobas, e. i. pirovnebisgan ganTavisuflebas SemoqmedebaSi.
misi azriT, adrindel poeziaSi Warbad aris pirovnuli gancdebi,
axali poezia ki ufro da ufro unda cdilobdes impersonaluri
gaxados leqsis emociuri Sinaarsi; poetma ki ar unda Seqmnas axali
emociebi, aramed unda aiRos Cveulebrivi emociebi da gardahqmnas isini
poeziad. am gagebiT, poeti Tavis “pirovnebas” ki ar gadmoscems, aramed
im gansakuTrebul mediums, romelic dgas misi pirovnebis miRma da,
romelsac gaaCnia sruliad moulodneli kombinaciebi warmosaxvaTa da
gancdaTa... poeti ver miaRwevs impersonalurobas, Tavis Tavis daTmobis
gareSe, man unda Seswiros Tavisi pirovneba nawarmoebs, romelsac
hqmnis... (“ciskari”, 106).
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, mTavari adresantis qve
subieqtis mixedviT dasaxelebul literaturul samecniero statiaSi
warmodgenil emociurobis kategorias, me marto emociurobisas ver
davarqmevdi; Cemi azriT ufro swori iqneba, Tu am SemTxvevisaTvis am
kategoriisTvis SemovitanT axal saxelwodebas: impersonaluri
emociurobis kategoria; elioti xom Tavadve ambobs:
119
“ xelovnebaSi emocia impersonaluria”. ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 129).
anu mTavari adresantis qve subieqtidan gamomdinare, dasaxelebul
literaturul samecniero statias emociurobis kategoria ki ar
mivusadage, aramed impersonaluri emociurobis kategoria. Tu ras
niSnavs sityva impersonaluri zemoT ganvmarte da kidev erTxel
gavimeoreb, es aris pirovnebisagan ganTavisufleba SemoqmedebaSi, anu
poetma Tavis Tavi unda Seswiros nawarmoebs, romelsac hqmnis.
axla, gadavideT mTavari adresantis qve subieqtTan dakavSirebuli
Semdegi pragmatikuli kategoriebis dasaxelebuli samecniero statiis
mixedviT ganxilvaze. esenia: modalobis da distanturobis kategoriebi.
ori saxis modalobidan – subieqturidan da obieqturidan,
aRniSnuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare winamdebare statias subieqtur
modalobas mivusadagebdi. ase imitom vfiqrob, rom mTavari adresantis
qve subieqti – tomas sternz elioti am dasaxelebul literaturul
samecniero statiaSi Tavis subieqtur azrebsa da Sexedulebebs
warmogvidgens ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis mier statiis saTaurSive
dasmul sakiTxze – tradiciis gagebaze eliotis SemoqmedebaSi.
sakuTari azris ufro naTlad warmosadgenad, magaliTisaTvis moviyvan
nawyvetebs sakuTriv statiidan:
“yovel Taobas, yovel individualobas xelovnebis Wvretisas
Semoaqvs sakuTari kategoriebi dafasebisa, xelovnebas uyenebs Tavis
sakuTar moTxovnebs, aqvs Taviseburi midgoma... amitom kritika iseve
aucilebalia, rogorc sunTqva”. ( “ciskari”, 106, gv 128)
am nawyvetSi, Cemi azriT, kargad Cans eliotis – mTavari adresantis
qve subieqtis subieqturi azri. SemogTavazebT kidev sxva nawyvets:
“poezia ar aris filosofiis, religiis an Teologiis Semcvleli
(Substitute); mas sakuTari funqcia aqvs. magram ramdenadac es funqcia
emocionaluria da ara inteleqtualuri, amitom SeuZlebelia misi
gadmocema inteleqtismieri terminologiiT”... (( “ciskari”, 106, gv 129)
120
Cemi azriT, es nawyvetic ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtis
– eliotis poeziisadmi misebur gagebaze, e. i. subieqtur Sexedulebaze
metyvelebs.
vinaidan da radganac, mTavari adresantis qve subieqti piradad aris
CarTuli winamdebare statiaSi mimdinare TxrobaSi, distanturobis
kategoriis misadmi misadageba savsebiT SesaZlebelia.
rogorc ganxilvidan davinaxeT, ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve
subieqtTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebidan am
dasaxelebuli literaturuli samecniero statiisadmi SesaZlebelia
Semdegi kategoriebis misadageba: lokaciis (nawilobriv, imitom rom am
kategoriis samive aspeqti araa warmodgenili am SemTxvevisaTvis
winamdebare statiaSi), subieqturi modalobis, distanturobis da
Sefasebis; emociurobis kategorias cota sxvagvarad mivudeqi isev da
isev Tavad mTavari adresantis qve subieqtis emociurobaze
Sexedulebidan gamomdinare. am kategorias me marto emociurobis
nacvlad impersonaluri anu pirovnebis miRma emociurobis kategoria
vuwode imitom rom Tavad ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqts –
eliots, hqonda aseTi Sexeduleba emociurobaze winamdebare statiaSi.
mTavar adresantTan da mis qve subieqtTan dakavSirebuli
pragmatikuli kategoriebis am dasaxelebuli literaturuli
samecniero statiis mixedviT ganxilvis Semdeg minda, gadavideT
msmenel subieqtTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis igive
statiis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
informaciulobis TvalsazrisiT winamdebare samecniero statia
informaciulia, rogorc yvela tipis teqsti, is Tavis TavSi Seicavs
garkveul informacias, am SemTxvevaSi informacias eliotis
SemoqmedebaSi tradiciis gagebaze.
gamWvirvalobis TvalsazrisiT, dasaxelebul literaturul
samecniero statias, iseve rogorc zemoT ganxilul samcniero
statiebis or tips – biologiursa da istoriuls, aseve gaumWvirvaled
miviCnevdi. ase imitom vfiqrob, rom arc masSia gamWvirvalobis arc
erTi faqtori mocemuli; kerZod, teqstSi asaxuli referentuli
situacia erTnairi ver iqneba verc mTavari adresantisaTvis, verc misi
121 qve subieqtisaTvis, verc adresatisaTvis an adresatebisaTvis; verc
komunikaciuri situacia iqneba identuri maTTvis; verc komunikantTa
Tezaurusebi, fonuri codna da samyaros xati ver daemTxveva
erTmaneTs; imitom rom mTavari adresanti iqneba, misi qve subieqtebi
iqnebian, Tu kidev maTi qve subieqtebi an adresatebi, TiToeuli maTgani
sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva adgilas moRvaweobs, erTnairi verc
samuSao an sacxovrebeli adgili eqnebaT, da verc erTsa da imave dros
mouwevT moRvaweoba. minda isic aRvniSno, rom adresatTa sxvadasxva
tipi arsebobs, iseve rogorc zemoT ganxilul samecniero statiebi, es
samecniero statiac zogisTvis SeiZleba gasagebi iyos, zogisTvis
cotaTi gaugebari aRmoCndes; anu imaTTvis, vinc eliotis Semoqmedebas
kargad ar icnoben, zogierTma adgilma SeiZleba, maTi dabneva
gamoiwvios; Tumca statia informaciulobis TvalsazrisiT aSkarad
garkveuli informaciis mimwodebeli iqneba yvela tipis
mkiTxvelisTvis, magram gamWvirvale ver iqneba. ase rom me am tipis
samecniero statiasac gaumWvirvaled miviCnevdi.
rac Seexeba eqspresiulobis kategorias, dasaxelebul samecniero
statiaSi eqspresiulobis ori funqciuri momenti Cemi azriT, erwymis
erTmaneTs; mTavari adresanti – statiis Semqmneli, intenciur
zegavlenas axdens adresatze. is statiaSi absoluturad daxvewilad
da Tanmimdevrulad msjelobs mis mierve dasmul sakiTxze, tradiciis
gagebaze eliotis SemoqmedebaSi; marTalia, eliotis Semoqmedebidan,
eliotis anu Tavisi qve subieqtis azrebs warmogvidgens, Tumca naTlad
axdens Semdeg Tavisi qve subieqtis naazrevis ganmartebas, raTa
mkiTxvelamde, anu adresatamde saTqmeli TvalsaCinod miitanos.
gamokvlevidan gamomdinare, winamdebare istoriuli samecniero statia,
iseve rogorc istoriuli samecniero statia, me eqspresiulad miviCnie.
samecniero statiis am tipis SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob imas, rom es
literaturuli samecniero statiaa, minda davsZino, rom masSi aqcenti
ZiriTad metyvel subieqtze da mis qve subieqtzea da ra Tqma unda am
statiaSi maTTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebi sWarbobs, Tumca
biologiur samecniero statiisgan gansxvavebiT da istoriuli
samecniero statiis msgavsad es literaturuli samecniero statia
122 informaciuli, gaumWvirvale da eqspresiulia, maSin rodesac
biologiuri samecniero statia informaciuli, gaumWvirvale da ara
eqspresiulad miviCnie.
minda xazgasmiT aRvniSno, rom es literaturuli samecniero
statia mTavari metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtidan gamomdinare,
danarCeni ori samecniero statiisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
emociurobis kategorias winamdebare statiaSi maTgan gansxvavebulad
mivudeqi; masSi impersonaluri (pirovnebis miRma) emociurobis
kategoriaa warmodgenili da ara mxolod emociurobis.
123
daskvna
Cemi sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda
pragmatikuli kategoriebis ganxilva iuridiul, mxatvrul
(postmodernistul da realistur), sagazeTo da samecniero teqstebis
mixedviT.
Gpragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT ganvixile ori saxis
iuridiuli teqsti: saqarTvelos konstitucia __ kanoni saxelmwifos
Sesaxeb (inglisuri versia) da kanoni saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiisa
da gazis Sesaxeb (aseve inglisuri versia), anu SeiZleba iTqvas
Sevadare isini erTmaneTs), mxatvruli (klasikos mweral, Carlz
dikensis nawarmoeb "Great Expactation"-idan xuTi Tavi, postmodernist
mweral, umberto ekos nawarmoeb "Foucault's Pendulum"- idan aRebuli
ori Tavi, maT Soris gansxvavebebis moZebniT), sagazeTo statia da
samecniero statiebi – istoriuli, biologiuri da literaturuli
(aseve maT Soris gansxvavebebis moZebniT) .
pirvel rigSi, gavmijne Tavad kategoriebi; gamovyavi
pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic metyvel subieqts ukavSirdebian
da pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic msmenel subieqts
ukavSirdebian. Semdeg daviwye zemoT aRniSnul teqstebSi am
kategoriebis prevalireba_naklebobis dadgena; imis kvleva, romeli
stilis teqsti aRmoCndeboda yvelaze informaciuli, eqspresiuli da
gamWvirvale (eseni xom im pragmatikul kategoriebs miekuTvnebian,
romlebic msmenel subieqtze arian orientirebulni); Cems naSromSi
yovelive amis ganxilvasa da axsna-ganmartebas Sevecade.
SesavalSi mTeli rigi masalis gamoyenebiT mivyevi
Tanmimdevrobas da Tavdapirvelad gavarkvie, Tu ra aris sintaqtika,
semantika da pragmatika; gavarkvie, Tu ra aris pragmatikuli kategoria,
anu romeli kategoriebi miekuTvnebian pragmatikas da Semdeg isini
ganvixile aRniSnuli teqstebis mixedviT. CavrTe sxvadasxva
lingvistTa ganmartebebi pragmatikis Taobaze.
124
Gganvmarte, rom yoveli mecniereba an mecnierebis calkeuli
dargi arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas gaaCnia sakuTari
kategoriaruli aparati. komunikaciuri modelis Seqmnasa da
konstituirebaSi komunikaciuri aqtis komponentebTan erTad
(adresanti, adresati, referenciuli situacia da a.S. ) monawileobs
enis sistema, xolo mTeli enobrivi sistemis gansaxierebad unda
CaiTvalos enobrivi niSani, romlis sam ganzomilebad Tanamedrove
lingvistikas miaCnia sintaqtikuri, semantikuri da pragmatikuli
ganzomilebani. roca vambobT, rom Tanamedrove lingvistikas
safuZvlad udevs niSnis cneba, es ar niSnavs imas, rom f. de sosiurma
SeimuSava es sami ganzomileba __ isini pirvelad amerikelma
filofosma pirsma wamoayena. pirveli etapi, es iyo sintaqtikuri
azrovneba, mas mohyva semantikuri, xolo Semdgom pragmatikuli etapebi.
e. i. me-20 saukunis lingvistika _ es aris semiotikuri lingvistika,
mis Teoriul safuZvels ki warmoadgens niSnis cneba. semiotikis zemoT
dasaxelebuli sami aspeqtis mimarTeba niSnisadmi da saerTod enisadmi,
Semdegnairad SeiZleba ganisazRvros: sintaqtika gamohyofs mimarTebebs
enobriv erTeulebs Soris; semantika adgens enobrivi erTeulebis
mimarTebas aRsaniSni obieqtis mimarT; pragmatika ki ixilavs enobriv
erTeulebs maT mimarTebaSi im pirTan an pirebTan, romlebic am
erTeulebs iyeneben komunikaciis procesSi. enobrivi niSnis am sami
ganzomilebidan teqstis SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvreli roli pragmatikul
ganzomilebas unda miekuTvnos ( lebaniZe g., 78 ). vasabuTeb imasac, Tu
ratom unda miekuTvnos ganmsazRvreli roli teqstis SemTxvevaSi
pragmatul ganzomilebas.
Tanamedrove lingvistikis mixedviT, enas safuZvlad ori
ZiriTadi momenti udevs:
1. ena aris niSanTa sistema;
2. mas aqvs doneebrivi struqtura.
125
iyo dro, roca niSnad iTvleboda mxolod sityva (magaliTad
sosiurTan); Semdeg moxda niSnis cnebis "eqspansia" da niSnad miCneul
iqna winadadeba. sityva iqna miCneuli arasrul, xolo winadadeba,
srul niSnad. Semdeg sruli niSani aRmoCnda teqsti. semiotikuri
lingvistika miiltvoda da dResac miiltvis imisken, rom Tavisi
ganxilvisa da kvlevis umTavres obieqtad aqcios WeSmaritad sruli
niSani; dRes ki aseTad iTvleba teqsti.
SesavalSive saWirod miviCnie zogadad teqstTa klasificirebis
moxdena, vinaidan da radganac Cems sadisertacio SromaSi Cemi kvlevis
mizani pragmatikuli kategoriebis sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis mixedviT
ganxilva iyo. Semovitane terminebi: Janri, registri, teqstis tipi.
Cems naSromSi CavrTe Cems mier mopovebuli dasaxelebul
terminTa Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa mier gakeTebuli ganmartebebi.
Janrisa da registris kategoriebis Sesaxeb mopovebuli
informacia gavaerTiane da am terminebs erTi martivi axsna movuZebne.
registri aris enis funqcionaluri tipi. igi Seicavs
arasaliteraturo enas, romelsac sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebi
gamoiyeneben. mag, Seicavs wirvis dros mlocvelTa mier gamoyenebul
enas, sportuli komentatorebis mier fexburTis matCis detaluri
aRwerisas gamoyenebul enas, mkvlevarTa mier gamoyenebul enas.
mecnierul registrebad SeiZleba, CaiTvalos sxvadasxva Janri: statia,
moxseneba, konferenciis qronika.
Janri ki SeiZleba ganmartebul iqnas, rogorc teqstis tipTa
konfiguracia. igi Seicavs orives – saliteraturo da
arasaliteraturo teqstis variantebs. mag, mokle moTxrobebs,
romanebs, sonetebs, informacionalur moxsenebebs ( gazeTebSi an
JurnalebSi ), teqnikur saxelmZRvaneloebs, SeTavazebebs. moTxrobis
Janri SeiZleba sxvadasxva registrebSi gamovlindes:
sayofacxovreboSi, mxatvrulSi, publikaciurSi.
aseve davamate, rom Cems mier pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
gansaxilvelad arCeuli teqstebi:
126
1. iuridiuli teqstebi, Cemi azriT, miekuTvneba Janris
kategorias, imitom rom es kategoria Seicavs saliteraturo
da arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs, iuridiuli
teqstebis SemTxvevaSi ki Seicavs arasaliteraturo teqstis
saxesxvaobebs. registris kategorias iuridiul teqstebs
imitom ver mivakuTvnebdi, rom maTSi gamoyenebuli ena
SeiZleba gasagebi ar iyos orivesTvis – adresantisa da
adresatisTvis; SeiZleba bundovani, gaugebari iyos.
2. umberto ekos “Foucault’s Pendulum” – ic Cemi azriT, miekuTvneba
Janris kategorias, imitom rom es kategoria Seicavs
saliteraturo da arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs,
umberto ekos SemTxvevaSi ki Seicavs saliteraturo teqstis
saxesxvaobebs. registris kategorias umberto ekos aRniSnuli
nawarmoebis Targmnil variants imitom ver mivakuTvnebdi, rom
masSi gamoyenebuli ena SeiZleba gasagebi ar iyos orivesTvis
– adresantisa da adresatisTvis, SeiZleba bundovani da
gaugebari iyos.
3. Carlz dikensis “Great Expectations”, Cemi azriT miekuTvneba
orives – registrisa da Janris kategorias. Carlz dikensis am
nawarmoebs registris kategorias imitom mivakuTvnebdi, rom
nawarmoebSi gamoyenebuli ena, Cemi azriT, gasagebi iqneba da
ara bundovani, orivesTvis – adresantisa da adresatisTvis.
Janris kategorias ki imitom mivakuTvnebdi, rom es kategoria,
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Seicavs saliteraturo da
arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs, Carlz dikensis
SemTxvevaSi ki Seicavs saliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs.
4. sagazeTo statia, Cemi azriT, miekuTvneba orives - registrisa
da Janris kategorias. aRniSnul statias registris
kategorias imitom mivakuTvnebdi, rom masSi gamoyenebuli ena,
Cemi azriT, gasagebi iqneba da ara bundovani orivesTvis –
127
adresantisa da adresatisTvis. Janris kategorias ki imitom
mivakuTvnebdi, rom rom es kategoria, rogorc ukve aRvniSne,
Seicavs saliteraturo da arasaliteraturo teqstis
saxesxvaobebs, aRniSnuli sagazeTo statiis SemTxvevaSi ki
Seicavs arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs.
5. samecniero statia, kerZod, literaturuli samecniero statia,
anu samecniero statia gakeTebuli literaturis dargSi, Cemi
azriT miekuTvneba orives - registrisa da Janris kategorias.
Janris kategorias, imitom rom es kategoria rogorc ukve
aRvniSne, Seicavs saliteraturo da arasaliteraturo teqstis
saxesxvaobebs, literaturuli samecniero statiis SemTxvevaSi
ki Seicavs saliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs. registris
kategorias Cems mier arCeul literaturul samecniero
statias imitom mivakuTvnebdi, rom masSi gamoyenebuli ena Cemi
azriT, gasagebi iqneba da ara bundovani, orivesTvis –
adresantisa da adresatisTvis. istoriuli samecniero statia,
Cemi azriT miekuTvneba Janris kategorias. Janris kategorias,
imitom rom es kategoria rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Seicavs
saliteraturo da arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs,
istoriuli samecniero statiis SemTxvevaSi ki Seicavs
arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs. registris
kategorias istoriul samecniero statias imitom ver
mivakuTvnebdi, rom masSi gamoyenebuli ena SeiZleba gasagebi
ar iyos orivesTvis – adresantisa da adresatisTvis, SeiZleba
bundovani da gaugebari iyos, datvirTuli istoriuli
qronologiiTa da terminebiT, rac Cemi azriT, ufro
istoriulad ganaTlebul mkiTxvels moiTxovs. samedicino
dargSi (sferoSi) Seqmnili samecniero statia, Cemi azriT
miekuTvneba Janris kategorias. Janris kategorias, imitom rom
es kategoria rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Seicavs saliteraturo da
arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs, samedicino dargSi
(sferoSi) Seqmnili samecniero statiis SemTxvevaSi ki Seicavs
128
arasaliteraturo teqstis saxesxvaobebs. registris
kategorias samedicino dargSi (sferoSi) Seqmnil samecniero
statias imitom ver mivakuTvnebdi, rom masSi gamoyenebuli ena
SeiZleba gasagebi ar iyos orivesTvis – adresantisa da
adresatisTvis, SeiZleba bundovani da gaugebari iyos,
datvirTuli mTeli rigi samedicino terminebiT, rac Cemi
azriT, ufro medicinaSi gaTviTcnobierebul mkiTxvels
moiTxovs.
axla ki minda, Cems naSromSi gamokvleuli yoveli sakiTxi
Sevajamo da erTianad, Sejamebuli saxiT warmovadgino.
naSromi dayofilia xuT Tavad.
pirvel TavSi pragmatikuli kategoriebi ganvixile iuridiuli
teqstebis magaliTze. iuridiul teqstebad aviRe saqarTvelos
konstituciis inglisuri versia da saqarTvelos kanoni
eleqtroenergiisa da gazis Sesaxeb, aseve inglisuri versia.
Tavdapirvelad, ganvixile saqarTvelos konstitucia, Semdeg ki
Sevadare igi kanons eleqtroenergiisa da gazis Sesaxeb.
Cems mier dasaxelebul iuridiul teqstebSi aqcenti msmenel
subieqtsa da masze orientirebul kategoriebzea. metyveli subieqti
dafarulia, magram arsebobs, an arsebobda, sxvagvarad teqsti ver
Seiqmneboda. aRniSnuli orive kanoni informaciulia, da
araeqspresiuli; gamWvirvalobis TvalsazrisiT, ki orive teqsti
nawilobriv gamWvirvalea met-naklebobis fonze. saqarTvelos
konstituciasTan SedarebiT, kanoni saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiisa da
gazis Sesaxeb, ufro rTuli agebulebisaa; masSi mravladaa
specifikuri sityvebi da terminebi:
"export", "import", "gas suply", "gas storage", "transit", "transportation
licensee", "Executive Board of the Georgian Wholesale Electricity Market", "Technical
Standards", "Market Rules", "Import Licensee", "Export Licensee" da a. S.
(www.parliament.ge/Legal_Acts/Constitution/consem.html, 100.)
129
teqsti saqarTvelos konstituciisa ufro gamWvirvalea, vidre
meore kanoni, radgan es ufro moiTxovs winaswar Semzadebas,
gadatvirTulia mTeli rigi specifikuri terminebiT, rac umeteswilad
energetikis sferoSi moRvawe adamianebisTvisaa cnobili. saqarTvelos
konstituciis teqsti adresatisTvis ufro gasagebadaa warmodgenili,
vidre kanoni saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiisa da gazis Sesaxeb. aqedan
gamomdinare, saqarTvelos konstituciis teqsti, miuxedavad
gamWvirvalobis yvela faqtoris ganuxorcieleblobisa, ufro metad
ganWvirvaled CavTvale, vidre meore kanoni da vinaidan verc erTi
kanoni ver pasuxobs gamWvirvalobis yvela faqtors, orive maTgani
nawilobriv gamWvirvaled miviCnie, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, met-
naklebobis fonze.
iuridiuli teqstebis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan aRniSnuli orive
teqsti aris kanoni, vifiqre, rom kanonis ZalaSi gatarebas, kargi ki
ara, albaT aucilebelic iqneboda, miniWeboda kategoriaruli statusi;
yvela kanoni xom iqmneba, yalibdeba, magram igi ver imoqmedebs, Tu
ZalaSi ar iqneba gatarebuli; mas Zala ar eqneba da yovelgvari
ganxilva amao iqneba; sxva kategoriebis msgavsad moxdeba misi
pragmatizacia, Seswavlil iqneba sxva stilis teqstebis ki ara,
iuridiuli teqstebis farglebSi da orive subieqtze – metyvel da
msmenel subieqtebze, anu adresantebsa da adresatebze iqneba
orientirebuli. maSin iuridiuli teqstebis SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, kanonis ZalaSi gatarebis kategoria iqneba.
iuridiul teqstebSi Cemi gamokvlevidan gamomdinare SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom aqcenti msmenel subieqtsa da masTan dakavSirebul
pragmatul kategoriebzea. Tumca, marTalia, metyveli subieqti
iuridiul teqstebSi dafarulia, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom is
arsebobs an arsebobda; sxvagvarad teqsti ver Seiqmneboda.
meore TavSi pragmatikuli kategoriebi ganvixile cnobili
italieli filosofosis, istorikosis, literatoris, semiotikosis,
kritikosisa da esTetikosis umberto ekos nawarmoebidan "Foucault's
Pendulum”, pirveli ori Tavis magaliTze. minda davsZino, rom ganvixile
130 am nawarmoebis ara originali, mwerlis mier italiur enaze Seqmnili
varianti, aramed inglisurad naTargmni versia; Targmani Sesrulebulia
uiliam viveris mier.
aRniSnul nawarmoebSi metyveli subieqti aqtiuradaa
warmodgenili. nawarmoebi pirvel pirSia dawerili da cxadia, metyveli
subieqti aqtiurad aris Cabmuli komunikaciis procesSi. Tumca imasac
aRvniSnav, rom marTalia, roca adamiani am nawamoebis kiTxvas daiwyebs,
iseTi gancda daeufleba, TiTqos veraferi gaigo da amdenad, metyvel
subieqtsa da msmenel subieqts Soris iqneba SeuTavsebloba, magram
mainc mimaCnia, rom teqsti iqmneba imisTvis, rom viRacam waikiTxos;
yvela saxis nawarmoebs Tavisi mkiTxveli hyavs, yovelive
damokidebulia mkiTxvelis kategoriaze, mis fonur codnasa da
Tezaurusze.
metyvel subieqtze orientirebuli kategoriebidan umberto ekos
"Foucault's Pendulum"-s xuTive mivusadage da magaliTebic moviyvane.
msmenel subieqtze orientirebul kategoriebTan dakavSirebiT ki
sabolood mainc miviCnie, rom dasaxelebul teqstSi yvelaferi
damokidebulia mkiTxvelis kategoriaze, mis fonur codnasa da
Tezaurusze. zogierTisTvis SeiZleba eqspresiulic iyos Cems mier
aRniSnuli teqsti, gamWvirvalec da informaciulic, zogierTisTvis ki
__ piriqiT. Cemi azriT, mkiTxveli saTanadod unda Seemzados am
nawarmoebis wakiTxvisaTvis, rac mas naklebad miizidavs (ra Tqma unda,
yvelas ara).
umberto ekos nawarmoebSi mainc metyvel subieqtze
orientirebuli kategoriebi sWarbobs, vinaidan metyveli subieqti
ufro aqtiuria; msmeneli subieqti am nawarmoebs moepoveba mxolod
saTanado SemzadebiT, fonuri codniTa da TezaurusiT.
mesame TavSi jer movaxdine umberto ekos Sedareba klasikos
mweral Carlz dikensTan, xolo Semdeg pragmatikuli kategoriebi
ganvixile dikensis erT-erTi romanidan "Great Expectation", xuTi Tavis
mixedviT, bolos ki pragmatikuli kategoriebis TvalsazrisiT, am
131 nawarmoebsa da umberto ekos "Foucault's Pendulum"- s Soris msgavsebis
an gansxvavebis aRmoCenas Sevecade.
metyvel subieqtTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebidan umberto ekos
aRniSnuli nawarmoebis msgavsad, lokaciis kategoria garkveuli
cvlilebebiT xasiaTdeba (cvlilebebSi vigulisxme am kategoriis ori
aspeqtis __ temporaluri da lokaluri aspeqtebis monacvleoba)
Carlz dikensis "Great Expectation"-Si. modalobis kategoria umberto
ekosTan ufro aqtiurad aris warmodgenili, vidre Carlz dikensTan,
radgan "Foucault's Pendulum"-i ufro kargad daiyo modalur
metateqstebad, romlebsac TavianTi mikroTemebi gaaCniaT.
emociurobis, Sefasebis da distanturobis kategoriebi Carlz
dikensTanac naTlad gvxvdeba da umberto ekosTanac.
imasac aRvniSnav, rom mxatvrul teqstSi metyvel subieqtTan
dakavSirebuli kategoriebi arseboben da gvxvdebian ganurCevlad
mimdinareobisa; metyveli subieqti, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, teqstSi
moqmedeba adamianis cnobierebaSi xdeba, Tu saubrisas, igi yovelTvis
axdens raRacis Sefasebas da Tavis emociebsac gamoxatavs xolme, Tu
pirdapir ara, impliciturad mainc.
msmenel subieqtTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebidan, Carlz
dikensTan informaciulobisa da eqspresiulobis kategoriebis
misadageba savsebiT SesaZlebelia, gamWvirvaloba nawilobriv aris
ganxorcielebuli; umberto ekosTan ki yovelive damokidebulia
mkiTxvelis kategoriaze, mis Tezaurussa da fonur codnaze.
zogierTisTvis misi nawarmoebi SeiZleba eqspresiulic iyos,
informaciulic da gamWvirvalec; zogierTisTvis ki __ piriqiT.
Carlz dikensis "Great Expectation"-is ganxilvisas calke gamovyavi
komunikaciuri efeqturobis kategoria, imitom rom komunikaciuroba
marTlac efeqturia, miuxedavad imisa, rom gamWvirvalobis verc erTi
faqtori ver ganxorcielda; dikensi xom klasikosi mweralia da
albaT, ar Sevcdebi, Tu aRvniSnav, rom ara mxolod es dasaxelebuli
nawarmoebi, aramed misi yvela nawarmoebi komunikaciurobis
TvalsazrisiT, Zalian efeqturia.
132
meoTxe TavSi pragmatikuli kategoriebi ganvixile sagazeTo
statiis mixedviT.
sakuTriv pragmatikuli kategoriebis sagazeTo statiis mixedviT
ganxilvaze gadasvlamde saerTod statia davaxasiaTe, ganvmarte, Tu
rogori agebuleba aqvs mas da metyveli subieqtis gasaTvaliswinebel
moTxovnebic warmovadgine. pragmatikuli kategoriebi, rogorc sxva
stilis teqstebSi, ise sagazeTo statiaSi jer metyvel subieqtTan,
xolo Semdeg msmenel subieqtTan dakavSirebiT ganvixile.
metyveli subieqtis sakiTxs sagazeTo teqstSi Semdegnairad
mivudeqi:
aRvniSne, rom metyveli subieqti teqstSi piradad ar Cans, Txroba
III pirSi mimdinareobs; adresanti miTiTebulia statiis TavSi; sagazeTo
teqstSi gamovyavi erTi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da ramdenime misi
qve subieqti; pragmatikuli kategoriebic ganvixile calke __ ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, da calke __ ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare.
sagazeTo statiis ganxilvas viwyeb ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtidan gamomdinare pragmatikuli kategoriebiT.
lokaciis kategoriis sami aspeqtidan mxolod personaluri
aspeqti ar Cans teqstSi, Tumca aRvniSne, rom igi arsebobs.
temporaluri da lokaluri aspeqtebi ki sakuTriv statiaSi gvxvdeba.
modalur kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtidan gamomdinare aRvniSnav, rom sagazeTo teqsti am mxriv
sruliad gansxvavdeba im teqstebisagan, romlebic wina TavebSi
ganvixile. sagazeTo teqsts im SemTxvevisTvis, romelsac axla
ganvixilav, obieqtur modalobas mivusadagebdi, radgan statiaSi
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti sruliad obieqturad asaxavs movlenebs.
igi Tavis gancdebsa da emociebs statiaSi ar gamoxatavs.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, sagazeTo teqsts
verc emociurobis, verc Sefasebis da verc distanturobis kategoria
ver miesadageba, imitom rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti piradad ar
aris CarTuli teqstSi.
133
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare,
pragmatikuli kategoriebi sxvagvarad miesadageba sagazeTo teqsts.
lokaciis kategoriis sami aspeqtidan aRniSnuli SemTxvevisaTvis,
personaluri aspeqtic Seicvleba; TiToeuli metyveli subieqtis qve
subieqtTagani piradad aris CarTuli teqstSi da Tavisi azri da
Sexedulebebi gaaCnia teqstSi arsebuli situaciis mimarT. da
temporaluri aspeqtic icvleba. lokaluri aspeqti ki ucvlelia.
imasac aRvniSnav, rom Cems mier arCeul sagazeTo statiaSi gamovyavi
erTi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da aTi misi qve subieqti; TiToeuli
maTgani dasaxelebulia naSromis meoTxe TavSi.
ori saxis modalobis kategoriidan __ subieqturidan da
obieqturidan, aRniSnuli SemTxvevisaTvis subieqturi modaloba
mivusadage Cems mier gansaxilvelad arCeul statias. ase rom, SeiZleba
iTqvas, sagazeTo statiisadmi orive saxis modalobis misadageba
SeiZleba. subieqturi modaloba mivusadage imitom, rom ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebi TavianT damokidebulebas
gamoxateven teqstSi asaxuli situaciis mimarT. obieqturi modaloba
ki __ imitom, rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti Tavad ar aris CarTuli
teqstSi, igi sruliad obieqturad asaxavs situacias.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare,
ubralod vityvi, dawvrilebiT ganxilvas aRar Sevudgebi, rom
Sefasebis, emociurobis da distanturobis kategoriebi Tavisuflad
mivusadage aRniSnul sagazeTo statias, vinaidan isini piradad arian
CarTuli teqstSi da amdenad movlenis Sefasebasac axdenen da TavianT
emociebsac gamoxataven.
ase rom, sagazeTo teqstSi pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic
metyvel subieqts ukavSirdebian, ganvixile ara mxolod ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, aramed masze damokidebuli qve
subieqtebidan gamomdinare.
msmenel subieqtze orientirebul pragmatikul kategoriebTan
dakavSirebiT vityodi, rom sagazeTo teqstisTvis samive kategoriis __
informaciulobis eqspresiulobis da gamWvirvalobis __ misadagebaa
SesaZlebeli. ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sxva stilis teqstebTan
134 SedarebiT, romlebic me ganvixile, sagazeTo teqsti yvelaze
informaciuli, gamWvirvale da eqspresiulia. am mxriv, komunikaciac
yvelaze efeqturia, mxedvelobaSi Tu ar miviRebT dikenss, romelTanac
komunikaciuri efeqturobis kategoria calke gamovyavi.
mexuTe TavSi pragmatikuli kategoriebi ganvixile samecniero
statiebis mixedviT; kerZod, istoriuli, literaturuli da
biologiuri samecniero statiebis mixedviT.
pragmatikuli kategoriebis am tipis statiebis mixedviT
ganxilvis dawyebamde, saerTod samecniero statiis agebulebasa da
misi weris maneraze vambob oriod sityvas; ra nawilebisgan unda
Sedgebodes samecniero statia. TiToeul nawils vasaxeleb da
vaxasiaTeb.
biologiis dargSi Sesrulebuli samecniero statia arCeuli
maqvs internet veb gverdidan: www.scientificarticles.com /
www.aarpmagazine.org/health/living_longer_science, 104. statiis saTauria: “Living
Longer: Science”. am statiis ganxilvidan gamomdinare, aRvniSne rom masSi
samecniero statiis yvelas moTxovna araa gaTvaliswinebuli, masSi
samecniero statiis yvela nawilia warmodgenili garda erTisa –
Camotanili SeniSvnebis nawilisa.
Ees rac Seexeboda, biologiuri samecniero statiis agebulebas,
Cven davinaxeT akmayofilebda Tu ara dasaxelebuli samecniero statia
samecniero statiis gasaTvaliswinebel moTxovnebs, is nawilobriv
akmayofilebda.
Semdeg gadavedi am samecniero statiis pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT ganxilvaze. sagazeTo statiis msgavsad am
samecniero statiaSic gvaqvs erTi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da
ramdenime misi qve subieqti.
ZiriTadma metyvelma subieqtma Seqmna teqsti, is miTiTebulia
statiis TavSi, Joe Treen, Txroba III pirSi mimdinareobs, sakuTriv
teqstSi ki gamoyvanilni arian kidev sxva subieqtebi, romelTac me qve
subieqtebi vuwode, TiToeuli maTgani piradad aris CarTuli am
135 teqstSi da Tavis azrs gamoxatavs, Tavis kvlevis Sedegebs gvamcnobs
statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze, ra ganapirobebs adamianis an cxovelis
didxans sicocxles. sagazeTo statiis msgavsad am samecniero
statiaSic naTqvami sqemiTac warmovadgine.
vinaidan am dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSic, sagazeTo
statiis msgavsad erTi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da aTi misi qve
subieqtia, pragmatikuli kategoriebi jer ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtidan gamomdinare ganvixile da Semdeg misi qve subieqtebidan –
gamomdinare.
zemoT dasaxelebuli samecniero statiis analizs ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare pragmatikuli kategoriebiT viwyeb.
lokaciis kategoriis sami aspeqtidan: personaluri, temporaluri
da lokaluri, personaluri aspeqti teqstSi Cans, marTalia ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqti mesame pirSi mogviTxrobs, magram igi CarTulia
mTel teqstSi da mTel teqsts gasdevs. swored ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqti iwyebs Txrobas da msmenel subieqtebs, anu adresatebs
garkveul warmodgenas uqmnis statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze – sicocxlis
xangrZlivobaze. minda davsZino, rom Cems mier gamokvleul yovel
sakiTxs gansaxilvelad arCeuli teqstebidan moyvanili magaliTebiT
ufro naTlad warmovadgen.
rac Seexeba lokaciis kategoriis meore – temporalur aspeqts
isev da isev ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, am
dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi is aSkarad TvalnaTliv aris
warmodgenili. is statiis saTauris qvemoT gvxvdeba.
rac Seexeba lokalur aspeqts ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan
gamomdinare, miviCnie, rom is am samecniero statiaSi warmodgenili
araa. anu SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi
lokaciis kategoriis mxolod ori aspeqtia warmodgenili –
personaluri da temporaluri. Llokaluri aspeqti am SemTxvevisaTvis,
masSi warmodgenili araa.
rac Seexeba modalobis kategorias isev da isev ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare. saerTod erTmaneTisgan ganarCeven
subieqtur da obieqtur modalobas. wina TavebSi aRvniSne, rom
136 obieqturi modaloba mxatvrul teqts ar axasiaTebs. am samecniero
statiasac, sagazeTo statiis msgavsad, im SemTxvevisaTvis, romelsac
amjerad ganvixilav, swored obieqturi modaloba Seefereba. obieqturi
modaloba, es xom teqstSi asaxuli situaciis damokidebulebaa
realobasTan. ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti, Cemi azriT, Tavis gancdebsa
da emociebs winamdebare statiaSi ar gamoxatavs. igi sruliad
obieqturad adarebs erTmaneTs adamiansa da cxovels, maT Soris
gansxvavebasac me vTvli, rom zomierad obieqturad warmogvidgens.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare ganvixile
emociurobis, Sefasebisa da distanturobis kategoriebic. am
SemTxvevaSi emociurobis kategoria am dasaxelebul samecniero
statias ar miesadageba, radgan ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti anu
wamyvani adresanti Tavis emociebis gamoxatvisagan statiaSi Tavs
ikavebs da, Cemi azriT, sakmaod obieqturad miyavs Txroba, msmenel
subieqtebs anu adresatebs statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze – sicocxlis
xangrZlivobaze, anu imaze, Tu ra ganapirobebs adamianis an cxovelis
didxans sicocxles, uqmnis garkveul warmodgenas.
verc Sefasebis kategoria mivusadage am samecniero statias
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, radgan masSi igi imas ki
ar gviCvenebs, TviTon rogor afasebs teqstSi dasmul sakiTxs, aramed
patara Sesavals ukeTebs statias da Semdeg sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa da
mecnierTa kvlevis Sedegebsa da azrebs warmogvidgens.
rac Seexeba distanturobis kategorias, miviCnie, rom ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, am kategoriis misadageba
dasaxelebuli samecniero statiisadmi savsebiT SesaZlebelia, radgan
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti anu adresanti piradadaa CarTuli teqstSi.
Semdeg ganvixile pragmatikuli kategoriebi ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare. am SemTxvevaSi lokaciis
kategoriis sami aspeqtidan personaluri da temporaluri aspeqtebi
Seicvleba, xolo lokaluri aspeqti ki am SemTxvevaSic ar gaqvs
warmodgenili. ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis TiToeuli qve subieqti
piradad aris CarTuli teqstSi da Tavisi azri da Sexedulebebi
137 gaaCnia teqstSi dasmul sakiTxze. mTavari adresantis TiToeuli qve
subieqti Cemi sadisertacio naSromis mexuTe TavSi CamoTvlilia.
ori saxis modalobidan, am SemTxvevisaTvis, subieqturi
modaloba mivusadage am samecniero statias; miviCnie, rom sagazeTo
statiis msgavsad am samecniero statiisadmi orive saxis modalobis
miyenebaa SesaZlebeli. subieqturi imitom mivusadage, rom ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebi TavianT damokidebulebas
gamoxataven teqstSi asaxuli situaciis mimarT. obieqturi ki imitom
mivusadage rom miuxedavad imisa, rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti
Tavadac CarTulia teqstSi, is Tavis emociebis gamoxatvisagan da
garkveuli Sefasebebis keTebisagan statiaSi Tavs ikavebs da, Cemi
azriT, sakmaod obieqturad miyavs Txroba, msmenel subieqtebs anu
adresatebs statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze – sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze,
anu imaze, Tu ra ganapirobebs adamianis an cxovelis didxans
sicocxles, uqmnis garkveul warmodgenas.
Sefasebis kategoriis misadageba dasaxelebuli samecniero
statiisadmi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan
gamomdinare, savsebiT SesaZleblad miviCnie, radgan TiToeuli qve
subieqti Taviseburad afasebs teqstSi dasmul sakiTxs da am sakiTxze
Taviseburi Sexedulebebi da azrebi gaaCnia.
emociurobis kategoriis samecniero statiisadmi misadageba
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare, iseve
rogorc ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, SeuZleblad
miviCnie. miuxedavad imisa, rom emociebi ganyenebulad ar arseboben da
isini yvela adamianSia, mainc ver mivusadage es kategoria dasaxelebul
samecniero statias, imitom rom samecniero statiebSi, Cemi azriT,
kvlevis Sedegebia naCvenebi da faqtebis demonstrireba xdeba
yovelgvari emociebis gareSe.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare
samecniero statiisadmi Semdegi kategoriis – distanturobis
kategoriis misadageba savsebiT SesaZleblad miviCnie, imitom rom es
qve subieqtebi xom piradad arian CarTuli teqstSi.
138
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli mowmobs imas, rom dasaxelebul
samecniero statiaSi, iseve rogorc sagazeTo statiaSi, metyvel
subieqtTan anu adresantTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebi
unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan
gamomdinare, aramed misi qve subieqtebidan gamomdinarec.
Semdeg, gadavdivar msmenel subieqtze anu adresatze
orientirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis dasaxelebuli samecniero
statiis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
saerTod, nebismieri teqsti Tavis TavSi Secavs informaciulobas,
am mxriv samecniero statiis dasaxelebuli tipi – statia romelic
biologiis dargSia (sferoSia) Seqmnili, gamonakliss ar warmoadgens.
isic garkveulwilad informaciis matarebelia da amdenad,
informaciulad miviCnie.
gamWvirvalobis TvalsazrisiT, dasaxelebuli samecniero statia
me gaumWvirvaled CavTvale. imitom, rom masSi Cemi azriT,
gamWvirvalobis arcerTi faqtori araa mocemuli. kerZod, teqstSi
asaxuli referentuli situacia erTnairi ver iqneba mTavari
adresantis, misi qve subieqtebisaTvis da adresatisaTvis; verc
komunikaciuri situacia iqneba identuri maTTvis, verc komunikantTa
Tezaurusebi, fonuri codna da samyaros xati ver daemTxveva
erTmaneTs; imitom rom TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva adgilas da
sxvadasxva dros moRvaweobs, maTi samuSao an sacxovrebeli adgili
veranairad ver iqneba msgavsi. minda, isic aRvniSno, rom adresatTa
sxvadasxva tipi arsebobs, zogisTvis es samecniero statia SeiZleba
gasagebi iyos, zogisTvis absoliturad bundovani aRmoCndes, anu
imaTTvis, vinc biologiis sferoSi kargad ar arian Caxedulni
statiaSi aseTi terminebiT gajerebulma adgilebma SeiZleba maTi
dabneva gamoiwvios, Tumca statia informaciulobis TvalsazrisiT
aSkarad garkveuli informaciis mimwodebeli iqneba yvela tipis
mkiTxvelisTvis, magram gamWvirvale ver iqneba. ase rom me am tipis
samecniero statias gaumWvirvaled miviCnevdi.
rac Seexeba eqspresiulobis kategorias, dasaxelebul samecniero
statiaSi eqspresiulobis ori funqciuri momenti mTlad ver erwymis
139 erTmaneTs; SesaZloa adresanti Cafiqrebul zegavlenas axdens
adresatze, magram mTlad ver amowuravs dasmul sakiTxs, anu dasmul
sakiTxze erT amoxsnas ver poulobs; sakiTxi erTia: ra ganapirobebs
adamianis an cxovelis didxans sicocxles da pasuxi ki – mravali;
sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa kvlevis Sedegebia warmodgenili, magram
sabolood mainc iseTi STabeWdileba damrCa TiTqos problema mainc
srulad gadaWrili araa; anu yvela warmodgenili mkvlevari Tavis
azrs gvTavazobs da isini erT saerTo daskvnamde mainc ver midian. isev
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti askvnis sabolood.
komunikaciuri efeqturoba ver emyareba verc adresantis
komunikaciur intencias da verc mis mier samyaros im xatis adekvatur
gaTvaliswinebas, romelic damaxasiaTebelia adresatisTvis. ase rom
dasaxelebuli samecniero statia ara eqspresiulia. Cemi kvlevidan
gamomdinare is mxolod informaciulia, ara eqspresiuli da
gaumWvirvale.
samecniero statiis am tipis SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob imas, rom es
biologiuri samecniero statiaa, minda davamato, rom masSi aqcenti
ZiriTad metyvel subieqtze da mis qve subieqtebzea; Tumca ar uarvyof
im faqtsac, rom saerTod teqsti iqmneba imisTvis, rom viRacam
waikiTxos, anu yvela teqsts hyavs Tavisi adresati, xolo is Tu
rogor arian pragmatikuli kategoriebi masSi warmodgenili, zemoT
TvalnaTliv gamovavline. am TavSi Cemi mizani iyo, sxvadasxva tipis
samecniero statia pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT ganmexila da
Semdeg maTi erTmaneTTan Sedareba momexdina.
biologiuri samecniero statiis pragmatikuli kategoriebis
ganxilvis Semdeg, gadavdivar istoriuli samecniero statiis
ganxilvaze, romelic aseve internetidan maqvs amorCeuli Semdegi veb
gverdidan: www.historicalrenewal.com/articles/women_church_history, 105. statiis
saTauria: “ Women in the history of the Church”.
am samecniero statiis pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
ganxilvis dawyebamde, iseve rogorc biologiuri statiis, gamovikvlie,
Cems naSromSi warmodgenili samecniero statiis gasaTvaliswinebeli
moTxovnebi masSi warmodgenili iyo Tu ara.
140
Tavdapirvelad, aRvniSnav, rom saerTod, istoriis JanrSi
Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi, statia iqneba es, wigni, naxati, Tu leqsi,
garkveul istoriul faqtebs eyrdnoba. metyveli subieqtebi anu
statiis Semqmnelebi, am SemTxvevaSi istoriuli samecniero statiis
Semqmnelebi, sxvadasxva istoriuli literaturis gamoyenebiT qmnian
statias.
wina samecniero statiaSi, kerZod, biologiur samecniero
statiaSi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis mier statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze
sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa anu rogorc me maT ganxilvisas vuwode,
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtTa kvlevis Sedegebi da maTi
azrebia warmodgenili. Cem mier pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
gansaxilvelad arCeul istoriul samecniero statiaSi ki, gvyavs
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti, romelsac miyavs Txroba da sxvadasxva
religiur Tu istoriul wignebsa da samecniero statiebze dayrdnobiT
mogviTxrobs qalTa saqmianobaze da rolze eklesiis istoriaSi,
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebi, romelTa namuSevrebsac is
iyenebs da kidev maTi qve subieqtebi, romlebic mTavari adresantis qve
subieqtTa wignebSi arian gamoyvanilni.
statia ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. metyveli subieqti anu
adresanti miTiTebulia saTauris qvemoT.
istoriuli samecniero statiis agebulebis gamokvlevidan
gamomdinare, davinaxe, rom samecniero statiis formati, biologiuri
samecniero statiis msgavsad, masSic darRveulia; samecniero statiis
yvela nawili araa warmodgenili.
istoriuli samecniero statiis agebulebis gamokvlevis Semdeg,
gadavdivar misi pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero statiaSi gvyavs mTavari
metyveli subieqti, is vinc Seqmna statia, misi qve subieqtebi, romelTa
namuSevrebsac iyenebs ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da kidev maTi qve
subieqtebi, romlebic am meorad metyvel subieqtTa wignebSi arian
gamoyvanilni. aqedan gamomdinare, am dasaxelebul istoriul
samecniero statias jer ZiriTad metyvel subieqtTan dakavSirebuli
pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT ganvixilav, Semdeg mis qve
141 subieqtebTan dakavSirebul pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT da
bolos, am qve subieqtebis qve subieqtebis mixedviT.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, dasaxelebul
istoriul samecniero statiaSi lokaciis kategoriis personaluri
aspeqti aSkarad mocemulia, is statiis dawyebamde, saTauris qvemoT
gvxvdeba. mas miyavs Txroba, Tumca mTavari adresanti pirvel pirSi ar
saubrobs. Txroba III pirSi mimdinareobs da igi statiaSi mis mierve
warmodgenil Temaze – qalebi eklesiis istoriaSi, istoriuli
faqtebis moSveliebiT mogviTxrobs.
pirveli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare, lokaciis kategoriis
temporaluri da lokaluri aspeqtebi am dasaxelebul statiaSi araa
mocemuli, arc is Cans, Tu sad dawera es statia mTavarma adresantma
da arc is Tu rodis dawera. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
vinaidan lokaciis kategoriis sami aspeqtidan: personaluri,
temporaluri da lokaluri, mxolod personaluria mocemuli, isic
ara pirdapir, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es kategoria mTavari adresantidan
gamomdinare araa warmodgenili am dasaxelebul statiaSi.
pirveli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare, arc emociurobis da arc
distanturobis kategoriebi araa warmodgenili am dasaxelebul
samecniero statiaSi. emociurobis kategoria imitom araa
warmodgenili, rom es statia istoriulia da masSi ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtis aranairi emocia ar Cans, is ubralod istoriuli faqtebis
demonstrirebas axdens. distanturobis kategoria imitom araa
warmodgenili am statiaSi, rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti piradad
araa CarTuli im faqtebSi, romlebsac igi gadmogvcems, is ubralod
mogviTxrobs qalebze eklesiis istoriaSi da im dros warmogvidgens,
rodesac is arc dabadebuli iqneboda da verc piradad miiRebda
monawileobas statiaSi aRweril istoriul faqtebSi.
rac Seexeba Sefasebis kategorias, isev da isev ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, vityodi, rom is warmodgenilia am
dasaxelebul statiaSi, imitom rom statiis SesavalSi mTavari
adresanti im masalis warmogvidgenisas, romelic eklesiis istoriaSi
qalebis rolze mogviTxrobs, axdens garkveul Sefasebas, romeli
142 ufro ukeT gadmogvcems am sakiTxs da sxvebTan SedarebiT
upiratesobas Ruth A. Tucker-isa da Walter Liefeld-is wigns “The Daughters of the
Church”-s aniWebs.
mTavari metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, ori saxis modalobis
kategoriidan, subieqturidan da obieqturidan, dasaxelebul statias
obieqturs mivusadagebdi, imitom rom masSi mTavari adresantis piradi
azri Tavisive statiaSi dasmul sakiTxze araa gamoTqmuli im mizeziT,
rom statia istoriulia da masSi misi damweris piradi azrebi ki ara
faqtebia mTavari.
mTavari adresantidan gamomdinare pragmatikuli kategoriebis
istoriuli samecniero statiis mixedviT ganxilvisas, aRmoCnda, rom
mxolod modalobisa da Sefasebis kategoriebia masSi warmodgenili.
Semdeg gadavdivar mTavari adresantis qve subieqtebTan
dakavSirebul kategoriebis dasaxelebuli istoriuli samecniero
statiis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero statiaSi mTavari metyveli
subieqtis xuTi qve subieqtia: Rosemary Ruether, Rosemary Keller, Sharon K.
Elkins, Ruth Tucker da Walter Liefeld, romelTa istoriul naSromebsac
asaxelebs mTavari adresanti. amaTgan ori – Ruth Tucker da Walter Liefeld-i,
aqtiurad miviCnie, imitom rom swored maTi wignis mixedviT
mogviTxrobs ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti qalebis rolze eklesiis
istoriaSi. xolo danarCenebi – Rosemary Ruether, Rosemary Keller, Sharon K.
Elkins, ki – pasiurad, imitom rom mTavari adresanti maT ubralod
asaxelebs.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare,
maTTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebidan mxolod
modalobisa da lokaciis (isic ara srulad) aris mocemuli
dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero statiaSi.
lokaciis kategoriis sami aspeqtidan: personaluri, lokaluri
da temporaluri, personaluris garda, isic ara pirdapiraa mocemuli,
arcerTi araa warmodgenili am statiaSi im SemTxvevisaTvis, romelsac
axla ganvixilav. personaluri aspeqti warmodgenilia ara pirdapir,
143 Tumca ra Tqma unda, arsebobs, magram TviTon ar Cans da piradad araa
CarTuli teqstSi, arc is Cans romel wels da sad Seqmnes am
subieqtebma Ruth Tucker – ma da Walter Liefeld – ma TavianTi wigni “The
Daughters of the Church”. amitomac mimaCnia, rom lokaciis kategoria
srulad araa warmodgenili, ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve
subieqtebidan gamomdinare am dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero
statiaSi, radgan am kategoriis mxolod erTi aspeqti - personaluria
mocemuli.
emociurobis da Sefasebis kategoriebi imitom araa warmodgenili
am SemTxvevisaTvis winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenili, rom mTavari
subieqtebis qve subieqtTa aranairi emocia da Sefaseba ar Cans maT
mier Seqmnil, statiaSi dasaxelebul wignSi.
distanturobis kategorias imitom ver mivusadagebdi am
dasaxelebul statias am SemTxvevisaTvis, rom mTavari adresantebis qve
subieqtebi piradad ar arian CarTuli TavianT wignSi. maT sxvadasxva
istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT Seqmnes TavianTi wigni.
rac Seexeba modalobis kategorias, am SemTxvevisaTvis, ori saxis
modalobidan – obieqturidan da subieqturidan, obieqturi mivusadage
am dasaxelebul statias, imitom rom masSi naxseneb wignSi, misi
Semqmnelebi obieqturad mogviTxroben istoriul faqtebs, romlebsac
Semdeg winamdebare statiis Semqmneli – mTavari adresanti iyenebs
Tavis statiaSi.
es, rac Seexeboda mTavari adresantis qve subieqtebTan
dakavSirebul pragmatikuli kategoriebis istoriuli samecniero
statiis mixedviT ganxilvas, Semdeg gadavdivar am qve subieqtTa kidev
qve subieqtebTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis igive
statiis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
am dasaxelebul istoriul statiaSi mTavari adresantis qve
subieqtebis kidev 44 qve subieqtia. TiToeuli maTgani dasaxelebulia
winamdebare naSromSi. isini piradad arian CarTulni am dasaxelebul
istoriul samecniero statiaSi; anu lokaciis kategoriis
personaluri aspeqti mTavari adresantis qve subieqtebis kidev qve
subieqtebidan gamomdinare aSkarad mocemulia masSi da garkveuli
144 cvalebadobiT xasiaTdeba. amave kategoriis meore da mesame –
lokaluri da temporaluri aspeqtebic icvlebian am SemTxvevidan
gamomdinare. yovelive amis ufro naTlad saCveneblad momyavs
nawyvetebi sakuTriv statiidan.
rac Seexeba, emociurobisa da Sefasebis kategoriebs mTavari
adresantis qve subieqtebis kidev qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare, Cemi
azriT, arcerTi maTgani araa mocemuli am dasaxelebul istoriul
samecniero statiaSi. aRvniSnav, rom masSi da ara mxolod masSi,
saerTod istoriul statiebSi xdeba istoriuli faqtebis dasaxeleba
da aRwera, maTSi aranairi emocia da Sefaseba ar SeiniSneba.
Ovinaidan da radganac, ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve
subieqtTa qve subieqtebi piradad arian am dasaxelebul samecniero
statiaSi CarTulni, distanturobis kategoriis misadageba am
SemTxvevisaTvis, savsebiT SesaZleblad miviCnie.
ori saxis modalobidan – subieqturidan da obieqturidan,
aRniSnuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare, obieqturi mivusadage am
dasaxelebul istoriul samecniero statias, radgan, Cemi azriT,
sakmaod obieqturad xdeba istoriuli faqtebisa da movlenebis
mkiTxvelebamde anu adresatebamde mitana.
adresantebTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis
dasaxelebuli istoriuli samecniero statiis ganxilvis Semdeg,
msmenel subieqtebTan anu adresatebTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebis
igive statiis mixedviT ganxilvaze gadavdivar.
iseve rogorc yvela tipis teqsti Tavis TavSi Seicavs garkveul
informaciulobas, es istoriuli samecniero statiac ar warmoadgens
gamonakliss. is, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli istoriuli informaciis
momwodebelia; anu samecniero statiis es tipi informaciulad
iTvleba.
gamWvirvalobis TvalsazrisiT, dasaxelebuli samecniero statia
me gaumWvirvaled miviCnie. imitom rom masSi Cemi azriT,
gamWvirvalobis arcerTi faqtori araa mocemuli. kerZod, teqstSi
asaxuli referentuli situacia erTnairi ver iqneboda mTavari
adresantisaTvis, misi qve subieqtebisTvis, am qve subieqtTa kidev qve
145 subieqtebisTvis da adresatisTvis, verc komunikaciuri situacia
iqneboda identuri maTTvis, verc komunikantTa Tezaurusebi, fonuri
codna da samyaros xati ver daemTxveoda erTmaneTs; imitom rom
mTavari adresanti iqneba, misi qve subieqtebi iqnebian, Tu kidev maTi
qve subieqtebi an adresatebi, TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva dros da
sxvadasxva adgilas moRvaweobs, erTnairi verc samuSao an
sacxovrebeli adgili eqnebodaT, da verc erTsa da imave dros
mouwevdaT moRvaweoba. imasac aRvniSnav, rom adresatTa sxvadasxva tipi
arsebobs, zogisTvis es samecniero statia SeiZleba gasagebi iyos,
zogisTvis absoliturad bundovani, an cotaTi gaugebari aRmoCndes,
anu imaTTvis, vinc istorias da religias kargad ar icnoben, kargad
ar arian Caxedulni istoriul an religiur sakiTxebSi, statiaSi aseTi
terminebiT gajerebulma adgilebma SeiZleba maTi dabneva gamoiwvios,
Tumca statia informaciulobis TvalsazrisiT aSkarad garkveuli
informaciis mimwodebeli iqneba yvela tipis mkiTxvelisTvis, magram
gamWvirvale ver iqneba. ase rom me am tipis samecniero statia
gaumWvirvaled miviCnie.
rac Seexeba eqspresiulobis kategorias, dasaxelebul samecniero
statiaSi eqspresiulobis ori funqciuri momenti Cemi azriT, erwymis
erTmaneTs; adresanti Cafiqrebul zegavlenas axdens adresatze.
statiaSi absoliturad amomwuravi informaciaa mocemuli qalebis
Sesaxeb eklesiis istoriaSi. mTavari metyveli subieqti mis mier
SerCeuli qve subieqtebis Ruth Tucker – isa da Walter Liefeld – is wignis
“The Daughters of the Church” mixedviT mogviTxrobs statiaSi mis mierve
dasmul sakiTxze. gamokvlevidan gamomdinare, winamdebare istoriuli
samecniero statia me eqspresiulad miviCnie.
samecniero statiis am tipis SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob imas, rom es
istoriuli samecniero statiaa, davsZen, rom masSi aqcenti ZiriTad
metyvel subieqtze, mis qve subieqtebze da kidev maT qve subieqtebzea
da ra Tqma unda am statiaSi maTTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebi
sWarbobs, Tumca biologiur samecniero statiisgan gansxvavebiT, es
istoriuli samecniero statia informaciuli, gaumWvirvale da
146 eqspresiulia, maSin rodesac biologiuri samecniero statia
informaciuli, gaumWvirvale da ara eqspresiulad miviCnie.
istoriuli samecniero statiis pragmatikuli kategoriebis
ganxilvis Semdeg gadavdivar literaturuli samecniero statiis
pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
literaturuli samecniero statia literaturul-mxatvrul da
sazogadoebriv-politikur Jurnal “ciskris” ( 106 ) 1971 wlis 4
aprilis nomridan amovarCie. es Jurnali qarTul enaze gamodioda da
Sesabamisad statiac qarTul enazea. esaa zviad gamsaxurdias
literaturuli samecniero statia saTauriT: “tradiciis gageba t. s.
eliotis SemoqmedebaSi”.
dasaxelebuli samecniero statiis pragmatikuli kategoriebis
mixedviT ganxilvis dawyebamde, vikvlev, aris Tu ara winamdebare
naSromSi naxsenebi samecniero statiis gasaTvaliswinebeli moTxovnebi
masSi warmodgenili da Semdeg ganvixilav mas pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT.
Tavdapirvelad, literaturul samecniero statiebis Taobaze Cems
azrs warmovadgen; Cemi azriT, literaturuli samecniero statiebi
samecnieroc aris da mxatvruli literaturis Janrsac miekuTvneba,
imitom rom maTSi ZiriTadad mxatvruli literaturis Sedevrebi
ganixileba samecniero eniT. zemoT ganxilul sagazeTo statias,
biologiur da istoriul samecniero statiebs mxatvrul
literaturasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT, xolo literaturuli
samecniero statia ki mxatvruli literaturis Janrs miekuTvneba. es
aris pirveli ZiriTadi gansxvaveba Cem naSromSi pragmatikuli
kategoriebis mixedviT gansaxilvelad arCeul statiebs Soris –
sagazeTo da samecniero; sakuTriv samecniero statiebs Soris.
amis Semdeg ki vikvlev, ramdenad aris samecniero statiis
gasaTvaliswinebeli moTxovnebi dasaxelebul literaturul
samecniero statiaSi gaTvaliswinebuli.
gamokvlevidan gamomdinare davaskveni, rom dasaxelebul samecniero
statiaSi, Cems mierve warmodgenili samecniero statiis yvela moTxovna
araa gaTvaliswinebuli; masSi samecniero statiis yvela nawilia
147 warmodgenili garda reziumesi da Sedegebis nawilisa; anu samecniero
statiis formati am winamdebare statiaSic darRveulia.
es, rac Seexeboda zogadad samecniero statiis agebulebas,
winamdebare naSromSi davinaxeT, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebda
dasaxelebuli literaturuli samecniero statia samecniero statiis
gasaTvaliswinebel moTxovnebs; davinaxeT, rom es moTxovnebi masSi
darRveulia, srulad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
amis Semdeg gadavdivar dasaxelebuli literaturuli samecniero
statiis pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
am dasaxelebul samecniero statiaSi, Cemi azriT, gvyavs erTi
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti, romelmac Seqmna winamdebare statia da
misi erTi qve subieqti, romelzec saubaria masSi.
winamdebare statiaSi mTavari adresanti aris zviad gamsaxurdia, man
dawera es statia, xolo misi qve subieqtia tomas sternz elioti,
romlis Semoqmedebasac mimoixilavs mTavari adresanti.
pragmatikul kategoriebs ganvixilav jer mTavari adresantidan
gamomdinare, xolo Semdeg misi qve subieqtidan gamomdinare.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, lokaciis kategoriis
sami aspeqtidan: personaluri, lokaluri da temporaluri, mxolod
personaluria warmodgenili, Txroba xan pirvel pirSi mimdinareobs,
xan III pirSi da iTvleba, rom mTavari adresanti statiis bolomde
gasdevs teqsts da masSi Tavisi qve subieqtis ideebis garda
sakuTarsac warmogvidgens. yovelive amis ufro naTelsayofad momyavs
nawyvetebi statiidan.
isev da isev am SemTxvevidan gamomdinare, statiaSi arc is aris
naCvenebi sad da arc is, Tu rodis xdeba masSi warmodgenili
referentuli situacia.
modalobis kategoriis ori tipidan – subieqturi da obieqturi,
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, am dasaxelebul statias
subieqturi mivusadage, imitom rom masSi mTavari adresantis
subieqturi azrebic naTlad aris warmodgenili. amis naTelsayofad
kvlav momyavs nawyvetebi statiidan.
148
dasaxelebul samecniero statias mivusadage emociurobisa da
Sefasebis kategoriebi isev da isev ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan
gamomdinare, imitom rom mTavari metyveli subieqti mTeli statiis
farglebSi garkveul Sefasebebs axdens da adamianis emociebzec
TviTonve laparakobs.
mTavari adresantidan gamomdinare, distanturobis kategoriac
mivusadage am dasaxelebul literaturul samcniero statias, imitom
rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti piradadaa CarTuli teqstSi.
rogorc davinaxeT, ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare,
emociurobis, Sefasebis, distanturobis, modalobis kategoriebis
misadageba savsebiT SesaZlebelia dasaxelebuli literaturuli
samecniero statiisadmi, vinaidan lokaciis kategoriis marto erTi
aspeqtia warmodgenili, es kategoria, Cemi azriT, ara srulad aris
mocemuli winamdebare statiaSi.
Semdeg gadavdivar mTavari adresantis qve subieqtTan dakavSirebuli
pragmatikuli kategoriebis dasaxelebuli literaturuli samecniero
statiis mixedviT ganxilvaze.
winamdebare statiaSi mTavari adresantis qve subieqtad me tomas
sternz elioti miviCnie, imitom rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti
swored am mwerlis Semoqmedebas mimoixilavs da misi statiac miznad
isaxavs, gansazRvros tradiciis roli mis SemoqmedebaSi; agreTve
mogvces daxasiaTeba Tavad eliotis damokidebulebisa tradiciis
gagebasTan, radgan eliotiseuli gageba tradiciisa Zireulad
gansxvavdeba adrindel poetTa koncepciebisagan.
mTavari adresantis qve subieqtidan gamomdinare lokaciis am
dasaxelebuli statiisadmi misadageba, Cemi azriT, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia. am kategoriis sami aspeqtidan – personaluri,
lokaluri da temporaluri, mxolod personaluri da temporaluria
mocemuli da amitom lokaciis kategoria am SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba
iTqvas nawilobriv aris warmodgenili. lokaciis kategoriis
personaluri aspeqti ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtidan
gamomdinare xan I pirSia warmodgenili, xan III- Si.
149
mTavari adresantis qve subieqtidan – tomas sternz eliotidan
gamomdinare, am dasaxelebul literaturul samecniero statiaSi,
lokaciis kategoriis temporaluri aspeqtis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs is
faqti, rom elioti meoce saukuneSi daibada da am saukuneSive
moRvaweobda, misi namuSevrebi meoce saukuneSi Seiqmna; statiaSi
Tanamedrove epoqa – meoce saukune naxsenebia ara erTxel. yovelive
Tqmulis dasadastureblad momyavs nawyvetebi statiidan.
es, rac Seexeboda lokaciis kategorias mTavari adresantis – zviad
gamsaxurdias, qve subieqtis – tomas sternz eliotidan gamomdinare,
rogorc davinaxeT es kategoria am SemTxvevaSic arasrulad aris
warmodgenili, imitom rom misi mxolod ori aspeqti – personaluri da
temporaluria mocemuli am dasaxelebul literaturul samecniero
statiaSi, lokaluri aspeqti am SemTxvevidan gamomdinare masSi
warmodgenili araa.
Sefasebisa da emociurobis kategoriebTan dakavSirebiT vityodi,
rom orive kategoria mTavari adresantis qve subieqtidan gamomdinare
winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenilia. ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve
subieqti – elioti msjelobs da garkveul Sefasebebs akeTebs mTavari
adresantis mier statiis saTaurSive dasmul sakiTxze – tradiciis
gagebaze eliotis SemoqmedebaSi.
rac Seexeba emociurobis kategorias, am dasaxelebul
literaturul samecniero statiaSi mTavari adresantis qve
subieqtidan gamomdinare, aRvniSnav rom elioti emociebis Tavisebur
gagebas warmogvidgens. mas miaCnia, rom axal poeziaSi unda moxdes
emociis impersonaluri gardaqmna, anu poetma unda miaRwios
impersonalurobas, e. i. pirovnebisgan ganTavisuflebas SemoqmedebaSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, mTavari adresantis qve subieqtis mixedviT
dasaxelebul literaturul samecniero statiaSi warmodgenil
emociurobis kategoriisTvis, me marto emociurobisa ar damirqmevia; am
SemTxvevisaTvis am kategoriisTvis Semovitane axali saxelwodeba:
impersonaluri emociurobis kategoria.
e. i. mTavari adresantis qve subieqtidan gamomdinare, dasaxelebul
literaturul samecniero statias emociurobis kategoria ki ar
150 mivusadage, aramed impersonaluri emociurobis kategoria. Tu ras
niSnavs sityva impersonaluri mexuTe TavSi ganvmarte da kidev erTxel
gavimeoreb, es aris pirovnebisagan ganTavisufleba SemoqmedebaSi, anu
poetma Tavis Tavi unda Seswiros nawarmoebs, romelsac hqmnis.
ori saxis modalobidan – subieqturidan da obieqturidan,
aRniSnuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare winamdebare statias subieqturi
modaloba mivusadage. imitom, rom mTavari adresantis qve subieqti –
tomas sternz elioti am dasaxelebul literaturul samecniero
statiaSi Tavis subieqtur azrebsa da Sexedulebebs warmogvidgens
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis mier statiis saTaurSive dasmul
sakiTxze – tradiciis gagebaze eliotis SemoqmedebaSi. sakuTari azris
ufro naTlad warmosadgenad, magaliTisaTvis nawyvetebi momyavs
sakuTriv statiidan.
vinaidan da radganac, mTavari adresantis qve subieqti piradad aris
CarTuli winamdebare statiaSi mimdinare TxrobaSi, distanturobis
kategoriis misadmi miyeneba savsebiT SesaZleblad miviCnie.
rogorc ganxilvidan davinaxeT, ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve
subieqtTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebidan am
dasaxelebuli literaturuli samecniero statiisadmi SesaZlebelia
Semdegi kategoriebis misadageba: lokaciis (nawilobriv, imitom rom am
kategoriis samive aspeqti araa warmodgenili am SemTxvevisaTvis
winamdebare statiaSi), subieqturi modalobis, distanturobis da
Sefasebis; emociurobis kategorias cota sxvagvarad mivudeqi isev da
isev Tavad mTavari adresantis qve subieqtis emociurobaze
Sexedulebidan gamomdinare. am kategorias me marto emociurobis
nacvlad impersonaluri anu pirovnebis miRma emociurobis kategoria
vuwode imitom rom Tavad ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqts –
eliots, hqonda aseTi Sexeduleba emociurobaze winamdebare statiaSi.
mTavar adresantTan da mis qve subieqtTan dakavSirebuli
pragmatikuli kategoriebis am dasaxelebuli literaturuli
samecniero statiis mixedviT ganxilvis Semdeg, gadavdivar msmenel
subieqtTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebis igive statiis
mixedviT ganxilvaze.
151
informaciulobis TvalsazrisiT winamdebare samecniero statia
informaciulia, rogorc yvela tipis teqsti, is Tavis TavSi Seicavs
garkveul informacias, am SemTxvevaSi informacias eliotis
SemoqmedebaSi tradiciis gagebaze.
gamWvirvalobis TvalsazrisiT, dasaxelebul literaturul
samecniero statia, iseve rogorc zemoT ganxiluli samecniero
statiebis or tipi – biologiuri da istoriuli, aseve gaumWvirvaled
miviCnie. imitom rom, rom arc masSia gamWvirvalobis arc erTi faqtori
mocemuli; kerZod, teqstSi asaxuli referentuli situacia erTnairi
ver iqneboda verc mTavari adresantisaTvis, verc misi qve
subieqtisaTvis, verc adresatisaTvis an adresatebisaTvis; verc
komunikaciuri situacia iqneboda identuri maTTvis; verc komunikantTa
Tezaurusebi, fonuri codna da samyaros xati ver daemTxveoda
erTmaneTs; imitom rom mTavari adresanti iqneboda, misi qve subieqtebi
iqnebodnen, Tu kidev maTi qve subieqtebi an adresatebi, TiToeuli
maTgani sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva adgilas moRvaweobs, erTnairi
verc samuSao an sacxovrebeli adgili eqnebodaT, da verc erTsa da
imave dros mouwevdaT moRvaweoba. imasac davsZen, rom adresatTa
sxvadasxva tipi arsebobs, iseve rogorc zemoT ganxilul samecniero
statiebi, es samecniero statiac zogisTvis SeiZleba gasagebi iyos,
zogisTvis cotaTi gaugebari aRmoCndes; anu imaTTvis, vinc eliotis
Semoqmedebas kargad ar icnoben, zogierTma adgilma SeiZleba maTi
dabneva gamoiwvios, Tumca statia informaciulobis TvalsazrisiT
aSkarad garkveuli informaciis mimwodebeli iqneba yvela tipis
mkiTxvelisTvis, magram gamWvirvale ver iqneba. ase rom me am tipis
samecniero statiac gaumWvirvaled miviCnie
rac Seexeba eqspresiulobis kategorias, gamokvlevidan
gamomdinare, winamdebare istoriuli samecniero statia, me
eqspresiulad miviCnie. mTavari adresanti – statiis Semqmneli,
intenciur zegavlenas axdens adresatze. is statiaSi absoluturad
daxvewilad da Tanmimdevrulad msjelobs mis mierve dasmul sakiTxze,
tradiciis gagebaze eliotis SemoqmedebaSi; marTalia, eliotis
Semoqmedebidan, eliotis anu Tavisi qve subieqtis azrebs
152 warmogvidgens, Tumca naTlad axdens Semdeg Tavisi qve subieqtis
naazrevis ganmartebas, raTa mkiTxvelamde, anu adresatamde saTqmeli
TvalsaCinod miitanos.
samecniero statiis am tipis SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob imas, rom es
literaturuli samecniero statiaa, davsZen, rom masSi aqcenti ZiriTad
metyvel subieqtze da mis qve subieqtzea da ra Tqma unda, am statiaSi
maTTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebi sWarbobs, Tumca biologiur
samecniero statiisgan gansxvavebiT da istoriuli samecniero statiis
msgavsad es literaturuli samecniero statia informaciuli,
gaumWvirvale da eqspresiulia, maSin rodesac biologiuri samecniero
statia informaciuli, gaumWvirvale da ara eqspresiulad miviCnie.
xazgasmiT aRvniSnav im faqts, rom es literaturuli samecniero
statia mTavari metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtidan gamomdinare,
danarCeni ori samecniero statiisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
emociurobis kategorias winamdebare statiaSi maTgan gansxvavebulad
mivudeqi; masSi impersonaluri (pirovnebis miRma) emociurobis
kategoriaa warmodgenili da ara mxolod emociurobis.
153
kvlevis saboloo Sedegebi
Cemi sadisertacio Temis mizani iyo pragmatikuli kategoriebi
ganmexila sxvadasxva stilis teqstebis magaliTze __ iuridiul,
mxatvrul, sagazeTo, samecniero teqstebis magaliTze; gamemijna
pragmatikuli kategoriebi __ gamomeyo metyvel subieqtTan
dakavSirebuli da msmenel subieqtTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli
kategoriebi; aseve damedgina, zemoT aRniSnul teqstebSi pragmatikuli
kategoriebis prevalireba-nakleboba da kidev gamerkvia, romeli
stilis teqsti aRmoCndeboda yvelaze informaciuli, gamWvirvale da
eqspresiuli.
Cemi kvlevidan gamomdinare davadgine, rom Cems mier ganxilul
iuridiul teqstebSi (ara marto am teqstebSi, saerTod, iuridiul
teqstebSi) aqcenti msmenel subieqtsa da masze orientirebul
pragmatikul kategoriebzea. metyveli subieqti dafarulia, magram
arsebobs. dasaxelebuli orive kanoni informaciulia, araeqspresiuli;
gamWvirvalobis TvalsazrisiT ki orive teqsti nawilobriv
gamWvirvalea met-naklebobis fonze. Semovitane azri, rom kanonis
ZalaSi gatarebas mieniWos kategorialuri statusi, radgan kanonis
ZalaSi gatarebis gareSe kanons Zala ar eqneba da mis ganxilvasac
azri daekargeba.
metyvel subieqtze orientirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebidan
umberto ekos "Foucault's Pendulum"-s xuTive mivusadage da magaliTebic
moviyvane. msmenel subieqtze orientirebul kategoriebTan
dakavSirebiT ki sabolood mainc miviCnie, rom dasaxelebul teqstSi
yvelaferi damokidebulia mkiTxvelis kategoriaze, mis fonur codnasa
da Tezaurusze. zogierTisTvis SeiZleba eqspresiulic iyos Cems mier
aRniSnuli teqsti, gamWvirvalec da informaciulic, zogierTisTvis ki
__ piriqiT. Cemi azriT, mkiTxveli saTanadod unda Seemzados am
nawarmoebis wakiTxvisaTvis, rac mas naklebad miizidavs (ra Tqma unda,
yvelas ara).
154
umberto ekos nawarmoebSi mainc metyvel subieqtze
orientirebuli kategoriebi sWarbobs, vinaidan metyveli subieqti
ufro aqtiuria; msmeneli subieqti am nawarmoebs moepoveba mxolod
saTanado SemzadebiT, fonuri codniTa da TezaurusiT.
Carlz dikensis "Great Expectation"-Si "Foucault's Pendulum"-is
msgavsad, metyvel subieqtTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebidan, lokaciis
kategoria garkveuli cvlilebebiT xasiaTdeba (cvlilebebSi
igulisxmeba lokaciis kategoriis ori aspeqtis, temporaluri da
lokaluri aspeqtebis monacvleoba). ori saxis modalobidan __
subieqturidan da obieqturidan, "Great Expectation"-isadmi subieqturi
modalobis misadageba SeiZleba, romelic asaxavs metyveli subieqtis
anu adresantis damokidebulebas teqstSi asaxuli situaciis mimarT.
subieqturi modalobis kategoria umberto ekosTan ufro
aqtiurad aris mocemuli, vidre Carlz dikensTan. emociurobis,
Sefasebis da distanturobis kategoriebi ki Carlz dikensTanac
naTlad gvxvdeba da umberto ekosTanac.
Carlz dikensis "Great Expectation"-is ganxilvisas calke gamovyavi
komunikaciuri efeqturobis kategoria, imitom rom komunikaciuroba
marTlac efeqturia, miuxedavad imisa, rom gamWvirvalobis verc erTi
faqtori ver ganxorcielda; dikensi xom klasikosi mweralia da
albaT, ar Sevcdebi, Tu aRvniSnav, rom ara mxolod es dasaxelebuli
nawarmoebi, aramed misi yvela nawarmoebi komunikaciurobis
TvalsazrisiT, Zalian efeqturia.
mxatvrul teqstSi metyvel subieqtTan dakavSirebuli
kategoriebi arseboben da gvxvdebian ganurCevlad mimdinareobisa;
metyveli subieqti, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, teqstSi moqmedeba adamianis
cnobierebaSi xdeba, Tu saubrisas, yovelTvis axdens raRacis Sefasebas
da Tavis emociebsac gamoxatavs xolme, pirdapir Tu ara,
impliciturad mainc.
msmenel subieqtTan anu adresatTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli
kategoriebidan, Carlz dikensisaTvis informaciulobisa da
eqspresiulobis kategoriebis misadageba savsebiT SesaZlebelia,
155 gamWvirvaloba nawilobriv aris ganxorcielebuli; umberto ekosTan ki
yovelive damokidebulia mkiTxvelis kategoriaze, mis Tezaurussa da
fonur codnaze. zogierTisTvis misi nawarmoebi SeiZleba eqspresiulic
iyos, gamWvirvalec da informaciulic.
sagazeTo teqstSi, pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic metyvel
subieqts ukavSirdebian, unda ganvixiloT ar mxolod ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, aramed masze damokidebuli qve
subieqtebidan gamomdinare. rogorc Cans, zemoT naxseneb teqstebTan
SedarebiT Sedegi gansxvavebulia.
sagazeTo statiis ganxilvas ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan
gamomdinare pragmatikuli kategoriebiT viwyeb.
lokaciis kategoriis sami aspeqtidan mxolod personaluri
aspeqti ar Cans teqstSi, Tumca aRvniSne, rom igi arsebobs.
temporaluri da lokaluri aspeqtebi ki sakuTriv statiaSi gvxvdeba.
modalur kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqtidan gamomdinare aRvniSnav, rom sagazeTo teqsti am mxriv
sruliad gansxvavdeba im teqstebisagan, romlebic wina TavebSi
ganvixile. am SemTxvevisTvis, romelsac me ganvixilav, sagazeTo teqsts
obieqtur modalobas mivusadagebdi, radgan ZiriTadi metyveli
subieqti statiaSi sruliad obieqturad asaxavs movlenebs. igi Tavis
gancdebsa da emociebs statiaSi ar gamoxatavs.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, sagazeTo teqsts
verc emociurobis, verc Sefasebis da verc distanturobis kategoria
ver miesadageba, imitom rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti piradad ar
aris CarTuli teqstSi.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare,
pragmatikuli kategoriebi sxvagvarad miesadageba sagazeTo teqsts.
lokaciis kategoriis sami aspeqtidan aRniSnuli SemTxvevisaTvis,
personaluri aspeqtic Seicvleba; TiToeuli metyveli subieqtis qve
subieqtTagani piradad aris CarTuli teqstSi da Tavisi azri da
Sexedulebebi gaaCnia teqstSi arsebuli situaciis mimarT. da
temporaluri aspeqtic icvleba. lokaluri aspeqti ki – ucvlelia.
imasac aRvniSnav, rom Cems mier arCeul sagazeTo statiaSi gamovyavi
156 erTi ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti da aTi misi qve subieqti; TiToeuli
maTgani dasaxelebulia naSromis meoTxe TavSi.
ori saxis modalobis kategoriidan __ subieqturidan da
obieqturidan, aRniSnuli SemTxvevisaTvis subieqturi modaloba
mivusadage Cems mier gansaxilvelad arCeul statias. ase rom, SeiZleba
iTqvas, sagazeTo statiisadmi orive saxis modalobis misadageba
SeiZleba. subieqturi modaloba imitom mivusadage, rom ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebi TavianT damokidebulebas
gamoxateven teqstSi asaxuli situaciis mimarT. obieqturi modaloba
ki __ imitom, rom ZiriTadi metyveli subieqti Tavad ar aris CarTuli
teqstSi, igi sruliad obieqturad asaxavs situacias.
ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtis qve subieqtebidan gamomdinare,
ubralod vityvi, dawvrilebiT ganxilvas aRar Sevudgebi, rom
Sefasebis, emociurobis da distanturobis kategoriebi Tavisuflad
mivuyene aRniSnul sagazeTo statias, vinaidan isini piradad arian
CarTuli teqstSi da amdenad movlenis Sefasebasac axdenen da TavianT
emociebsac gamoxataven.
ase rom, sagazeTo teqstSi pragmatikuli kategoriebi, romlebic
metyvel subieqts ukavSirdebian, ganvixile ara mxolod ZiriTadi
metyveli subieqtidan gamomdinare, aramed masze damokidebuli qve
subieqtebidan gamomdinare.
msmenel subieqtze orientirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebidan
sagazeTo teqstisTvis samive kategoriis __ informaciulobis
eqspresiulobis da gamWvirvalobis __ misadagebaa SesaZlebeli.
ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sxva stilis teqstebTan SedarebiT,
romlebic me ganvixile, sagazeTo teqsti yvelaze informaciuli,
gamWvirvale da eqspresiulia. am mxriv, komunikaciac yvelaze
efeqturia, mxedvelobaSi Tu ar miviRebT dikenss, romelTanac
komunikaciuri efeqturobis kategoria calke gamovyavi.
samecniero statiebSi, iseve rogorc sagazeTo statiaSi, metyvel
subieqtTan anu adresantTan dakavSirebuli pragmatikuli kategoriebi
unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod ZiriTadi metyveli subieqtidan
gamomdinare, aramed misi qve subieqtebidan gamomdinarec.
157
samecniero statiebis SemTxvevaSi, aqcenti ZiriTad metyvel
subieqtze da mis qve subieqtebzea; Tumca ar uarvyof im faqtsac, rom
saerTod teqsti iqmneba imisTvis, rom viRacam waikiTxos, anu yvela
teqsts hyavs Tavisi adresati, xolo is Tu rogor arian pragmatikuli
kategoriebi masSi warmodgenili mTel naSromSi TvalnaTliv
gamovavline.
Cems sadisertacio naSromSi pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
warmodgenili samecniero statiis pirveli tipi – biologiuri
samecniero statia informaciulad, araeqspresiulad da gaumWvirvaled
miviCnie.
istoriuli samecniero statiis SemTxvevaSi aqcenti ZiriTad
metyvel subieqtze, mis qve subieqtebsa da kidev maT qve subieqtebzea
da, ra Tqma unda, am statiaSi maTTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebi
sWarbobs, Tumca biologiur samecniero statiisgan gansxvavebiT, es
istoriuli samecniero statia informaciuli, gaumWvirvale da
eqspresiulia.
samecniero statiis meore tipi istoriuli samecniero statia
informaciulad, gaumWvirvaled da eqspresiulad miviCnie.
samecniero statiis mesame tipad ganvixilav literaturul
samecniero statias.
aRvniSnav, rom literaturuli samecniero statiebi samecnieroc
aris da mxatvruli literaturis Janrsac miekuTvneba, imitom rom
maTSi ZiriTadad mxatvruli literaturis Sedevrebi ganixileba
samecniero eniT. zemoT ganxilul sagazeTo statias, biologiur da
istoriul samecniero statiebs mxatvrul literaturasTan araviTari
kavSiri ar aqvT, xolo literaturuli samecniero statia ki
mxatvruli literaturis Janrs miekuTvneba. es aris pirveli ZiriTadi
gansxvaveba Cem naSromSi pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
gansaxilvelad arCeul statiebs Soris – sagazeTo da samecniero;
sakuTriv samecniero statiebs Soris.
Cems mier warmodgenil literaturul samecniero statiaSi
aqcenti ZiriTad metyvel subieqtze da mis qve subieqtzea da, ra Tqma
unda, am statiaSi maTTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebi sWarbobs, Tumca
158 biologiur samecniero statiisgan gansxvavebiT da istoriuli
samecniero statiis msgavsad es literaturuli samecniero statia
informaciuli, gaumWvirvale da eqspresiulia, maSin rodesac
biologiuri samecniero statia informaciuli, gaumWvirvale da ara
eqspresiulad miviCnie.
xazgasmiT aRvniSnav imasac, rom Cems naSromSi warmodgenili
literaturuli samecniero statia mTavari metyveli subieqtis qve
subieqtidan gamomdinare, danarCeni ori samecniero statiisgan imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom emociurobis kategorias winamdebare statiaSi
maTgan gansxvavebulad mivudeqi; masSi impersonaluri (pirovnebis
miRma) emociurobis kategoriaa warmodgenili da ara mxolod
emociurobis.
Cems sadisertacio naSromSi pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT
ganxiluli teqstebidan gamomdinare, Cemi azriT, pragmatikuli
kategoriebi yvelaze ukeT da metad sagazeTo teqstSia warmodgenili;
sagazeTo teqsti aRmoCnda yvelaze informaciuli, eqspresiuli da
gamWvirvale; Tumca imasac aRvniSnav, rom TiToeuli tipis teqstis
pragmatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT ganxilvisas raRac axlisTvis
iqna mignebuli, rac ganasxvavebs maT erTmaneTisgan da TiToeul
maTgans Tavisebur xibls aZlevs.
159
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