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  AUTISM HELP

"If a child can not learn

the way we teach,

then we must teach them

the way that he can learn "

(Ivar Lovaas) 

Children with autism in Romania represents an important segment of the

population because of the high incidence and other growth. reportsmade by doctors Neuropsychiatry and pooled data from the General

Directorate of Social Assistance and Child Protection, according to which

on 01.01.2007 been issued 145 certificates of disability for children with

autism, show the need to address this issue. parents generally should

be informed from time to notice symptoms of autism and then turn on

specialists. Pediatricians and family physicians is another segment The

basis for the diagnosis of the time. So are teachers who can pull alarm

signals. They must inform both the diagnostic methods, and the effective

methods of intervention. requires a change of mentality entire

population on this syndrome. Until recently it was considered that thesechildren, who by the age of 2-3 years seemed perfectly normal, no chance

of recovery, and so the only thing I could do was tolerate them without

trying to change something in her . now things are different and early

therapeutic intervention may even lead to the recovery of children, and

this without involving high costs in other countries, but with significant

economic implications for a novel middle class. The recuperative

approach children often strike us The old mentality, especially when you

get to the stage where the child should be included in a school or other

groups, in order of social integration. Therapy is aimed at integrating into

society, and this is possible only with the opening of which depends on theintegration (kindergarten principals, educators, teachers, etc..)

However, we met with people happily opened new and entirely willing to

cooperate to transform children with autism and adapt functional members

of society, and we thank them wholeheartedly for it. 

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Which is the prevalence of autism? 

  according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2007the prevalence of ASD (autism spectrum disorders) is 1 in 150  

  10 times higher today than 10 years ago 

  4 times higher in boys than in girls 

Prognosis in autism 

It is very hard to tell whether or not people with autism likely to be integrated into society. Usually the prognosis is grim be 100%integrated. A person with autism may, in certain contexts to apply the scheme learned behavior, but do not know how to respond to environmental

complexity.Any person with autism, be it child or adult, can be improved. Duration of therapy varies with the degree of impairment of the person, the age

at which it began therapy and family involvement in the therapeutic process.There are cases of children with autism that could be integrated intonormal schools and kindergartens, but were accompanied for a long time (1-2 years) from a therapist, whose task was to ease their transition.

's very important that therapy be started as early and take into account the maximum rate set according to each case to give the bestperformance and obtain the best possible outcome.

IMPORTANT early intervention for children with learning difficulties 

Deficits that occur in communication, cognitive ability, sociability people withautism, mental retardation and genetic syndromes (Down syndrome, Williams

syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, etc..) Aresevere.Therefore, the sooner we intervene therapeutically, the greater thechances of a significant improvement.

early intervention in cases mentioned above certainly relieves symptoms anddevelop a child's ability to learn. 

The incidence of autism, higher in high-tech areas 796 views | Tuesday, June 28, 2011 

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Hypothesis proving a link between autism and minds oriented mathematics and technology is supported by a new study. The researchers found that a region in the Netherlands industry known for high-tech has a population with a

higher level of autism compared with two other similar regions in terms of population.

The authors interviewed 369 administrators from schools (both normal children and those with special needs), where 62,500 students are enrolled in Eindhoven, Haarlem and Utrecht. Age group was tar geted at children between the

ages of 4 and 16 years.

Eindhoven has a population of 270,000 inhabitants, of which 30% work in technology, due to the fact that the region hosts the 1891 Philips headquarters. The other t wo regions have approximately a similar number of people, but only

16-17% of them working in th e field of technology.

The study showed that, in Eindhoven, 229 of the 10,000 students have been diagnosed with a form of autism, unlike Haarlem, where only 84 of the 10,000 students have such problems and Utrecht, the region in which 57 of the

10,000 students suffering from such disorders.

Differences were observed in the case of "classic autism". In Eindhoven, 50 out of 10,000 students suffer from this disorder, compared with 12 per 10,000 in Haarlem and 10 per 10,000 in Utrecht.

To ensure the results, the authors have studied the evolution of the other two disorders: ADHD and dyspraxia, which affects learning. The results showed no link between their development and the regions in which they were

found. The next step of the study will be to obtain a confirmation attainment.

he epidemiology of autism is the study of factors affecting autism spectrum disorders ( ASD). A 2012 review of global prevalence estimates of autism spectrum disorders f ound amedian of 62

cases per 10,000 people.[1] There is a lack of evidence from low- and middle-income countries though.[1] 

 ASD averages a 4.3:1 male-to-female ratio. The number of children known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, at least partly due to changes in diagnostic practice; it is

unclear whether prevalence has actually increased;[2] and as-yet-unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out.[3] 

The risk of autism is associated with several prenatal factors, including advanced parental age and diabetes in the mother du ring pregnancy.[4]  ASD is associated with sever algenetic

disorder s[5] and with epilepsy,[6] and autism is associated with mental retardation.[7] 

 Autism and its causes[edit] 

Further information: Causes of autism 

 Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder . Many causes have been proposed, but its theory of causation is still incomplete.[8]  Autism is largely inherited, although thegenetics of

autism are complex and it is generally unclear which genes are responsible. [9] Little evidence exists to support associations with specific environmental exposures. [2] 

In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects.[10] Other proposed causes, such as childhood vaccines, are controversial  and the vaccine hypotheses lack

convincing scientific evidence.[3]  Andrew Wakefield, the doctor whose study linked Autism with childhood vaccines, has since had his licence revoked in the United Kingdom for medical

fraud.[11][12]  

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Frequency[edit] 

 Although incidence rates measure autism risk directly, most epidemiological studies report other frequency measures, typically point or period prevalence, or sometimes cumulative incidence.

 Attention is focused mostly on whether prevalence is increasing with time.[2] 

Incidence and prevalence[edit] 

Epidemiology defines several measures of the frequency of occurrence of a disease or condition: [13] 

  The incidence rate of a condition is the rate at which new cases occurred per person-year, for example, "2 new cases per 1,000 person-years".

  The cumulative incidence is the proportion of a population that became new cases within a specified time period, for example, "1.5 per 1,000 people became new cases during 2006".

  The point prevalence of a condition is the proportion of a population that had the condition at a single point in time, for example, "10 cases per 1,000 people at the start of 2006".

  The period prevalence is the proportion that had the condition at any time within a stated period, for example, "15 per 1,000 people had cases during 2006".

When studying how diseases are caused, incidence rates are the most appropriate measure of disease frequency as they assess r isk directly. However, incidence can be difficult to measure

with rarer chronic diseases such as autism.[13] In autism epidemiology, point or period prevalence is more useful than incidence, as the disorder starts long before it is diagnosed, and the gap

between initiation and diagnosis is influenced by many factors unrelated to risk. Research focuses mostly on whether point or period prevalence is increasing with time; cumulative incidence is

sometimes used in studies of birth  cohorts.[2] 

Estimation methods[edit] 

The three basic approaches used to estimate prevalence differ in cost and in quality of results. The simplest and cheapest method is to count known autism cases from sources such as schools

and clinics, and divide by the population. This approach is likely to underestimate prevalence because it does not count children who have not been diagnosed yet, and it is likely to generate

skewed statistics because some children have better access to treatment.[14] 

The second method improves on the first by having investigators examine student or patient records looking for probable cases, to catch cases that have not been identified yet. The thirdmethod, which is arguably the best, screens a large sample of an entire community to identify possible cases, and then evaluates each possible case in more detail with standard diagnostic

procedures. This last method typically produces the most reliable, and the highest, prevalence estimates . [15] 

Frequency estimates[edit] 

Estimates of the prevalence of autism vary widely depending on diagnostic criteria, age of children screened, and geographical location. [16] Most recent reviews tend to estimate a prevalence of

1 –2 per 1,000 for autism and close to 6 per 1,000 for ASD;[2] PDD-NOS is the vast majority of ASD, Asperger syndrome is about 0.3 per 1,000 and the atypical formschildhood disintegrative

disorder  and Rett syndrome are much rarer.[17] 

 A 2006 study of nearly 57,000 British nine- and ten-year-olds reported a prevalence of 3.89 per 1,000 for autism and 11.61 per 1,000 for ASD; these higher figures could be associated with

broadening diagnostic criteria.[18] Studies based on more-detailed information, such as direct observation rather than examination of medical records, identify higher prevalence; this suggests

that published figures may underestimate ASD's true prevalence.[19]  A 2009 study of the children in Cambridgeshire, England used different methods to measure prevalence, and estimated that

40% of ASD cases go undiagnosed, with the two least-biased estimates of true prevalence being 11.3 and 15.7 per 1,000 .[20] 

 A 2009 U.S. study based on 2006 data estimated the prevalence of ASD in 8-year-old children to be 9.0 per 1,000 (approximate range 8.6 –9.3).[21]  A 2009 report based on the 2007 Adult

Psychiatric Morbidity Survey by the National Health Service determined that the prevalence of ASD in adults was approximately 1% of the population, with a higher prevalence in males and no

significant variation between age groups;[22] these results suggest that prevalence of ASD among adults is similar to that in children and rates of autism are not increasing.[23] 

Changes with time[edit] 

 Attention has been focused on whether the prevalence of autism is increasing with time. Earlier prevalence estimates were lower, centering at about 0.5 per 1,000 for autism during the 1960s

and 1970s and about 1 per 1,000 in the 1980s, as opposed to today's 1 –2 per 1,000.[2] 

Reports of autism cases per 1,000 children grew dramatically in the U.S. from 1996 to 2007. It is unknown how much, if any, growth came from changes in autism's prevalence.[24] 

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The number of reported cases of autism increased dramatically in the 1990s and early 2000s, prompting investigations into several potential reasons:[25] 

  More children may have autism; that is, the true frequency of autism may have increased.

  There may be more complete pickup of autism (case finding), as a result of increased awareness and funding. For example, attempts to sue vaccine companies may have increased

case-reporting.

  The diagnosis may be applied more broadly than before, as a result of the changing definition of the disorder, particularly changes in DSM-III-R and DSM-IV.

   An editorial error in the description of the PDD-NOS category of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the DSM-IV, in 1994, inappropriately broadened the PDD-NOS construct. The error was

corrected in the DSM-IV-TR, in 2000, reversing the PDD-NOS construct back to the more restrictive diagnostic criteria requirements from the DSM-III-R.[26] 

  Successively earlier diagnosis in each succeeding cohort of children, including recognition in nursery (preschool), may have affected apparent prevalence but not incidence.

   A review of the "rising autism" figures compared to other disabilities in schools shows a corresponding drop in findings of mental retardation.[27] 

The reported increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness.[2][3][24]  A widely cited 2002 pilot

study concluded that the observed increase in autism in California cannot be explained by changes in diagnostic criteria , [28] but a 2006 analysis found that special education data poorly

measured prevalence because so many cases were undiagnosed, and that the 1994 –2003 U.S. increase was associated with declines in other diagnostic categories, indicating tha t diagnostic

substitution had occurred.[29] 

 A 2007 study that modeled autism incidence found that broadened diagnostic criteria, diagnosis at a younger age, and improved efficiency of case ascertainment, can produce an increase in

the frequency of autism ranging up to 29-fold depending on the frequency measure, suggesting that methodological factors may explain the observed increases in autism over time.[30]  A small

2008 study found that a significant number (40%) of people diagnosed with pragmatic language impairment as children in previous decades would now be given a diagnosis as autism.[31]  A

study of all Danish children born in 1994 –99 found that children born later were more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age, supporting the argument that apparent increases in autism

prevalence were at least partly due to decreases in the age of diagnosis.[32] 

 A 2009 study of California data found that the reported incidence of autism rose 7- to 8-fold from the early 1990s to 2007, and that changes in diagnostic criteria, inclusion of milder cases, and

earlier age of diagnosis probably explain only a 4.25-fold increase; the study did not quantify the effects of wider awareness of autism, increased funding, and expanding treatment options

resulting in parents' greater motivation to seek services.[33]  Another 2009 California study found that the reported increases are unlikely to be explained by changes in how qualifying condition

codes for autism were recorded.[34] 

Several environmental risk factors have been proposed to support the hypothesis that the actual frequency of autism has increased. These include certain foods, infectious

disease,pesticides, MMR vaccine, and vaccines containing the preservative thiomersal, formerly used in several childhood vaccines in the U.S.[2]  Although there is overwhelming scientific

evidence against the MMR hypothesis and no convincing evidence for the thiomersal hypothesis, other as-yet-unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled ou t.[3]  Although it is

unknown whether autism's frequency has increased, any such increase would suggest directing more attention and funding toward changing environmental factors instead of continuing to

focus on genetics.[35] 

Geographical frequency[edit] 

Afr ica [ edit  ]  

The prevalence of autism in Africa is unknown.[36] 

Americas [ edit  ]  

Canada[edit] 

The rate of autism diagnoses in Canada was 1 in 450 in 2003. However, preliminary results of an epidemiological study cond ucted at Montreal Children’s Hospital in the 2003-2004 school year

found a prevalence rate of 0.68% (or 1 per 147).[37] 

 A 2001 review of the medical research conducted by the Public Health Agency of Canada concluded that there was no link between MMR vaccine and either inflammatory bowel disease or

autism.[38] The review noted, "An increase in cases of autism was noted by year of birth from 1979 to 1992; however, no incremental increase in cases was observed after the introduction of

MMR vaccination." [38]  After the introduction of MMR, "A time trend analysis found no correlation between prevalence of MMR vaccination and the incidence of autism in each birth cohort from

1988 to 1993."[38] 

United States[edit] 

The most recent estimate states that up to 1 out of every 88 children, or 11.3 per 1,000, have some form of ASD . [39] The number of diagnosed cases of autism grew dramatically in the U.S. in

the 1990s and early 2000s. For the 2006 surveillance year, identified ASD cases were an estimated 9.0 per 1000 children aged 8 years (95%  confidence interval [CI] = 8.6 –9.3).[21] These

numbers measure what is sometimes called "administrative prevalence", that is, the number of known cases per unit of population, as opposed to the true number of case s.[29] This prevalence

estimate rose 57% (95% CI 27% –95%) from 2002 to 2006.[21] 

 A further study in 2006 concluded that the apparent rise in administrative prevalence was the result of diagnostic substitution, mostly for findings of mental retardation and learning

disabilities.[29] "Many of the children now being counted in the autism category would probably have been counted in the mental retardation or learning disabilities categories if they were being

labelled 10 years ago instead of today," said researcher Paul Shattuck of the Waisman Center at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, in a statement.[40] 

 A population-based study of one Minnesota county found that the cumulative incidence of autism grew eightfold from the 1980 –83 period to the 1995 –97 period. The increase occurred after the

introduction of broader, more-precise diagnostic criteria, increased service availability, and increased awareness of autism .[41] During the same period, the reported number of autism cases

grew 22-fold in the same location, suggesting that counts reported by clinics or schools provide misleading estimates of the true incidence of autism.[42] 

Venezuela[edit] 

 A 2008 study reported a prevalence of 1.1 per 1000 for autism and 1.7 per 1000 for ASD. [43] 

Asia [ edit  ]  

Hong Kong[edit] 

 A 2008 Hong Kong study reported an ASD incidence rate similar to those reported in Australia and North America, and lower than Europeans. It also reported a prevalence of 1.68 per 1,000 for

children under 15 year s.[44] 

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11. Jump up^ Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fr audulent . BMJ. 2011. 342:c7452. Retrieved April 2, 2012. http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452 

12. Jump up^  A J Wakefield, S H Murch, A Anthony, J Linnell, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Vol 351. The Lancet.

February 28, 1998. http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-paper.pdf  

13. ^ Jump up to:a  b  Coggon D, Rose G, Barker DJP. Epidemiology for the Uninitiated . 4th ed. BMJ; 1997. ISBN 0-7279-1102-3. Quantifying diseases in populations.

14. Jump up^ Scahill L, Bearss K. The rise in autism and the mercury myth. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2009;22(1):51 –3. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00152.x. PMID 19200293.

15. Jump up^ Scahill L, Bearss K. The rise in autism and the mercury myth. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2009;22(1):51 –3. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00152.x. PMID 19200293.

16. Jump up^ Williams JG, Higgins JPT, Brayne CEG. Systematic review of prevalence studies of autism spectrum disorders [PDF]. Arch Dis Child . 2006;91(1):8 –

15.doi:10.1136/adc.2004.062083. PMID 15863467. PMC 2083083.

17. Jump up^ Fombonne E. Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry . 2005;66(Suppl 10):3 –8. PMID 16401144.

18. Jump up^ Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A et al. Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project

(SNAP). Lancet . 2006;368(9531):210 –5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69041-7. PMID 16844490.

19. Jump up^ Caronna EB, Milunsky JM, Tager-Flusberg H. Autism spectrum disorders: clinical and research frontiers.  Arch Dis Child . 2008;93(6):518 –23.doi:10.1136/adc.2006.115337. PMID

18305076.

20. Jump up^ Baron-Cohen S, Scott FJ, Allison C et al . Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study [PDF]. Br J Psychiatry . 2009;194(6):500 –

9.doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.059345. PMID 19478287.

21. ^ Jump up to:a  b  c  Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders— Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitori