Austin’s Urban Forest, 2014Appendix
United States Department of Agriculture
2
APPENDIX 1—Urban FIA
Sampling DesignThe FIA program maintains a systematic grid of permanent plots (FIA core plots) across the United States that is used to inventory and monitor the nation’s forests (Reams et al. 2005). The urban FIA inventory uses the same sampling frame as the core FIA program and data are used to produce estimates of the quantity, health, composition, and benefits of urban trees. The urban FIA protocol follows a city-based model where urban inventory plots are located in the U.S. Census-defined urban areas and urban clusters (UAUC), within a chosen core-based statistical area (CBSA). Austin city limits are defined by the 2010 U.S. Census.
There are two zones of interest in the urban FIA sample design (Fig. 33). Urban FIA plots within the CBSA-confined UAUC boundaries are established at the same location as the FIA core plots and tree measurements are taken at all sample sites regardless of whether they are forested or not. Collocated urban plots are measured at the same intensity and on the same time line as the rest of the FIA core plots in the region.
The second zone of interest in the urban FIA sample design is the city boundary that is associated with the chosen CBSA. Urban plots within the city boundary may include some plots that are collocated with established core FIA plots, but also consist
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Hays Bastrop
Williamson
Caldwell
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CityAustin FIA
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Figure 33.—Location of Austin city boundary and urban areas and urban
clusters (UAUC), within the Austin core-based statistical area (CBSA).
3
of an intensified set of urban-design only plots. In general, sampling within the target city will be intensified to the point of reaching a total of about 200 plots.
In Austin, there were 66 established FIA core plots within the CBSA-confined UAUC boundary. Six of these plots were being sampled in the year of the study (i.e., 2014 field season), but only four were located in the Austin city boundaries. Intensification within Austin city boundaries added 219 additional urban plots, bringing the total number of urban FIA plots to 223. The estimates contained within this report are based only on that sample of 223 plots in the city boundaries of Austin.
Data CollectionWith the support from state and city cooperators, data collection on the intensified plots in Austin was accelerated so all data collection took place during the 2014 field season. Ordinarily, under the standard urban FIA protocol, the intensified plots within the city limits are measured on the same timeline as core FIA plots in the state, using the FIA panel system (Ream et al. 2005). The proportion of the total sample plots measured in a given year is related to the cycle length. States with a cycle length of 10 years will have one-tenth of the total number of plots sampled each year, and remeasurement will begin in the 11th year. The Austin urban plots will be remeasured on a 10-year cycle, as are the FIA core plots in western and central Texas.
As data collection continues annually, there will be additional data collected in the CBSA-confined UAUC boundary and analysis and reporting will be expanded to include this new urban zone. Annual plot remeasurements will also begin on a portion of intensified plots within the city beginning in the 2015 field season, allowing for urban monitoring and analyses of change in future reports.
Plot LayoutEach urban forest inventory plot consisted of one circular plot 1/6 acre in size with a radius of 48 feet (See Fig. 3 in main document). Each plot contained four nested microplots; each 1/300 acre in size, with a radius of 6.8 feet and offset 12 feet horizontal in each cardinal direction from the plot center. Urban FIA and core FIA plot layouts are the same in total sampled area but differ in configuration. The single circular urban plot has the same total area as the FIA core plot consisting of a cluster of four subplots. The urban nested microplots are the equivalent of the nested microplots of an FIA core plot, with each being the same diameter. For more details on the FIA core plot layout, see Bechtold and Scott (2005).
4
APPENDIX 2—Species Sampled in the Austin Urban Forest
Genus Species Common name TreesLeaf area IVa Median Average
Basal areac
Structural value
number % % inches inches ft2 $ millions
Acacia farnesiana sweet acacia 5,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 5.5 1,000 1
Acer negundo boxelder 368,000 1.1 1.5 2.6 1.8 4.2 79,000 81
Albizia julibrissin mimosa* 5,000 0.0 0.1 0.1 5.5 5.5 1,000 3
Arbutus xalapensis Texas madrone 6,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5 7.5 2,000 1
Betula nigra river birch 60,000 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.5 1.5 1,000 4
Broussonetia papyrifera paper mulberry* 336,000 1.0 0.9 1.9 2.7 4.7 71,000 155
Carya illinoinensis pecan 196,000 0.6 2.1 2.7 12.8 13.6 259,000 551
Celtis laevigata sugarberry 2,059,000 6.1 7.4 13.5 1.8 3.5 442,000 494
Celtis occidentalis northern hackberry 162,000 0.5 0.7 1.2 5.3 5.8 53,000 73
Cercis canadensis eastern redbud 6,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 11.5 5,000 10
Cornus drummondii roughleaf dogwood 60,000 0.2 0.0 0.2 1.5 1.5 1,000 0
Diospyros texana Texas persimmon 2,016,000 6.0 1.2 7.2 1.7 1.8 63,000 89
Eriobotrya japonica loquat tree 313,000 0.9 0.4 1.3 2.0 2.0 11,000 22
Ficus carica common fig 23,000 0.1 0.1 0.2 6.2 6.1 5,000 20
Fraxinus berlandieriana Mexican ash 185,000 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.8 4.9 53,000 107
Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 751,000 2.2 2.8 5.0 4.1 5.0 161,000 226
Fraxinus texensis Texas ash 438,000 1.3 0.8 2.1 1.9 3.0 45,000 94
Fraxinus velutina velvet ash 59,000 0.2 0.4 0.6 8.4 10.9 54,000 120
Ilex vomitoria yaupon 834,000 2.5 0.2 2.7 1.5 1.5 19,000 46
Juglans nigra black walnut 105,000 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.0 4.4 26,000 50
Juniperus ashei Ashe juniper 13,300,000 39.3 41.2 80.5 5.1 6.0 4,351,000 6,369
Juniperus virginiana eastern red cedar 38,000 0.1 0.1 0.2 6.3 6.3 10,000 9
Koelreuteria paniculata goldenrain tree 6,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 6.5 2,000 3
Lagerstroemia indica common crapemyrtle 175,000 0.5 0.6 1.1 5.3 6.9 67,000 156
Ligustrum japonicum Japanese privet* 17,000 0.1 0.2 0.3 9.5 10.2 13,000 34
Ligustrum lucidum glossy privet* 624,000 1.8 0.7 2.5 2.1 3.0 81,000 134
Ligustrum sinense Chinese privet* 124,000 0.4 0.5 0.9 9.2 9.7 81,000 171
Magnolia grandiflora southern magnolia 6,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 6.5 2,000 5
Melia azedarach chinaberry* 539,000 1.6 1.2 2.8 2.0 3.4 86,000 155
Morus alba white mulberry* 14,000 0.0 0.1 0.1 5.5 5.5 3,000 8
Morus rubra red mulberry 125,000 0.4 0.6 1.0 2.0 2.3 7,000 10
Parkinsonia aculeata Jerusalem thorn 10,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 5.5 2,000 4
Pistacia chinensis Chinese pistache* 17,000 0.1 0.1 0.2 8.4 9.2 9,000 20
Platanus occidentalis American sycamore 132,000 0.4 1.2 1.6 5.3 6.8 48,000 93
Populus deltoides eastern cottonwood 16,000 0.0 0.6 0.6 30.4 30.9 86,000 125
Prosopis glandulosa honey mesquite 655,000 1.9 1.4 3.3 6.0 6.4 218,000 249
Prunus laurocerasus common cherry laurel 78,000 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.5 1.5 2,000 4
Prunus species plum spp 5,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 6.5 1,000 4
Quercus buckleyi Buckley oak 419,000 1.2 2.9 4.1 7.9 8.6 210,000 539
Quercus fusiformis plateau oak 102,000 0.3 0.2 0.5 2.7 4.3 19,000 31
Quercus macrocarpa bur oak 6,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 9.5 4,000 10
Quercus muehlenbergii chinkapin oak 11,000 0.0 0.1 0.1 8.1 7.3 4,000 11
Quercus nigra water oak 5,000 0.0 0.1 0.1 14.5 14.5 6,000 14
Table 20.—Scientific and common names of tree species sampled in the urban forest, with estimated metrics for
species, Austin, 2014
Diameterb
(Table 20 continued on next page)
5
Quercus polymorpha netleaf white oak 85,000 0.3 0.3 0.6 4.5 4.5 12,000 27
Quercus shumardii shumard oak 43,000 0.1 0.6 0.7 14.1 14.2 60,000 164
Quercus sinuata bastard oakd 410,000 1.2 0.4 1.6 1.9 2.8 31,000 42
Quercus stellata post oak 86,000 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.6 4.3 42,000 95
Quercus texana Texas red oak 5,000 0.0 0.2 0.2 47.5 47.5 59,000 146
Quercus virginiana live oak 2,859,000 8.4 13.1 21.5 6.7 7.9 1,564,000 3,442
Rhus lanceolata prairie sumac 77,000 0.2 0.1 0.3 2.5 2.5 4,000 5
Sapindus saponaria wingleaf soapberry 193,000 0.6 0.3 0.9 1.8 2.5 11,000 24
Sideroxylon lanuginosum gum bully 90,000 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.8 2.9 8,000 19
Sophora secundiflora mescalbean 649000 1.9 0.4 2.3 1.7 1.8 20,000 48
Taxodium distichum baldcypress 13,000 0.0 0.2 0.2 10.0 10.0 8,000 20
Thrinax radiata Florida thatchpalm 5,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.5 20.5 11,000 6
Triadica sebifera tallowtree* 28,000 0.1 0.1 0.2 7.7 11.0 25,000 31
Ulmus alata winged elm 134,000 0.4 0.2 0.6 3.1 2.9 10,000 14
Ulmus americana American elm 72,000 0.2 0.4 0.6 8.8 9.4 42,000 35
Ulmus crassifolia cedar elm 4,585,000 13.5 10.9 24.4 2.3 3.5 720,000 1,528
Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm 78,000 0.2 0.1 0.3 2.5 2.5 4,000 6
Ulmus rubra slippery elm 13,000 0.0 0.1 0.1 5.5 5.5 3,000 6
Unknown species unknown species 6,000 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.5 8.5 3,000 9
(Table 20 continued)
Genus Species Common name TreesLeaf area IVa Median Average
Basal areac
Structural value
number % % inches inches ft2 $ millions
Diameterb
a IV = importance value (% population + % leaf area)b Diameter measurements were taken at breast height (d.b.h.) or root collar (d.r.c.) for woodland speciesc Basal area is the cross sectional area of the tree stems measured at the diameterd Quercus sinuata includes multiple varieties that may be known by other common names, e.g., Durand oak
* invasive species
6
APPENDIX 3—Land Cover Category Descriptions Land cover locations and definitions are based on the 2011 National Land Cover Database (Homer at al. 2015).
Land cover category
NLCD code
NLCD class Land cover description
Water/Barren 11 Open Water Areas of open water, generally with less than 25% cover of vegetation or soil.
31 Barren Land Areas of bedrock, desert pavement, scarps, talus, slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, sand dunes, strip mines, gravel pits and other accumulations of earthen material. Generally, vegetation accounts for less than 15% of total cover.
95 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands
Areas where perennial herbaceous vegetation accounts for greater than 80% of vegetative cover and the soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered with water.
Developed—Open
21 Developed, Open Space
Areas with a mixture of some constructed materials, but mostly vegetation in the form of lawn grasses. Impervious surfaces account for less than 20% of total cover. These areas most commonly include large-lot single-family housing units, parks, golf courses, and vegetation planted in developed settings for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic purposes.
Developed—Low
22 Developed, Low Intensity
Areas with a mixture of constructed materials and vegetation. Impervious surfaces account for 20% to 49% percent of total cover. These areas most commonly include single-family housing units.
Developed—Medium
23 Developed, Medium Intensity
Areas with a mixture of constructed materials and vegetation. Impervious surfaces account for 50% to 79% of the total cover. These areas most commonly include single-family housing units.
Developed—High
24 Developed, High Intensity
Highly developed areas where people reside or work in high numbers. Examples include apartment complexes, row houses and commercial/industrial. Impervious surfaces account for 80% to 100% of the total cover.
Deciduous/Mixed Forest
41 Deciduous Forest
Areas dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and greater than 20% of total vegetation cover. More than 75% of the tree species shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change.
43 Mixed Forest
Areas dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and greater than 20% of total vegetation cover. Neither deciduous nor evergreen species are greater than 75% of total tree cover.
90 Woody Wetlands
Areas where forest or shrubland vegetation accounts for greater than 20% of vegetative cover and the soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered with water.
Evergreen Forest
42 Evergreen Forest
Areas dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and greater than 20% of total vegetation cover. More than 75% of the tree species maintain their leaves all year. Canopy is never without green foliage.
Shrub/Herbaceous
52 Shrub/Scrub Areas dominated by shrubs; less than 5 meters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This class includes true shrubs, young trees in an early successional stage or trees stunted from environmental conditions.
71 Grassland/Herbaceous
Areas dominated by gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation, generally greater than 80% of total vegetation. These areas are not subject to intensive management such as tilling, but can be utilized for grazing.
81 Pasture/Hay Areas of grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures planted for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops, typically on a perennial cycle. Pasture/hay vegetation accounts for greater than 20% of total vegetation.
82 Cultivated Crops
Areas used for the production of annual crops, such as corn, soybeans, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton, and also perennial woody crops such as orchards and vineyards. Crop vegetation accounts for greater than 20% of total vegetation. This class also includes all land being actively tilled.
Table 21.—Land cover categories and descriptions (from Homer et al. 2015)
7
APPENDIX 4—Tree Species Distribution
This appendix illustrates various species distributions for the Austin urban forest. During field data collection, sampled trees are identified to the most specific classification possible. Some trees have been identified to the species or genus level. The species distributions for each land cover are illustrated for the 20 most common species or all species if there are less than 20 species in the land cover category.
Figure 35.—Proportion of the total tree population found in each land cover category for
the 10 most common species, Austin, 2014. For example, Ashe juniper comprises 66.4
percent of the tree population in the Evergreen Forest land cover.
Figure 34.—The 20 most common tree species as a percent of the total urban tree
population, Austin, 2014.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Mexican ashWingleaf soapberry
PecanLoquat tree
Paper mulberryBoxelder
Bastard oakBuckley oak
Texas ashChinaberry
Glossy privetMescalbean
Honey mesquiteGreen ash
YauponTexas persimmon
SugarberryLive oak
Cedar elmAshe juniper
Population (percent)
Spec
ies
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Ashe juniper Cedar elm Live oak Sugarberry Texaspersimmon
Yaupon Green ash Honeymesquite
Mescalbean Glossy privet
Tree
Pop
ulat
ion
(per
cent
)
Species Deciduous/Mixed Forest Developed - HighDeveloped - Low Developed - MediumDeveloped - Open Evergreen ForestWater/Barren Shrub/Herbaceous
Land Cover Category
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Ashe juniper Cedar elm Live oak Sugarberry Texaspersimmon
Yaupon Green ash Honeymesquite
Mescalbean Glossy privet
Tree
Pop
ulat
ion
(per
cent
)
Species Deciduous/Mixed Forest Developed - HighDeveloped - Low Developed - MediumDeveloped - Open Evergreen ForestWater/Barren Shrub/Herbaceous
Land Cover Category
8
Figure 38.—Percentage of trees in Developed–High land cover category, Austin, 2014.
Figure 37.—Percentage of trees in Deciduous/Mixed Forest land cover category,
Austin, 2014.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TallowtreeEastern cottonwood
Eastern red cedarPecan
Roughleaf dogwoodRiver birchGum bully
Black walnutNorthern hackberry
Red mulberryHoney mesquite
Winged elmWingleaf soapberry
BoxelderLive oak
Green ashTexas persimmon
Ashe juniperSugarberryCedar elm
Trees (percent)
Spec
ies
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Texas red oakMimosa
Cedar elmSugarberry
PecanVelvet ash
Ashe juniperAmerican sycamore
Live oak
Trees (percent)
Spec
ies
Figure 36.—Distribution of each species’ total citywide population among each land
cover category for the 10 most common species, Austin, 2014. For example, 84.5
percent of Ashe juniper in Austin is located in the Evergreen Forest land cover.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ashe juniper Cedar elm Live oak Sugarberry Texaspersimmon
Yaupon Green ash Honeymesquite
Mescalbean Glossy privet
Spec
ies
Popu
latio
n (p
erce
nt)
Species Deciduous/Mixed Forest Developed - HighDeveloped - Low Developed - MediumDeveloped - Open Evergreen ForestWater/Barren Shrub/Herbaceous
Land Cover Category 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ashe juniper Cedar elm Live oak Sugarberry Texaspersimmon
Yaupon Green ash Honeymesquite
Mescalbean Glossy privet
Spec
ies
Popu
latio
n (p
erce
nt)
Species Deciduous/Mixed Forest Developed - HighDeveloped - Low Developed - MediumDeveloped - Open Evergreen ForestWater/Barren Shrub/Herbaceous
Land Cover Category
9
Figure 41.—Percentage of trees in Developed–Open land cover category for the 20
most common trees in that category, Austin, 2014.
Figure 39.—Percentage of trees in Developed–Low land cover category for the 20
most common trees in that category, Austin, 2014.
0 5 10 15 20
TallowtreeGum bully
Buckley oakMexican ash
American elmHoney mesquite
Velvet ashTexas ashCedar elm
Common cherry laurelChinese elm
Chinese privetPecan
Common crapemyrtleSugarberry
Ashe juniperLive oak
MescalbeanLoquat treeChinaberry
Trees (percent)
Spec
ies
Figure 40.—Percentage of trees in Developed–Medium land cover category for the 20
most common trees in that category, Austin, 2014.
0 5 10 15 20 25
Chinkapin oakChinaberry
Black walnutBaldcypress
Wingleaf soapberryChinese pistache
LigustroPecan
Ashe juniperSlippery elm
Common crapemyrtleNorthern hackberry
Chinese privetBuckley oakMexican ash
SugarberryNetleaf white oak
Cedar elmLive oakYaupon
Trees (percent)
Spec
ies
0 5 10 15 20
White mulberryCommon fig
Northern hackberryPecan
Shumard oakCommon crapemyrtle
Paper mulberryBuckley oak
American sycamoreMexican ash
ChinaberryTexas persimmon
Honey mesquiteYaupon
SugarberryCedar elm
MescalbeanLive oak
Glossy privetAshe juniper
Trees (percent)
Spec
ies
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Texas madroneHoney mesquite
TallowtreeChinaberryGreen ash
Prairie sumacPost oak
Plateau oakSugarberry
Paper mulberryYaupon
Buckley oakTexas ash
Bastard oakCedar elm
Texas persimmonLive oak
Ashe juniper
Trees (percent)
Spec
ies
Figure 43.—Percentage of trees in Water/Barren land cover category, Austin,
2014.
Figure 44.—Percentage of trees in Shrub/Herbaceous land cover category,
Austin, 2014.
Figure 42.—Percentage of trees in Evergreen Forest land cover category, Austin,
2014.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ashe juniperRed mulberryBlack walnut
Green ashTexas persimmon
Boxelder
Trees (percent)
Spec
ies
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Jerusalem thornNorthern hackberry
Live oakAmerican elmAshe juniper
SugarberryHoney mesquite
Cedar elm
Trees (percent)
Spec
ies
11
APPENDIX 5—Relative Tree Effects The urban forest in Austin provides benefits that include carbon storage, carbon sequestration, and air pollutant removal. These benefits vary across diameter classes (Table 22). The relative value of tree benefits is calculated to show how carbon storage and sequestration, and air pollutant removal equate to municipal carbon emissions, passenger automobile emissions, and household emissions.
General tree information:Average tree diameter = 5.0 in.
Median tree diameter = 3.3 in.
Number of live trees sampled = 2,325
Number of species sampled = 62
Municipal carbon emissions are based on 2010 U.S. per capita carbon emissions (World Bank 2010). Per capita emissions were multiplied by city population to estimate total city carbon emissions.
Light duty vehicle emission rates (grams/mile) for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), VOCs, particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM10), SO2 for 2010 (Heirigs et al. 2004, U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics 2010), and CO2 for 2011 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2010) were multiplied by average miles driven per vehicle in 2011 (U.S. Federal Highway Administration 2013) to determine average emissions per vehicle.
Household emissions are based on average electricity kWh usage, natural gas Btu usage, fuel oil Btu usage, kerosene Btu usage, LPG Btu usage, and wood Btu usage per household in 2009 (U.S. Energy Information Administration 2013, 2014a).
CO2, SO2, and NOx power plant emission per KWh are from Leonardo Academy (2011). CO emission per kWh assumes one-third of 1 percent of C emissions is CO based on U.S. Energy Information Administration (1994).
CO2, NOx, SO2, and CO emission per Btu for natural gas, propane, and butane (average used to represent LPG), Fuel #4, and #6 (average used to represent fuel oil and kerosene) from Leonardo Academy (2011).
CO2 emissions per Btu of wood from U.S. Energy Information Administration (2014a).
CO, NOx, and sulfur oxides (SOx) emission per Btu based on total emissions and wood burning (tons) from British Columbia Ministry (2005), and Georgia Forestry Commission (2009).
12
Total annual pollution removal per pollutant was contrasted with annual emissions per city, vehicle and household to determine offset equivalents of urban forests vs. city, vehicle and household emissions. The trees in Austin provide:
Carbon storage equivalent to:
Amount of carbon (C) emitted in the city in 152 days, or
Annual C emissions from 1,353,000 automobiles, or
Annual C emissions from 554,700 single family houses
Nitrogen dioxide removal equivalent to:
Annual nitrogen dioxide emissions from 12,300 automobiles, or
Annual nitrogen dioxide emissions from 5,500 single family houses
Sulfur dioxide removal equivalent to:
Annual sulfur dioxide emissions from 248,400 automobiles, or
Annual sulfur dioxide emissions from 700 single family houses
Annual carbon sequestration equivalent to:
Amount of C emitted in the city in 7 days, or
Annual C emissions from 64,900 automobiles, or
Annual C emissions from 26,600 single family home
Table 22.—Average tree effects by tree diameter class, Austin, 2014
Diameter a Carbon storage Carbon sequestration Pollution removal
inch lbs $ milesb lbs/yr $/yr milesb lbs/yr $/yr
2 5 0.34 22 1.3 0.08 5 0.02 0.02
4 26 1.62 102 3.0 0.19 12 0.05 0.05
6 67 4.20 266 5.2 0.33 21 0.07 0.08
8 126 8.00 507 7.3 0.46 29 0.11 0.12
10 207 13.08 829 10.4 0.66 42 0.15 0.17
12 337 21.34 1,352 15.6 0.99 63 0.22 0.24
14 492 31.11 1,971 20.3 1.28 81 0.26 0.29
16 706 44.65 2,828 25.6 1.62 103 0.35 0.38
18 949 59.96 3,799 31.1 1.97 125 0.42 0.46
20 1,218 76.97 4,876 39.3 2.49 158 0.36 0.40
22 2,054 129.83 8,224 63.4 4.01 254 0.42 0.47
24 1,771 111.97 7,093 43.3 2.74 174 0.59 0.66
26 3,000 189.64 12,014 67.0 4.23 268 0.40 0.45
28 3,240 204.82 12,975 79.5 5.02 318 0.48 0.53
30+ 6,453 407.93 25,842 67.1 4.24 269 0.58 0.65
a Diameter classes are designated by their midpoint (e.g. 2 is actually 1.0 to 2.9 inches).Diameter measurements were taken at breast height (d.b.h.) or root collar (d.r.c.) for woodland species.b miles = number of automobile miles driven that produces emissions equivalent to tree effect
13
APPENDIX 6—Tree Species Statistics
Table 23.—Tree statistics by land cover and species, Austin, 2014
Land cover and species Trees
Basal Area avg median
number ft2/ac inches
Water/Barren
Black walnut 5,196 0.27 6.5 6.5
Boxelder 168,996 13.21 6.6 6.4
Green ash 62,353 6.20 9.0 8.0
Red mulberry 5,196 0.54 9.5 9.5
Ashe juniper 5,196 0.27 6.5 6.5
Texas persimmon 65,074 0.61 2.5 2.5
Developed–Low
American elm 6,229 0.27 15.5 15.5
Chinese elm 78,269 0.12 2.5 2.5
Ashe juniper 184,162 2.32 7.1 5.7
Pecan 93,435 2.77 11.8 10.8
Sugarberry 140,559 2.22 6.8 2.9
Mexican ash 6,229 0.21 13.5 13.5
Texas ash 24,916 0.39 9.0 9.0
Velvet ash 12,458 0.14 7.5 7.0
Common crapemyrtle 109,414 0.76 5.4 4.7
Chinese privet 80,977 1.87 10.1 7.5
Chinaberry 337,992 1.41 3.3 2.2
Honey mesquite 12,458 0.07 5.0 5.0
Buckley oak 6,229 0.52 21.5 21.5
Live oak 199,327 7.13 13.0 13.3
Gum bully 6,229 0.04 5.5 5.5
Mescalbean 234,807 0.16 1.5 1.5
Tallowtree 6,229 0.31 16.5 16.5
Cedar elm 49,832 1.19 10.9 11.0
Eastern redbud 6,229 0.15 11.5 11.5
Other species 6,229 0.09 8.5 8.5
Eastern cottonwood 6,229 0.90 28.5 28.5
Loquat tree 313,076 0.35 2.0 2.0
Common cherry laurel 78,269 0.05 1.5 1.5
Diametera DiameteraLand cover and species Trees
Basal Area avg median
number ft2/ac inches
Developed–Medium
Black walnut 6,427 0.20 13.5 13.5
Northern hackberry 25,707 0.21 6.5 5.7
Slippery elm 12,854 0.07 5.5 5.5
Ashe juniper 12,854 0.09 6.0 6.0
Pecan 12,854 0.38 13.0 13.0
Sugarberry 83,549 1.43 9.3 8.3
Mexican ash 44,988 1.12 11.5 11.8
Common crapemyrtle 19,280 0.12 5.8 5.7
Japanese privet 12,854 0.30 10.5 6.0
Chinese privet 38,561 0.62 9.3 10.0
Chinaberry 6,427 0.23 14.5 14.5
Chinese pistache 12,854 0.15 8.0 8.0
Buckley oak 38,561 0.90 11.2 10.0
Chinkapin oak 6,427 0.08 8.5 8.5
Shumard oak 6,427 0.07 7.5 7.5
Live oak 154,243 3.56 10.6 10.0
Cedar elm 122,109 2.17 9.3 8.3
Goldenrain tree 6,427 0.05 6.5 6.5
Southern magnolia 6,427 0.05 6.5 6.5
Bur oak 6,427 0.10 9.5 9.5
Netleaf white oak 85,327 0.34 4.5 4.5
Wingleaf soapberry 12,854 0.10 6.5 6.0
Baldcypress 12,854 0.23 10.0 10.0
Yaupon 236,701 0.15 1.5 1.5
Developed–High
American sycamore 63,544 0.38 4.6 4.5
Ashe juniper 37,646 1.10 9.9 7.0
Pecan 9,412 0.86 18.0 11.0
Sugarberry 4,706 0.09 8.5 8.5
Velvet ash 32,941 0.95 9.5 7.8
Live oak 75,293 1.76 9.2 8.7
Cedar elm 4,706 0.07 7.5 7.5
Mimosa 4,706 0.04 5.5 5.5
Texas red oak 4,706 2.49 47.5 47.5
(Table 23 continued on next page)
a Diameter measurements were taken at breast height (d.b.h.) or
root collar (d.r.c.) for woodland species
14
Land cover and species Trees
Basal Area avg median
number ft2/ac inches
Developed–Open
American sycamore 68,743 1.28 8.8 7.6
American elm 4,583 0.21 15.5 15.5
Boxelder 4,583 0.05 7.5 7.5
White mulberry 13,749 0.09 5.5 5.5
Northern hackberry 27,497 0.67 9.7 9.0
Plum spp 4,583 0.04 6.5 6.5
Ashe juniper 681,549 6.79 5.9 4.8
Sweet acacia 4,583 0.03 5.5 5.5
Pecan 32,080 1.57 15.9 16.3
Sugarberry 290,910 5.95 5.0 2.5
Common fig 22,914 0.18 6.1 6.2
Mexican ash 133,998 0.26 2.2 1.6
Texas ash 9,166 0.28 12.5 12.5
Velvet ash 13,749 0.88 17.5 14.5
Common crapemyrtle 45,829 1.26 10.9 8.7
Japanese privet 4,583 0.08 9.5 9.5
Glossy privet 624,162 2.64 3.0 2.1
Chinese privet 4,583 0.03 5.5 5.5
Chinaberry 182,666 0.31 2.2 1.8
Chinese pistache 4,583 0.14 12.5 12.5
Honey mesquite 277,810 2.69 6.5 5.8
Buckley oak 59,577 1.27 9.8 8.5
Chinkapin oak 4,583 0.03 5.5 5.5
Water oak 4,583 0.18 14.5 14.5
Shumard oak 36,663 1.88 15.4 14.5
Post oak 9,166 1.33 28.0 27.0
Live oak 466,803 11.74 9.4 8.5
Gum bully 4,583 0.03 5.5 5.5
Mescalbean 413,999 0.50 2.0 1.9
Florida thatchpalm 4,583 0.36 20.5 20.5
Tallowtree 4,583 0.33 19.5 19.5
Cedar elm 377,984 5.88 6.5 2.8
Texas persimmon 231,333 0.37 2.5 2.5
Paper mulberry 57,833 0.04 1.5 1.5
Yaupon 289,166 0.23 1.6 1.5
Shrub/Herbaceous
American elm 61,009 0.70 8.3 8.5
Northern hackberry 10,168 0.04 4.5 4.5
Ashe juniper 111,850 2.12 10.4 9.5
Sugarberry 122,019 1.71 9.1 9.0
Honey mesquite 228,819 1.65 4.9 1.9
Live oak 20,336 0.49 12.5 12.0
Cedar elm 1,088,273 1.46 2.2 1.9
Jerusalem thorn 10,168 0.05 5.5 5.5
Land cover and species Trees
Basal Area avg median
number ft2/ac inches
Evergreen Forest
Green ash 37,021 1.08 8.3 9.0
Ashe juniper 11,144,706 229.92 6.0 5.2
Sugarberry 101,829 0.80 3.7 2.7
Texas ash 404,248 1.52 2.4 1.9
Chinaberry 12,340 1.47 18.0 16.0
Honey mesquite 6,170 0.10 6.5 6.5
Buckley oak 314,678 7.77 7.8 7.4
Post oak 77,148 0.11 1.5 1.5
Live oak 1,693,893 41.18 6.4 5.7
Tallowtree 12,340 0.21 6.5 6.0
Cedar elm 873,263 10.89 3.7 1.8
Texas persimmon 925,772 1.37 1.6 1.5
Texas madrone 6,170 0.13 7.5 7.5
Paper mulberry 277,698 4.39 5.3 2.9
Plateau oak 101,829 1.22 4.3 2.7
Bastard oak 410,419 1.92 2.8 1.9
Yaupon 308,591 0.42 1.5 1.5
Prairie sumac 77,148 0.24 2.5 2.5
Deciduous/Mixed Forest
Black walnut 93,473 1.10 3.7 0.0
Boxelder 194,151 0.55 1.9 1.5
Green ash 651,929 7.11 4.5 3.9
Northern hackberry 98,265 1.52 4.7 1.8
River birch 59,924 0.08 1.5 1.5
Red mulberry 119,848 0.27 2.0 2.0
Winged elm 134,226 0.67 2.9 3.1
Ashe juniper 1,121,673 18.17 4.8 2.8
Pecan 47,926 5.72 15.0 8.0
Sugarberry 1,315,921 3.85 1.9 1.5
Honey mesquite 129,401 4.39 8.9 8.4
Live oak 249,217 8.90 8.6 7.1
Gum bully 79,095 0.34 2.5 1.7
Tallowtree 4,793 0.11 7.5 7.5
Cedar elm 2,068,495 12.58 3.1 2.5
Eastern cottonwood 9,585 3.64 32.5 31.0
Wingleaf soapberry 179,773 0.50 2.2 1.7
Texas persimmon 793,393 1.69 1.8 1.7
Eastern red cedar 38,341 0.61 6.3 6.3
Roughleaf dogwood 59,924 0.08 1.5 1.5
Diametera Diametera
(Table 23 continued)
a Diameter measurements were taken at breast height (d.b.h.) or
root collar (d.r.c.) for woodland species
15
APPENDIX 7—General Recommendations for Air Quality Improvement Urban vegetation can directly and indirectly affect local and regional air quality by altering the urban atmospheric environment. Four main ways that urban trees affect air quality are:
• Temperature reduction and other microclimatic effects
• Removal of air pollutants
• Emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and tree maintenance emissions
• Energy conservation on buildings and consequent power plant emissions
The cumulative and interactive effects of trees on climate, pollution removal, and VOC and power plant emissions determine the overall impact of trees on air pollution. Cumulative studies involving urban tree impacts on ozone have revealed that increased urban canopy cover, particularly with low VOC emitting species, leads to reduced ozone concentrations in cities. Local urban forest management decisions also can help improve air quality.
Urban forest management strategies to help improve air quality include:
Strategy Reason
Increase the number of healthy trees Increases pollution removal
Sustain existing tree cover Maintains pollution removal levels
Maximize use of low VOC-emitting trees Reduces ozone and carbon monoxide formation
Sustain large, healthy trees Large trees have greatest per-tree effects
Use long-lived trees Reduces long-term pollutant emissions from planting and removal
Use low maintenance trees Reduces pollutant emissions from maintenance activities
Reduce fossil fuel use in maintaining vegetation Reduces pollutant emissions
Plant trees in energy conserving locations Reduces pollutant emissions from power plants
Plant trees to shade parked cars Reduces vehicular VOC emissions
Supply ample water to vegetation Enhances pollution removal and temperature reduction
Plant trees in polluted or heavily populated areas Maximizes tree air quality benefits
Avoid pollutant-sensitive species Improves tree health
Utilize evergreen trees for particulate matter Provides year-round removal of particles
16
APPENDIX 8—Damage Type and Maintenance or Site Issue Statistics
Damage Variable
Species
Sample
Trunk bark inclusion
Root/stem girdling
Overhead wires
Topping/ pruning
Sidewalk-root conflict
Excess mulch
Improper planting
n percent
American elm 4 14.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
American sycamore 17 0.0 0.0 6.9 6.9 20.8 0.0 3.5
Mexican ash 14 34.2 0.0 13.9 0.0 13.9 13.9 0.0
Ashe juniper 1,090 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Baldcypress 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bastard oak 9 18.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Black walnut 9 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Boxelder 28 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Buckley oak 68 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bur oak 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Cedar elm 205 5.5 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
Chinaberry 14 26.1 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chinese elm 1 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chinese pistache 3 73.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chinese privet 20 0.0 0.0 15.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0
Chinkapin oak 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Common cherry laurel 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Common crapemyrtle 19 52.7 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 5.3 0.0
Common fig 5 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Eastern cottonwood 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.4 0.0 0.0
Eastern red cedar 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Eastern redbud 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Florida thatchpalm 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Glossy privet 20 10.7 0.0 0.7 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Goldenrain tree 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Green ash 56 19.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gum bully 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Honey mesquite 72 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jerusalem thorn 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Japanese privet 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Live oak 345 12.7 0.2 0.0 1.8 0.2 0.2 0.6
Loquat tree 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mescalbean 12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mimosa 1 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Netleaf white oak 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Northern hackberry 16 8.8 0.0 2.8 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other species 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Paper mulberry 22 27.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pecan 35 38.6 0.0 2.4 9.5 2.3 6.4 4.7
Plateau oak 5 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Plum spp 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Post oak 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Prairie sumac 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Red mulberry 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(Table 24 continued on next page)
Table 24.—Percentage of sampled trees identified with damage or maintenance or site issues, Austin, 2014
17
River birch 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Roughleaf dogwood 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Shumard oak 9 42.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 0.0 0.0
Slippery elm 2 50.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Southern magnolia 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sugarberry 88 13.1 4.1 1.6 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.0
Sweet acacia 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tallowtree 4 44.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Texas ash 14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Texas madrone 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Texas persimmon 33 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Texas red oak 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Velvet ash 12 68.2 0.0 23.9 0.0 55.7 0.0 23.2
Water oak 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
White mulberry 3 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Winged elm 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Wingleaf soapberry 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Yaupon 12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All Trees 2,325 6.1 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1
Damage Variable
Species
Sample
Trunk bark inclusion
Root/stem girdling
Overhead wires
Topping/ pruning
Sidewalk-root conflict
Excess mulch
Improper planting
n percent
(Table 24 continued)
18
APPENDIX 9—Potential Insect and Disease Impacts We evaluated 31 insects and diseases, along with their tree hosts in the city, to quantify their potential impact on the urban forest. The number of trees at risk (Table 26) reflects only the known host tree species that are likely to experience mortality.
Pest range maps (U.S. Forest Service 2014b, U.S. Forest Service 2013, Worrall 2007) were used to determine the proximity of each pest to the city. For Austin, proximity was classified for insects and diseases in Hays, Travis, or Williamson Counties, within 250 miles of any of these three counties, between 250 and 750 miles of the counties, or greater than 750 miles away. Since there are no pest range maps for Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight, the ranges of these pests were based on known occurrence and the known host range, respectively (U.S. Forest Service 2014b, U.S. Forest Service 2013, Worrall 2007).
Proximity data for eight insects and diseases, along with the numbers of trees potentially affected and their compensatory values are illustrated in Fig. 45.
Fig45
Page 28
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
DE
D
OW
TCD
DA
ALB GM
EA
B
LAT
Com
pens
ator
y Va
lue
(b
illio
ns o
f dol
lars
)
Num
ber o
f Tre
es (m
illio
ns)
Pest/Disease
Trees at riskCompensatory value
within counties within 250 miles of counties within 750 miles of counties outside of these ranges
Figure 45.—Number of trees at risk of insect and disease and the associated
compensatory value, Austin, 2014. This figure does not include the pests and
diseases that were not a threat to any of the species sampled in the city. For a
complete list of the pests and diseases assessed, see Table 25.
19
Based on the host tree species for each pest and the current range of the pest, it is possible to estimate the risk of attack by one of these insects or diseases for each tree species sampled in Austin. In Table 25, species risk is designated as one of the following:
• Red–tree species is at risk to at least one pest within counties
• Orange–tree species has no risk to pests within counties, but has a risk to at least one pest within 250 miles from the counties
• Yellow–tree species has no risk to pests within 250 miles of counties, but has a risk to at least one pest that is 250 to 750 miles from the counties
• Green–tree species has no risk to pests within 750 miles of counties, but has a risk to at least one pest that is greater than 750 miles from the counties
Tree species that were sampled in Austin, but are not listed in this matrix, are not known to be hosts to any of the 31 insects and diseases evaluated. This table also excludes the pests and diseases that were not a threat to any of the species sampled in the city. For a complete list of the pests and diseases assessed, see Table 26. Tree species groups with the greatest risk to existing pest infestations in Austin are oaks and elms.
20
Table 25.—Potential insect and disease risk for tree species, Austin, 2014
Pestsc Sp
p. ri
ska
Ris
k w
eigh
tb Common name
DED
OW
TCD
DA
ALB
GM
EAB
LAT
1 5 Cedar elm 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 1 5 Live oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 1 5 Buckley oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 1 5 Bastard oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 1 5 Winged elm 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 1 5 Plateau oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 1 5 Post oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 1 5 Netleaf white oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 1 5 American elm 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 1 5 Shumard oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 1 5 Slippery elm 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 1 5 Chinkapin oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 1 5 Bur oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 1 5 Texas red oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 1 5 Water oak 6 1 6 6 6 4 6 6 3 2 Black walnut 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 3 2 Roughleaf dogwood 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 4 3 River birch 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 2 Green ash 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 Chinese elm 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 1 Texas ash 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 1 Boxelder 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 4 1 Mexican ash 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 1 American sycamore 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 4 1 Velvet ash 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 1 Eastern cottonwood 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 4 1 Mimosa 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6
aSpecies risk
Red indicates that the tree species is at risk to at least one pest within Hays County, Travis County, or Williamson County
Orange indicates that the tree species has no risk to pests within Hays County, Travis County, or Williamson County, but
has a risk to at least one pest within 250 miles of the county
Yellow indicates that the tree species has no risk to pests within 250 miles of Hays County, Travis County, or Williamson
County, but has a risk to at least one pest that is 250 to 750 miles from the county
Green indicates that the tree species has no risk to pests within 750 miles of Hays County, Travis County, or Williamson
County, but has a risk to at least one pest that is greater than 750 miles from the county
bRisk weight
Numerical scoring system based on sum of points assigned to pest risks for species. Each pest that could attack tree
species is scored as 4 points if red, 3 points if orange, 2 points if yellow and 1 point if green.
cPest color codes
Red indicates pest is within Hays County, Travis County, or Williamson County
Orange indicates pest is within 250 miles of Hays County, Travis County, or Williamson County
Yellow indicates pest is within 750 miles of Hays County, Travis County, or Williamson County
Green indicates pest is outside of these ranges
dSpecies in bold text indicate that species is on the state invasive species list
21
Table 26.—Selected insect or disease threats and the potential risk to Austin trees, 2014
Code
Scientific name
Common name
Trees at risk
Compensatory value
number $ millions
AL Phyllocnistis populiella aspen leafminer 0 0
ALB Anoplophora glabripennis Asian longhorned beetle 6,214,000 2,121
BBD Cryptococcus fagisuga beech bark disease 0 0
BC Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum
butternut Canker 0 0
CB Cryphonectria parasitica chestnut blight 0 0
DA Discula destructive dogwood anthracnose 60,000 <1
DED Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Dutch elm disease 4,804,000 1,583
DFB Dendroctonus pseudotsugae douglas-fir beetle 0 0
EAB Agrilus planipennis emerald ash borer 1,434,000 546
FE Scotylus ventralis fir engraver 0 0
FR Cronartium fusiforme fusiform rust 0 0
GSOB Agrilus auroguttatus goldspotted oak borer 0 0
GM Lymantria dispar gypsy moth 4,170,000 4,530
HWA Adelges tsugae hemlock woolly adelgid 0 0
JPB Dendroctonus jeffreyi Jeffrey pine beetle 0 0
LAT Choristoneura conflictana large aspen tortrix 60,000 4
LWD Raffaelea lauricola laurel wilt 0 0
MPB Dendroctonus ponderosae mountain pine beetle 0 0
NSE Ips perturbatus northern spruce engraver 0 0
OW Ceratocystis fagacearum oak wilt 4,032,000 4,521
POCRD Phytophthora lateralis port-orford-cedar root disease 0 0
PSB Tomicus piniperda pine shoot beetle 0 0
SB Dendroctonus rufipennis spruce beetle 0 0
SBW Choristoneura fumiferana spruce budworm 0 0
SOD Phytophthora ramorum sudden oak death 0 0
SPB Dendroctonus frontalis southern pine beetle 0 0
SW Sirex noctilio Sirex woodwasp 0 0
TCD Pityophthorus juglandis & Geosmithia spp.
thousand canker disease 105,000 50
WPB Dendroctonus brevicomis western pine beetle 0 0
WPBR Cronartium ribicola white pine blister rust 0 0
WSB Choristoneura occidentalis western spruce budworm 0 0
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