1 Sales Engineer Training Program All rights Reserved Copyright 1999 by York International Inc.
Air Filters
SETP 2004Stephanie Shenefelt
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Agenda• Filtration Principles
• Why Filter?
• Filter Ratings
• Filter Types (Availability in YW)
• Filter Applications
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Filtration Principles• Impingement (Inertial Impaction)
• Straining
• Diffusion
• Electrostatic Attraction
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Filtration Principles• Impingement (Inertial
Impaction)– Air flows around filter media– Particles in airstream resist
direction change– Inertia causes particles to
impact filter fibers– Affects larger particles more
than smaller particles– Minimum velocity– Filter fibers can be coated with
adhesive to help process
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Filtration Principles• Straining
– Fiber openings smaller than particles
– Particles trapped and collected in filter media
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Filtration Principles• Diffusion
– Sub-micron particles– Brownian motion
Brownian motion – indiscriminate motion occurring with particulate matter, due to extraneous surrounding molecular activity. Applies to particles not exceeding 0.2 micron. Effect is reduced as air velocity increases.
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Filtration Principles• Electrostatic Attraction
– Dust particles pick up charge– Charged particles are attracted to charged filter fibers– Most filters require an induced electrical field to provide
the charge
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Why Filter?• Remove airborne contaminants
• Avoid sick building syndrome
• Keep HVAC equipment clean– Lower energy consumption– Reduce maintenance costs
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Why Filter?• Airborne contaminants:
– Dust (solid, granular particles)– Smoke (incomplete combustion products)– Fumes (small, solid particles)– Fog (small, liquid particles formed from condensed
vapors)– Mist (like fog, larger particles)– Living organisms
• viruses• bacteria• fungal spores• pollens
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Filter Ratings• Arrestance (filter dust holding capacity)
• Efficiency (% of atmospheric contaminants removed)
• MERV
• Air flow resistance (airside pressure drop)
30% efficient, 98% arrestance
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Filter Rating• Arrestance - %, by weight, of ASHRAE Synthetic test dust
that is held by a filter before the resistance rises to its final rated PD
• More applicable to low efficiency filters• Larger particles account for most of the weight • Affects filter service life
• service life - time between filter installation and replacement
2” Pleated Filter 4” Pleated Filter Efficiency 30% 30% Arrestance 90% 95% Service Life 4 mo 8 mo Airside Pressure Drop (clean)
0.3” 0.6”
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Filter Rating• Efficiency - percent of atmospheric contaminants
removed (not size specific)• Measured by the discoloration of two white paper
targets (ASHRAE 52.1)• Always specified in bid documents
20% efficient 30% efficient 65% efficient 95% efficient
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Filter Rating• MERV: Minimum Efficiency Rating Value • Introduced by ASHRAE Standard 52.2. • Based on Particle Size Efficiency - the filter’s ability to
remove airborne particles in specific size ranges from 0.3 to 10 microns
Source: Heating/Piping/AirConditioning • October 1999
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Filter Rating
• Increased APD => Decreased air flow• Increased APD => Increased fan horsepower• Increased face area => Reduced APD• Increased efficiency => Increased APD
APD = Airside Pressure Drop
High APDLow APD
Resistance - measure the pressure drop across the filter due to the opposition of the filter (inches of water, gauge – “w.g.”)
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Filter Manufacturer• American Air Filter - standard airside
product filter manufacturer
• Filter data can be found at www.aafintl.com
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• Pre-filters– Pleated 30% eff (MERV 6)
• Perfect Pleat• Consistent, self-supporting DuraFlex media• No wire support
– Safer handling– Avoid Rust– Totally incinerable
– Cleanable (MERV 1)• Permanent Metal Air Filters• Aluminum (std) & with drain holes• High moisture applications • Easy to handle/clean
– Throwaway (MERV 4)• 5700• Fiberglass media• Extra heavy dust
Filter Types
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Filter Types• Throwaway, panel
construction• Pleated (2”PerfectPleat or
4”AmAir 200E) • Cleanable
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AF Segment in YorkWorks
Filter Types
Only 2”
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FF Segment in YorkWorks
Filter Types
2” - three options
4” - pleated only
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Higher efficiency filters:• 4” Mini-pleat – VariCel II
efficiency: 60-65% 80-85% 90-95% MERV: 11 13 14
• 12” Rigid - VariCelefficiency: 60-65% 80-85% 90-95% MERV: 11 13 14
• 21” Bag – DriPakefficiency: 60-65% 80-85% 90-95% MERV: 11 13 14
Filter Types
Ultra-fine glass fiber mediaCorrugated aluminum separatorsMetal sides, steel header
Ultra-fine glass fiber mediaNon-supported extended surface
Micro-glass paper with water repellant binder mediaFoil laminated fiber board frame
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Filter Types• Bag• Rigid, cartridge • Mini-pleat
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RF Segment in YorkWorks
Filter Types
4 options:2” pleated2” cleanable2” throwaway4” pleated
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RF Segment in YorkWorksFilter Types
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Filter Types
HEPA – High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter
• High capacity AstroCel HCX• 11.5” deep – 500 fpm @1.4” w.g.• Each filter tested at AAF• Extruded aluminum bevel-welded
frames from AAF (Solution)• Front-loading only• Minimum efficiency on 0.3 micron
particles: 99.97% (MERV 17) 99.99% (MERV 18)
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Filter TypesHF Segment in YorkWorks
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Filter Types• Roll• Electrostatic• Gaseous contaminant
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Carbon Filters• Gaseous and odor control• Pre/carbon/post filter configuration• Three options
– Disposable • AAF AmAir/C 2” – directly interchangeable
– Rechargeable• FARR Riga-sorb 80R
– Incinerable• FARR Riga-sorb 80D – totally disposable
Filter Types
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CF Segment in YorkWorks
Filter Types
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Filter Applications
Cartridge Filter
Pleated Pre-Filter
Airflow
Airflow
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Filter Applications
Cartridge FilterUsed in varying airflow applications because pleats won’t collapse when airflow decreases
Bag FilterUsed only in constant airflow applications so that bags don’t collapse and rub
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