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AS PEAnatomy & Physiology
James Barraclough
Lesson 2: Bones
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Aims: Skeleton & BonesObjectives:
ALL will be able to identify:
O Bones of Axial skeletonO Bones of Appendicular skeleton
O Functions of bones
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Activity 1Using homework answers, on next slide take
turns to label bones. MAKE NOTES OF ANY YOU
DONT HAVE:O ColourAXIAL SKELETON blue
O ColourAPPENDICULAR SKELETON red
O ALSO: which is following views of skeleton is:
O ANTERIOR?O POSTERIOR?
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ANSWERS206 bones in human body
O AXIAL: 80 bonesO Cranium (29 bones in head)O Thorax (25 in total: sternum & 24 ribs)
O Vertebral column (26 bones: 24 vertebrae, sacrum &coccyx)
O Bonus point: what are 5 sections of spine called? (CuteTeddies Love Some Cuddles NEXT SLIDE)
O APPENDICULAR (the rest!): 126 bonesO 2 Clavicles & 2 scapulae (English names?)
O Arms (2 Humerus, 2 ulna & 2 radius )
O Hands (16 carpals, 10 metacarpals, 2 sesamoid & 28phalanges)
O Pelvis (2 coxae ilium, ischium & pubis bones fusedtogether)
O Legs (2 femurs, 2 patella, 2 tibia & 2 fibula)
O Feet (14 tarsals, 10 metatarsals, 28 phalanges & 4sesamoid
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Activity 2
Function of bones
In pairs, using following headings give briefdescription to classmates (5 minutes)
http://www.aschool.us/random/
O Lever system
O Attachment of musclesO Protection
O Shape
O Support
O Blood cellsO Mineral store
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AnswersO Leverage: skeletal system allows movement by co-ordinated
action of muscles on bones, providing leveragemusclespull on bones to act as levers & movement occurs at joint
O Attachment of muscles: parts of skeleton (usually flat bones)provide surface for muscles to attach allowing movement tooccur (levers)
O Protection: skeleton protects vital tissues/organs e.g.:
O Skull protects brain; ribs protect heart/lungs); Vertebralcolumn protects spinal cord; Pelvis protects abdominal &
reproductive organsO Shape/Support: skeleton gives body shape. Provides
framework for soft tissues (muscles, etc.) & prevent it fromcollapsing in heap
O Blood cells: bones not solid - inside long bones are BONEMARROW which produce & replace white (generally in shafts
of long bones) & red blood cells (generally at ends of longsbones & some flat bones)
O Mineral store: skeleton acts as MINERAL RESERVE (e.g.calcium) vital for bone growth & health. Minerals transportedround body when needed for growth/repair (e.g. injury)
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Types of bone
5 types of bone:
O LongO Short
O Flat
O Irregular
O Sesamoid
Way bones arranged in body allows them to performcertain functions
The role bone performs determines size, shape &
density
ACTIVITY 3: in pairs complete the table
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Bone type Description Function ExampleLong Longer than it is wide!
Short Approximately as wideas they are long
Flat Flat!
Irregular Irregular in shape &dont fall into othercategories
Sesamoid Usually short/irregular bonesembedded in tendons
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Bone type Description FunctionLong Longer than it is wide! Levers
Blood cellproduction
Short Approximately as wide as theyare long
Support & stability,little movement
Flat Flat! ProtectionMuscleattachment
Irregular Irregular in shape & dont fallinto other categories Various, dependson location
Sesamoid Usually short/ irregular bonesembedded in tendons
Protects tendon aspasses over joint
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Examples
Long Bones:
O Arms: Humerus, radius & ulna
O Legs: Femur, tibia, fibula
O Hands & feet: Metacarpals, phalanges & metatarsals
Short bones:
O Tarsals & calcaneum feet; carpals hands
Irregular bones:
O Vertebrae; jawbone (mandible); cheekbone
Flat bones:
O Cranium, clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs, pelvis
Sesamoid bones:
O Patella, pisiform (in wrist), 1st metatarsal bone has 2sesamoid bones as connects to big toe
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Recap
Bones Dominoes
ALSO: write down e-mails for
me to send lesson resources
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Next Lesson
Joints:
O Classifications (fixed, cartilaginous, 6
synovial)O Movements applicable to sport
HOMEWORK: research & make notes onabove in preparation for lesson
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