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:
. 22731()
:
: 2010
:
( )
, 46 (.), - 400 028: 9821087115,
9869201258
, 721/1/9, , , - 411 030: 9881151161,
9850572580
,5/5/66,
, , - 431 005
: 0240-2343601,
8087882741
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1) 2)
) ) ) (credit expansion)
) ) 1) 2)
3) )
) ) )
4) ) /
) ) ) ) - )
5) 6)
- , ,
, ; :
, /
, ,
,
,
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,
,
: , -- ? , , , --,
, , ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
- ,
, , , , , , ,
,
, , - , , , , , , :
... , ,
,
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( ?) - , , - ,
/ ... - ,
....
, ,
,
: (Flawed Taxation System)
2 ] : -
/
/ / ,
, , 2 ) (Transaction Money) :1) (Currency Money) :
(. 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000) ( (WPI), , .) /
(High Powered Money)
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2) (Credit/Bank Money):
(Credit History) PlasticMoney - Credit/Debit Card
(Credit Expansion)
2 - (Credit Expansion): (Credit Expansion)
2000 10% (Cash Reserve Ratio) 200 1800 (Derivative
Deposit) (Excess Reserves) (Loan /Advance)
, 1800 (Cheque) ` 1800 ` 1800 (CashReserve Ratio) 1620
(Primary Deposit ) 1800 (Derivative Deposite ) (Credit Expansion) (Capital formation)
: (Multiple Expansion of Credit through Banking System )
/(Primary Deposits/ (Cash Reserve (Loan /derivative
Liabilities ) @ 10% Deposits )
2000* 200 1800 1800** 180 1620 1620 162 1458 1458 145 1313 1313 131 1182: : : :
20,000 2000 18000**** ( Primary Deposit)** (Original Primary Deposit)***
(Capital Formation Through Credit Expansion)
(Cash Reserve Ratio) (CreditMultiplier)
:
(Credit Multiplier :
, :
Volume of Derivative DepositsOriginal Excess Reserves
180001800 =10
)
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2008-2009 [Currency Money] = 6, 04,000 [Bank/Creadit Money] = 4,96,000 *
[Bank/Creadit Money] [Currency Money]
/ [CreditExpansion] ()
[Affordability]
, , , [PurchasingPower] [Credit Expansion] , , [ 60 14 1969 100 500, 1000, 5000 10000
4,000
18,000
22
,000
4.50
3,00,000
12,30,000
15
,30,000
4.10
60,000
3,20,000
3,80,000
5.3
3
5.3
3
77
421
49
8
5.4
7
5,6
70
24,400
30
,070
4.30
300
2,200
2,500
7.3
3
3,10,000
7,90,000
11
,00,000
2.5
5
1,800
5,700
7,500
3.1
7
4,400
94,800
99
,200
21.5
5
76,000
60,600
1,36,600
0.80
6,00,000
5,00,000
11
,00,000
0.8
3
[
]
[Bank/creditmoney]
[T
otalNarrow
Money]
(M1)
/
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- 100 ]
/ , , /
[Audit]
[11 2001 - , 13 2001 ] 11 -
,
,
[ 95 %] 13 2008 26/11 - [ 80%]
,
/(Credit) , , NPA(Non Performing Assets)
: -1] 2]
() () () ( / )
40,000 100 400
20,000 50 400
40,00,000 10,000 400
33,000 1000 33
.2 .5 .10 .20 .50 .100 .500 .1000
1999-2000 4592 512 1152 13282 1010 33230 85831 57250 0
2000-2001 5358 457 1016 123361012 32818 108141 52947 3719
2004-2005 7351 462 2086 6770 3876 29941 123282 152728 420822007-2008 125 636 2111 9333 4108 26508 134575 263108 141219
91% 100, 500 1000 .
[2007] 78 % . 20 .
www.rbi.org.in
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30
[ ] , ,
/ , [ ]
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:1] 2] 1] (Direct Tax):
,
[ , - ] - (ParallelEconomy)
2] (Indirect Tax):
(Customs/ImportDuties), (Excise Duty), (Sales Tax), (ServiceTax), (Octroi)
, [ , , / ] / /
, /
: , , , () (Canon of Equity):
, ( ) ( )
:
(Direct Tax & Indirect Tax) 34:66 ( 2007-2008) ,
1960-61 16% , 1999-2000 25%
: , (Raw Material) , (Spare Parts) (FinishedGoods)
() (Canon of Productivity): (Revenue)
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: :
(Non-agriculturist), (Non-agriculturist Income),
,
: , ) (Canon of Simplicity):
: ,
(Octroi), ( ): (White Money) (Black Money) (ParallelEconomy) 30,00,000 ) (Canon of Certainty):
,
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:
, , , , , , , ,
, (Octroi) : (Budget) (Provisions) , : ) (Canon of Elasticity):
( , , ) , :
, : , :
: ) (Canon of Economy):
(Government Treasuries) (TaxCollection) :
:
: ,
1] (Reliance on Indirect Taxes):
,
, [ 2007-08 /
66% 34% ]
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2] (Arbitrary and Irrational Nature) : - 3] (Instability/Uncertainly) : -
4] (Scope For Tax Evasion) :
5] (Narrow base) :
6] (Inelastic Nature) : , ,
[, , ]
7] (Complex Nature Taxes ) : , 8] (Multiplicity of Taxes):
[, , ]
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.. 1998
65 70 % 13.5 % 30 35 %
8 % :1] 2] 3] ,
, 4] , ,
: / 5] ,
6]
7] ,
, , 8] , 9] 10]
11] 12]
13] , [. ]14] [ ,
, , , ]
,
-
, -
, ,
, :
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:1) *: , (Custom & Excise duty)
* ,
2) (Bank Transaction Tax) (Single Point Deduction) (, 2% ) 2% , , (, 2% 70 % ,0.60 % , 0.35% , 0.35 % )3) .50 .1000,500,100 4) ( . 2000 )
5) (Bank Transaction Tax)
4 - :1] Transaction Point
2] [Clearing Houses] 24 [ 6 4
]3] : 4] [] 0.35 %
[ Credit CardDebit Card ]4 - : -1]
2]
4 - :1] 2] 3] ,
4]
[2% ] 5]
4 - - / -
= + */
* TransactionMoney = Currency Money + Bank Money/ Demand Deposit
(Narrow Money) M1 *Money Withdrawable by Cheque
11,00, 000 = 6, 04, 000 + 4,96, 000
2008 ., : www. rbi.org.in
- 1
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2007-08 8,550 . [36,85,400 . ] / [0.035% ]
36,85,400 . 0.035% = 13,000 .
2007-2008 8,74,120/- . 0.93% / ,
2008-09 5,07,150 . [0.7% ]
R = , [M1]
R*
20%5,62,000
+
30%8,43,000
+
40%11,24,000
+
50%14,05,000
+
60%16,87,00
+
* .
,
2008-09 5,09,927 . [0.6% ]
R = , [M1]
R
*
20%
4,82,000
30%
7,23,000
40%
9,64,000
50%
12,05,000
60%
14,46,000
* .
- 2
: - (GDP)
(GDP)
50 70
110 20 ()
, = 20 [] =
[GDP]2007-08 GDP = 47,00,000 .
= 20 x 47,00,000= 9,40,00,000 . /
= x 100
(%) = x 100
= 8,74,120 . x 100
9,40,00,000 .= 0.93%
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4 - : -1] ,
2] (FiscalDeficit)
3] , 4] , ,
/ 5]
6]
[ , ]7] 8] ,,
/ 9] /
10] [- ,
2% 2.5 % 0.5% ]11]
12]
13] [ (Manufacturing) (Trading)
- ]14]
15] 0.7% 16]
17] :
18]
19] [ , ] ,
- [
] 20] Floating Money
[ 30, 60, 90 Payment terms
(Immediate Payment) ] 21]
- ,
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/ 22] ,,
1] ?
. 50 2] ?
(Golden Handshake)
3] ?
.50
2000 /-
4] / ? (Tax Net)
[ + + + = + = ] /
/ / / 5]
?
6] ?
[ 0.0175% ]7] (Barter) ?
/
(CreaditExpansion)
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8] ?
9] ?
, 10] ?
(Voluntury Disclosure of IncomeScheme)
[ , ]11] ?
[ , ,
, ]
,
90 [ ] - ` `
-
[] - [High Powered]
:1] : 2]
,
/ - 1] - [ ] [ -. 100 , , 110 110 .100 = 11,000 . 5 2200 . ] (Nominate) , 60%11,000 . 60/100 = 6,600 . 6,600 . -
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2] : : 10 x 100 = .1000 5 [ ]3] :
: 10 x 100 = .10 5 [ ]
[ ]
[] , ,
; . 10 , .5 . 1 , , . 50 .10 ,
+ : 785
x.10
x12
= . 942
: .5 50
[. ]
+ : 336
x
.5 x12
= .219
: .50
[. ]
: 100x.1
x12
= .12
.250
6,600 30 % = .1,980
6,600 25 % = .1,650
6,600 20 % = .1,320
6,600 15 % = .990
6,600 10 % = .660
30 %
25 %
20 %
15 %
10 %5 %
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, :1]
/ (Talent) (Career) [ : : 11,000 .25,000/- [ ]: 350 . ]2] / [votes]
3]
4] : 5]
6]
12] / ?
, 1]
, , 2] [ /- / ]3] , ,
4] , /
[ / www.arthakranti.org ]
5]
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:
, )
.1, 7 :1) ( ) (Income Tax )2) (Corporation Tax )3) (Customs Duties )4) / ( ) (Excise duty)5) ( )6) ( )7) ( ) (Stamp Duties)8) (Stock Exchange )
9) - 10) 11) (,,
) (Terminal Tax )12) (Sale/Purchase Tax)
) 2 11
:1) (Land Revenue)2) 3)
4) 5) 6) (Excise Duty)7) 8) ( )9) 10) , 11) (Stamp Duty)12) , -
13) , , 14) (Tolls)15) , 16) (Tax on Capital)17)
) : (Octroi),
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:http://www.r
ba.go
v.au/Statistics/tabel_
3_
281108.xls
:http://www.p
bc.gov.cn/english/diaochatongji/tongjishuju/gofile.asp?file=2007So7.htm
:http://www.ec
b.int/press/pdf/md/md0705.p
df
:http://www.boj.or.jp/en/type/stat/dlong/fin_
stat/mon
ey/cdab0085.csv
:http://www.bok.or.kr/contents_
admin/info_
admin/eng/home/press/pressre/info/2008
04monetarystatistics1.p
df
:http://www.r
bnz.g
ovt.nz/statistics/monfin/c1/data.htm
:http://www.c
br.ru/eng/statistics/credit_
statistics/mon_
supply_
07_
e.htm
:http://www.mas.gov.sg/data_room/msb/Highlights_
of_Monetary_
and_
Financial_
Developments.h
tml
:http://www.bankofengland.co.u
k/statistics/ms/2008/Aug/taba2.3.x
ls
:http://www.federa
lreserve.gov/pubs/supplement/2008/11/table1_
21.h
tm
:http://rbidocs.r
bi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/85273.p
df
:
- 9822959263 - 9423456220 - 9823447787
- 9821087115 - 9869201258 - 9850000313 - 9822058051 - 9890947640 - 9422112720 - 9373106435
- 9422964600 - 9890100984 - 9822092417 - 9422400797
- 9423261841 - - 9011886060 - 9822759519 - 9970188038 - 9373901035 - 9422065656
. - 9423974675 - 9372111193
- 9373155551 - 9881150862 . - 9420038796
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...
. 50/- !
!
,
,
: :
/ .:- :
: /
/ !!
/
()
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