Download - ars.els-cdn.com€¦ · Web viewND – Not Detected; MRL – Minimum Reporting Limiting; RPD – Relative Percent Difference. *Removals were calculated based on the actual spiked

Table S1. Chemical properties of the indicator compounds

Classes Indicator Compounds Structure Chemical Properties

Analgesics Acetaminophen Phenol, amide

Ibuprofen Aromatic ring, carboxylic acid

Antibiotics ErythromycinComplex aliphatic structure, ketone, alcohols, ester, ethers, tertiary amine, heterocyclic rings

Sulfamethoxazole Sulfone, primary amine, secondary amine, aromatic ring, isoxazole ring

Trimethoprim Aromatic ring, pyrimidine ring, primary amines, methoxy groups

Antiepileptic Carbamazepine Aromatic rings, heterocyclic ring, amide

β-Blocker Atenolol Aromatic ring, carboxylic acid, ether, amine

Blood Lipid Regulator Gemfibrozil Aromatic ring, carboxylic acid, ether

Fire Retardant TCEP Phosphate, chlorines, aliphatic structure

Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine Ketone, pyridine ring

Pesticides Atrazine Triazine ring, secondary amines, chlorine

DEET Aromatic ring, amide

Psychomotor Stimulant Caffeine Xanthine ring

Steroid 17β-Estradiol Aliphatic rings

X-ray Contrast Agent Iopromide Phenol, alcohol, aliphatic rings

Table S2. Pilot plant source water quality

Parameters Concentration

Source Water Quality T (°C) 19-27

Turbidity (ntu) 2.3-7.5

pH 7.33-8.29

Alkalinity (mg/L) 72-90

Hardness (mg/L) 98-118

Ammonia (mg/L as N) 0.02-0.3

Nitrate (mg/L as N) 0.03-0.30

Nitrite (mg/L as N) ND-0.02

Sodium (mg/L) 39.1-42

Aluminum (mg/L) 0.06-0.10

Mn (mg/L) 0.15-0.27

Iron (mg/L) 0.16-0.26

TOC (mg/L) 4.17-7.58

DOC (mg/L) 3.86-6.58TOC – Total Organic Carbon; DOC – Dissolved Organic Carbon; ND – Not Detected.

Table S3. PPCP concentrations in process effluent in Run 1

Classes CompoundsMRL

(ng/L)

RPD

(%)

Target

Conc.

(ng/L)

Blank

(ng/L)

Spiked*

(ng/L)

Pre-O3

(ng/L)

DAF

(ng/L)

Filter 1

(ng/L)

GAC-virgin

(ng/L)

GAC-used

(ng/L)

Inter Cl2

(ng/L)

Filter 2

(ng/L)

UV/H2O2

(ng/L)

Train 1 – 3 1 – 3 1 – 3 1 – 3 1 1 2 3 3 3

Analgesics Acetaminophen 5 0 1,855 ND 2,700 12 13 14 ND ND ND ND ND

Ibuprofen 10 2.9 685 ND 970 270 250 220 ND 180 230 210 ND

Antibiotics Erythromycin 10 0 139 70 820 74 76 71 73 73 70 71 ND

Sulfamethoxazole 5 53 3,382 16 2,600 5.8 6.6 24 17 28 23 ND 15

Trimethoprim 5 0 1,150 9.7 1,800 8.4 ND 52 ND 16 12 ND 10

Antiepileptic Carbamazepine 5 0 1,424 ND 2,800 14 14 13 13 23 12 12 ND

Beta-Blockers Atenolol 5 12 575 ND 940 540 370 480 ND 51 300 570 8.3

Blood LipidRegulators Gemfibrozil 5 1.8 685 ND 590 55 55 54 ND 37 43 39 ND

Fire Retardant TCEP 5 78 575 ND 390 440 410 400 ND 290 490 370 210

Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine 10 29 1,185 ND 790 750 770 860 ND 430 740 630 110

Pesticides Atrazine 5 13 657 ND 1,300 180 260 300 21 200 260 350 19

DEET 2 13 2,415 710 3,900 1,200 800 770 220 770 830 710 11

Psychomotor Stimulant Caffeine 5 3.4 9,189 14 6,900 4,500 4,500 2,700 ND 1,800 4,100 3,200 55

Steroids 17β-Estradiol 5 5.6 288 ND 430 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

X-ray Contrast Agent Iopromide 5 4.9 1,150 ND 1,200 730 690 640 51 580 720 590 18

ND – Not Detected; MRL – Minimum Reporting Limiting; RPD – Relative Percent Difference. *Removals were calculated based on the actual spiked concentration measured in the pilot plant.



(ng/L)

RPD

(%)

Target

Conc.

(ng/L)

Diluted Spiked

Solution**

(ng/L)

Blank

(ng/L)

Spiked*

(ng/L)

DAF

(ng/L)

Inter O3

(ng/L)

Filter 1

(ng/L)

GAC-virgin

(ng/L)

GAC-used

(ng/L)

UV/H2O2

(ng/L)

Train 4 – 6 4 – 6 4 – 6 4 – 5 4 4 5 6

Analgesics Acetaminophen 5 1.2 1,855 1,500 ND 1,200 1,300 67 73 ND 12 ND

Ibuprofen 10 1.4 685 250 ND 380 200 140 190 ND 140 ND

Antibiotics Erythromycin 10 15 139 20 ND 14 22 ND ND ND ND ND

Sulfamethoxazole 5 1.7 3,382 3,100 ND 2,700 2,600 190 150 ND 90 ND

Trimethoprim 5 13 1,150 1,400 ND 1,200 950 65 62 ND ND ND

Antiepileptic Carbamazepine 5 17 1,424 2,400 ND 1,600 1,700 150 170 ND 56 31

Beta-Blockers Atenolol 5 18 575 630 ND 850 780 270 210 ND 44 8.3

Blood Lipid Regulators Gemfibrozil 5 5.4 685 690 ND 600 600 110 95 ND 73 9.9

Fire Retardant TCEP 5 41 575 280 ND 190 240 180 170 ND 150 150

Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine 10 6.9 1,185 950 ND 1,400 1,200 820 950 ND 480 200

Pesticides Atrazine 5 8.7 657 460 ND 670 400 380 550 ND 200 24

DEET 2 18 2,415 2,300 ND 3,500 1,200 830 1,300 ND ND 9.1

Psychomotor Stimulant Caffeine 5 1.6 9,189 9,300 51 7,500 6,100 3,700 3,800 8.6 1,500 390

Steroids 17β-Estradiol 5 5.5 288 310 ND 250 300 6.8 8.5 ND ND ND

X-ray Contrast Agent Iopromide 5 2.6 1,150 1,300 ND 670 1,100 730 530 17 420 14

ND – Not Detected; MRL – Minimum Reporting Limiting; RPD – Relative Percent Difference.*Removals were calculated based on the actual spiked concentration measured in the pilot plant.**The diluted spiked solution was prepared from the spiked solution to simulate the expected condition in the pilot plant after spiking.



(ng/L)

RPD

(%)

Target

Conc.

(ng/L)

Diluted Spiked

Solution**

(ng/L)

Blank

(ng/L)

Spiked*

(ng/L)

DAF

(ng/L)

Inter O3/H2O2

(2.5 mg/L / 0.5 mg/L)

(ng/L)

Inter Cl ２(ng/L)

Filter 2

(ng/L)

UV/H2O2

(ng/L)

Train 7 – 9 7 – 9 7 – 9 7 – 8 9 9 9

Analgesics Acetaminophen 5 4.6 1,855 1,400 ND 1,200 ND 24 47 27 ND

Ibuprofen 10 2.6 685 460 ND 560 530 110 480 430 ND

Antibiotics Erythromycin 10 35 139 ND ND ND 15 ND ND ND ND

Sulfamethoxazole 5 8.4 3,382 3,200 ND 3,000 3,100 19 6 330 ND

Trimethoprim 5 40 1,150 1,000 ND 1,500 ND 14 88 49 ND

Antiepileptic Carbamazepine 5 3.5 1,424 1,300 ND 1,400 1,600 11 70 170 28

Beta-Blockers Atenolol 5 10 575 1,000 ND 650 660 100 ND ND 22

Blood Lipid Regulators Gemfibrozil 5 16 685 510 600 ND 590 26 510 510 22

Fire Retardant TCEP 5 0.36 575 790 17 570 470 390 110 ND 350

Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine 10 12 1,185 1,500 12 ND ND 1,200 160 250 330

Pesticides Atrazine 5 6.2 657 220 ND 520 870 220 560 ND 9.2

DEET 2 23 2,415 2,700 ND 2,800 1,200 ND 76 250 ND

Psychomotor Stimulant Caffeine 5 5.7 9,189 12,000 41 12,000 8,200 ND 370 780 ND

Steroids 17β-Estradiol 5 13 288 280 ND 100 220 6.6 9.2 10 ND

X-ray Contrast Agent Iopromide 5 6.5 1,150 1,200 ND 1,400 1,600 820 1,600 1,400 29




(ng/L)

RPD

(%)

Target Conc.

(ng/L)

Diluted Spiked

Solution**

(ng/L)

Blank

(ng/L)

Spiked*

(ng/L)

Pre-Ozonation/H2O2

(2.5 mg/L / 0.5 mg/L)

(ng/L)

Filter 2

(ng/L)

UV/H2O2

(ng/L)

Train A-C A-C A C C

Analgesics Acetaminophen 5 4.6 1,855 1,100 ND 940 110 1,200 ND

Ibuprofen 10 2.6 685 650 ND 560 240 520 ND

Antibiotics Erythromycin 10 35 139 ND ND ND ND ND ND

Sulfamethoxazole 5 8.4 3,382 3,200 ND 3,100 58 2,800 ND

Trimethoprim 5 40 1,150 1,400 ND 1,300 69 740 ND

Antiepileptic Carbamazepine 5 3.5 1,424 1,100 ND 1,100 140 1,700 ND

Beta-Blockers Atenolol 5 10 575 920 ND 940 980 780 ND

Blood Lipid Regulators Gemfibrozil 5 16 685 620 ND 520 260 610 18

Fire Retardant TCEP 5 0.36 575 370 14 820 650 560 750

Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine 10 12 1,185 1,600 14 1,500 1,300 1,700 170

Pesticides Atrazine 5 6.2 657 290 9.3 230 270 670 ND

DEET 2 23 2,415 2,600 420 2,300 2,300 11,000 ND

Psychomotor Stimulant Caffeine 5 5.7 9,189 12,000 35 12,000 12,000 7,000 550

Steroids 17β-Estradiol 5 13 288 300 ND 200 ND 200 7.2

X-ray Contrast Agent Iopromide 5 6.5 1,150 1,800 ND 1,400 1,000 2,200 20


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Figure S1. Cumulative removal by each treatment process in a) Trains 1 to 3, b) Trains 4 to 6, c) Trains 7 to 9, and d) Trains 10 to 12.

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Figure S1. Cumulative removal by each treatment process in a) Trains 1 to 3, b) Trains 4 to 6, c) Trains 7 to 9, and d) Trains 10 to 12 (continued).