Human factors seminar Applied human factors: Hazard analysis Gareth Hughes, Manager Human Factors
December 2015
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 2
Agenda
• ASA Human Factors team – who we are • Hazard analysis general principles • Specific tools, techniques, methods and models • Exercise • Q & A
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 3
Who we are…
The ASA SQER Human Factors (HF) team are:
• Gareth Hughes - Manager HF • Airdrie Long - Snr HF Specialist • Stuart Hughes - HF Specialist
Asset Standards Authority Purpose, priorities and progress Nick Berry, Manager Industry Engagement
December 2015
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 5
Emergency evacuation
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 6
Emergency evacuation
Figure 9 - Main fire evacuation assembly area
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 7
Consulting and advising across asset life cycle
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 8
New engineering drawings and CAD requirements standard
Potential benefits
✓ Consistency across transport organisations in TfNSW cluster
Alignment with AS1100 and industry best practices
First step toward digital engineering (BIM)
No constraint on using a specific software
Common title block formats for all disciplines including tagging and file naming conventions and other metadata requirements (pictured)
✓
✓
✓
✓
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 9
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 10
Nick Berry Manager, Industry E ngagement 02 9422 7356 [email protected]
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 11
Human factors seminar Applied human factors: Hazard analysis Gareth Hughes, Manager Human Factors
December 2015
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 12
This seminar
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 13
CHAIR – Application currently has limitations
Construction Hazard Assessment Implication Review = CHAIR CHAIR 1 - is performed at the conceptual stage of a design, which is the best opportunity to make fundamental change, even though much of the design is still to be determined. CHAIR 2 - focuses on construction and demolition issues and is performed just prior to construction, when the full detailed design is known. CHAIR 3 - focuses on maintenance and repair issues and is performed at the same time as the CHAIR 2 study. Developed in the late 1990’s CHAIR is construction focused. CHAIR 3 studies do consider some issues regarding maintainability of the asset but not operability. Note: CHAIR is no longer supported on the NSW Work Cover website.
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 14
Safety In Design (SiD) Focuses on safety interventions early in design. This is the most cost effective opportunity to do this. SiD involves the use of: • Hazard identification registers (HAZID) • Risk registers • Risk is eliminated or controlled so far as is reasonably practical
(SFAIRP) levels • Any residual risk is identified and managed by the client • SiD workshops that involve stakeholder representatives
especially the client • Stakeholder consultation should include actual end-users!
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 15
SiD in practice - example
Exterior flood light at the top of a three story building
Light fixture rotates inwards to facilitate safe access for maintenance
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 16
Lessons learnt – Human factors integration and safety in design • For projects at the simpler end, broadening the Safety in Design (SiD) process can
be sufficient for Human Factors Integration (HFI) – SiD (under the WHS Act 2011) requires consideration of the safety of people
during: Construction Maintenance Operations Disposal
– Broadening the process to include: Operability Maintainability (the ease with which the asset can be operated and maintained)
Note: CHAIR is often provided as evidence of SiD. (Heavily biased towards construction, no longer on WorkCover NSW website) (see T MU HF 00001 GU for further information)
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 17
The ASA
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 18
The ASA’s objective
The Asset Standards Authority’s objective:
• Is to develop standards to enable AEO’s to deliver: – Assets are both operable and maintainable – Are safe to operate and maintain – Deliver required performance
• Human factors and human interaction is significant in these activities
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 19
What are human factors?
• It is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system and the profession, that applies: – theory – principles – data – methods to design in order to optimise human well
being and system performance.
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 20
Human factors
Overall system performance improves when human capabilities and limitations have been addressed in the design
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 21
Human factors at the ASA is…
“Human Factors is about ensuring the delivered asset is both operable and maintainable, safe to operate and maintain as well as deliver required levels of performance”
Key points: • It’s about the delivered asset or service (lifecycle) • It starts with good design (at least HF considerations in design) • It’s not only about safety, it’s about delivering to required design
expectations – getting value • To achieve a good asset HF should be incorporated at concept and
design
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 22
Human factors in the asset lifecycle
Good asset performance
begins at design
Good design Leads to good asset
performance
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 2323
Human factors in delivered assets Making operable: • The finished asset works well for
end-users • The needs of the end-user been
properly assessed during the concept and design stages
Making it maintainable: • The finished asset enables
maintainers to keep it working well • Access for maintenance been
considered
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 24
Hazard analysis – general principles
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 25
Hazard analysis – definitions
Hazard – AS 61508 ‘Potential source of Harm’
Hazard ‘A potential source of harm. A condition that could lead to an accident. A hazard should be referred to a system or product’.
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 26
Why perform hazard analysis
• To stop people getting killed or injured
• To enable the development of a SFAIRP design
• To enhance the performance level of the final product
• To provide assurance in the overall quality of the design
• To demonstrate compliance with legislation
• As an afterthought when we have done the design
• Because it says so in the contract
• To keep people happy! • To tick the box
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 27
What are the goals of hazard analysis • Completeness • Full list of hazards • Knowledge-based • Take account of past accidents and
current knowledge and previous work (previous projects etc)
• Enable lateral thinking and • Reflect multi-disciplinary understanding of interactions experience between system elements
• To provide robust justification for
• Auditable decisions and content
• Structured • To help completeness
• Efficient • To enable best and appropriate use of resources
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 28
What makes for good hazard analysis?
Documentation Scoped
Facilitation
People Preparation
Technique
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 29
Exercise – What types of hazards should be identified?
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 30
Scope • Design or redesign • Like for Like • Off the Shelf • Simple human interactions or
complex • Predictable or uncertain system
behaviour • System boundary clear or
unclear • Influence of external factors • Influence of related system
elements
To address the requirements of the ASA Human Factors standards you MUST have
sufficient focus on Operability and Maintainability
Which technique?
Simple projects • Past experience (in industry) • Codes and standards • Checklists
• Hazop • Brainstorming
Complex project • Program of Hazard Analysis • Failure Modes Effects and
Criticality Analysis (FMECA) • Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) • Event Tree analysis (ETA)
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 31
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 32
Engineering codes and standards
Advantages
• Simple to understand and follow
• Legally enforced • Apply to all installations
Disadvantages • Based only on
experience (no prediction)
• Consensus documents (minimum acceptable standard)
• Basis is arbitrary (no risk analysis)
• Other?
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 33
Checklists Advantages • All issues on list will be
addressed • Can be done at any
stage in the life cycle • Minimal manpower • Standard checklists
available
Disadvantages • May not be
comprehensive • Rely on past experience
(not predictive) • May be very lengthy • Can be a box ticking
exercise • Need to be kept up to
date
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 34
Preparation
• Understand the context and determine the scope of the assessment
• Research past events • Site visit • Understand the human activities required • Identify who should attend (what skill
sets/experience is required) • Prepare documents for meeting • Develop briefing note for participants
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 35
Understanding human activities task analysis
Simple Complex
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 36
People
• Get the right people • Give people sufficient notice • Confirm attendance close to the day • Try to get as good a room as possible • Limit number to 6 – 8 people plus yourself
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 37
Facilitation – basics
• Do the housekeeping • Explain the purpose • Set the ground rules • Explain the process • Try to get everyone involved • Encourage positive
behaviour • Discourage negative
behaviour
A great way to get everyone involved is to start by going
round the table and ask people of the known hazards
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 38
Facilitation – best practice
• Use a means of recording that is visual to the whole group. You can then agree wording etc right then and there
• If possible get someone else to do the recording (the better the recording at the time the less effort later)
• Make sure that explanations are explicit and understandable
Tip for participants, if you have something to say don’t
just blurt out, it could interrupt the other persons thoughts. If
it’s not the right time jot it down and say it later. It will actually have more effect!
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 39
People – end-user consultation
Have I got the right end user?
Who are my end users?
Have I consulted with them?
How can I make it better for them to
do this?
What are they trying to do?
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 40
Exercise - Identifying end-users…
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 41
Documentation
• Use predefined format for collecting information at the workshop. This can provide input into the project hazard/risk register
• Include hazard, cause, consequence, current controls, and potential actions required
• Copy of report/results sent to participants for review
• The test of good documentation is that the information should be clear to someone who was not at the meeting
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 42
Post Workshop Process
• The final output of the workshop then needs to be reviewed and the proposed actions subject to some form of governance process
• In some cases this may require further analysis such as cost benefit analysis
• Agreed actions then need to be tracked through to completion including any validation & verification activities
The output of the workshop represents the view of a
group of people at a specific time
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 43
Hazard analysis in practice
Hazard analysis is the process of recognising hazards that may arise from a system or its environment.
This includes: • documenting undesirable consequences • analysing their potential causes
The hazard analysis process commences with a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) in the early stages of a project and continues throughout the system product's life cycle.
A good hazard analysis session is well scoped and prepared, well facilitated, structured and well documented.
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 44
HAZOP
• Process industry had poor record in 1950-60’s
• Developed by ICI in the UK in the mid 1960's
• Hazard reviews were unstructured and discipline oriented
• Aim was substantially improve safety and operability
• “Structured Brainstorming”
• Based on identifying functional/manageable chunks referred to as ‘nodes’
• Guideword driven - explore ALL possible deviations
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 45
HAZOP – Basic Guidewords A hazard and operability study, abbreviated HAZOP, uses guidewords systematically to identify deviations from normal conditions to be further examined by skilled personnel.
Basic Guidewords NO No part of design intent achieved, eg: NO flow, NO level
MORE more of a quantitative property, eg: MORE temperature
LESS less of a quantitative property, eg: LESS pressure
AS WELL AS more of a qualitative property, eg: contamination
PART OF less of a qualitative property, eg: additive present in reduced amount
REVERSE reverse of design intent, eg: REVERSE flow
OTHER THAN something completely different to design intent, eg: product delivered to wrong tank
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 46
HAZOP – extended guidewords
Basic guidewords Extended guidewords NO NO FLOW COMPOSITION CHANGE
MORE REVERSE FLOW CONTAMINATION
LESS MORE FLOW RELIEF
PART OF LESS FLOW INSTRUMENTATION
AS WELL AS MORE LEVEL SAMPLING
REVERSE LESS LEVEL CORROSION/EROSION
OTHER THAN MORE PRESSURE SERVICE FAILURE
LESS PRESSURE ABNORMAL OPERATION
MORE TEMPERATURE MAINTENANCE
LESS TEMPERATURE INGNITION
MORE VISCOSITY SPARE EQUIPMENT
LESS VISCOSITY SAFETY
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 47
HAZOP – characteristics
• Extremely thorough
• Systematic, structured approach
• Not most intuitive system for new teams
• Multidisciplinary approach
• Relies on expert input... team size
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 48
HAZOP – flowsheet
Describe design intention, operating conditions etc.
Consider first or next guide word
Identify all causes and record
Identify all consequences and record
List existing safeguards and record
Take next section
Agree any actions necessary and record
Yes
No Last guide word?
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 49
HAZOP - Documentation
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 50
Study of procedures
• HAZOP can be applied to procedures
• Modification of standard guideword set • Apply these guidewords to
– actions – sequence – time – information
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 51
Study of procedures
Guideword Issue No action Step is missed or omitted operation did not occur
/ action impossible / equipment not ready Operator does more than intended / other actions More action occur affecting this operation
Operation does less than intended / equipment
Less action does not perform as required / not enough time to complete the step Wrong action Operator pulls wrong lever, reads wrong
instrument / closes instead of opens / performs different or out of date procedure / performs two or more steps at once
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 52
Study of procedures Guideword Issue No information No feedback from system / procedure does not specify expected performance / no actions for emergencies or results specified
Too much information Step is confusing / too much detail / too many alarms or signals / contains unnecessary information / too many tasks / information overload
Less information Insufficient information to perform properly / expected result not specified / no start or end conditions /
insufficient information to cope with emergency or unusual r esults
Wrong information Information provided is wrong or out of date / typo / written instructions contradict oral, or other procedures, or steps in this procedure
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 53
Study of procedures
Guideword Issue More time Operator takes longer than necessary over
action/starts next action later than expected Less time Insufficient time allowed/operator carries out
action too quickly/insufficient time to warm up or cool down/equipment limitations Out of sequence This step occurs too soon or too late/operator
performs step at wrong time/equipment not in proper state
Example – HAZOP results
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 54
Guideword Deviation Cause Consequence Current safeguards
Recommendations Action by
No Flow Valve stuck in closed position
Operational delay Potential damage
to pump
Pump design Provide positive feedback of flow to
operator
GJH
Operator fails to open valve
Operational delay Potential damage
to pump
Operator to develop procedure
and training
Provide positive feedback of flow to
operator Aide memoir to be
provided on site Valve position to be
clearly indicated to operator
GJH DVX DVX
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 55
Brainstorming – SWIFT
Structured What If Technique
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 56
SWIFT characteristics
• Appropriately thorough
• Systematic
• Multidisciplinary team
• Analytical approach
• Relies on expert input
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 57
Development of checklist questions The key inputs to the development of checklist questions: • Task analysis • Review of past incidents • Review of relevant:
o Codes o Standards o Legislation
• Other checklists
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 58
SWIFT procedures
• Pick a section • Discuss regulatory issues • Determine design intent • Choose a question category • Ask What If questions • Answer What If questions • Use checklist to prompt questions
• Select next question category • Discuss other regulatory issues
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 59
Brainstorm a list of hazards
• What if?
• How?
• Is it possible?
• Has it even happened?
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 60
SWIFT documentation
The recorder would list the findings under the followingcategories:
• Question
• What-if Question • Consequences • Safeguards • Recommendations
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 61
SWIFT example – filling a car
Question Category
What if Consequences Safeguards Recommendations Action by
Human Factors
What if the driver puts diesel in a petrol car
Clogging of fuel system Costly repairs Divorce!
Make entry to fuel tanks different sizes Clearly label diesel pump Separate diesel pumps from petrol pumps Don’t own a diesel and petrol car
Only fill up own car Self
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 62
Exercise – SWIFT
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 63
Exercise
What do you see as the main differences between HAZOP and SWIFT
Think…
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 64
Exercise – Lifecycle
Where do you think the list of techniques fits on the life cycle diagram?
Asset Standards Authority Applied human factors: Hazard analysis | 65
Conclusions
• It IS worth doing well • Scale of exercise appropriate to the project • Several available techniques from simple to complex • Some are team-based (HAZOP) and individual (FMEA) • Must be structured and documented • You MUST ask the questions about what the people need
to do to operate and maintain the system. Best source of information is from end users
Top Related