Applications of superconductors in electrical engineering
Pr B. Douine & Dr K. BergerGREEN - Lorraine University
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 1Research Group in Electrotechnics and Electronics of Nancyhttp://green.univ-lorraine.fr/
Outline
About the GREEN Motor’s realizations
Flux concentration motor Synchronous motor Axial motor with magnetic coupling Flux barrier motor
Bulk magnetization activities Field cooling process with MgB2 samples Pulsed Field Magnetization with REBCO
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 2
Research Team
Permanent Members◦ Pr J. Lévêque (team leader)
◦ Pr B. Douine
◦ Pr A. Rezzoug (emeritus)
◦ Dr K. Berger
◦ Dr G. Didier
◦ Dr M. Hinaje
◦ Dr S. Mezani
◦ Dr T. Lubin
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 3
PhD Students◦ R. Alhasan
◦ C.H. Bonnard
◦ B. Dolisy
◦ B. Gony
◦ R. Linares
◦ ½ permanent technician
◦ no permanent engineer
Academic collaborations
KIT (M. Noe, F. Grilli)
University of Applied Science Mannheim (S. Elschner)
Saarland University (M.R. Koblichka)
Polytechnique Montréal, Quebec (F. Sirois)
Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, (P. Masson)
University of Liège (P. Vanderbemden)
University of Alger and Khémis-Miliana (E.H. Ailam)
National Autonomous University of Mexico (F. Trillaud)
French labs: ◦ CRETA-CNRS (X. Chaud) and Grenoble Electrical Engineering Laboratory (P.
Tixador),
◦ Institut Jean Lamour in Nancy (S. Mangin and T. Hauet),
◦ CRISMAT laboratory (J. Noudem and P. Bernstein)…
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 4
Industrial collaborations
Jeumont Electric: Project REIMS (Inductor of a machine)
Converteam (now GE): ULCOMAP for ULtra-COmpact MArinePropulsion
DCNS - French industrial group specialized in naval defense and energy
EADS and Airbus Group (Design of superconducting machines for Aircrafts)
Hispano-Suiza and Safran Group
DGA for General Directorate for Armament (Design and realizationof superconducting machines)
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 5
Research topics and expertise
Characterization of materials
Modeling (FEM and analytical)
Superconducting motors
Magnetic coupling transmission
Superconducting fault current limiter and electrical network
… other applications
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 6
Motors design and, their realization
5 motor’s projects since 2006
4 motor’s realizations since 2006
2 ANR grants (French National Research Agency)
Most of our industrial collaborations
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 7
The original idea of the GREEN Superconducting magnetic field concentration motor
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 8
1st - study of an inductor in 2002
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 9
Coils:• NbTi wires• 260 A• 880 turns
(1) Coils(2) YBaCuO HTS bulks(3) Protection resistor(4) Hall probe connections
1
2
34
2nd - realization in 2006
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 10
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
-0.08 -0.03 0.02 0.07
time (s)
E (V
)
E12E23E31
ULCOMAP Project in 2008
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 11
• Zenergy Power GmbH• Werkstoffzentrum Rheinbach GmbH• Futura composite• Converteam (now GE) • Silesian University• University of Nancy
250 kW 2 poles pairs HTS inductor
1500 rpm 50 Hz Bi 2223
400 V Xd : 0.22 pu 30 A
360 A Xq : 0.1 pu 30 K
ULCOMAP Project
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 12
Liquid Ne
Gas Ne
Vacuum of the cryocooler
Vacuum of the rotor
ULCOMAP Project
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ULCOMAP Project
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ULCOMAP Project
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Total weight: 2 776 kg, Power density: 90 W/kg
New kind of axial HTS motor including a superconducting
magnetic coupling for naval propulsion
June 2014 – B. Dolisy’s thesis
Motor principle
19
ADVANTAGES• Increases the compactness• Better efficiency• Torque transmission without contact No Torque-tubes
Stator yoke withcopper winding
HTS inductorPermanent magnets
Output shaft
Magnetic coupling
Motor
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
Design and manufactureGoals and difficulties
20
Goals• Study the behavior of the complete system (motor and magnetic coupling)• Validate the superconducting tape modeling• Increase the know-how of the laboratory
Difficulties• Manufacturing the stator without ferromagnetic tooth• Winding of the superconducting coil• Design the rotating parts in cryogenic atmosphere
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
21
Design and manufactureDesign choices
Restrict the external motor dimensions→ Round HTS coils
∅int = 70 mm minimal curvature diameter∅out = 100 mm
Superconducting coils60 turns / layer
Iron yoke
Mot
orsi
de
Mag
neti
cco
uplin
gsi
de
280
mm
Double layer motor side
• Stator yoke with 6 copper coils Copper coils250 turns
Iron yoke laminated following the radius
• Permanent magnets rotor∅out = 100 mm
Iron yokePermanent magnet
NdFeB
NN
S
S
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
22
e variable
Cooling by submersion in a liquid nitrogen bath
Vertical machine
e = 5 mm Epoxy cryostat
Liquid nitrogen tank
Output shaft
To load
Slip rings for the alimentation of the inductor
+ Efficient cooling of HTS coils+ Easy installation- High consumption of liquid nitrogen- Bearings of inductor are cold
→ dry bearings
Design and manufactureDesign choices
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
23
Design and manufactureStator with copper winding
Description Unit ValueThickness of a coil mm 15Opening of a coil - 60°Conductor cross-section mm² 0.75Number of turns per coil - 250Nominal current A 7.5Maximum power kW 1
FeSi Thickness 0.3 mm∅out = 260 mm∅int = 80 mm
Anchorage of the coils
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
24
Design and manufacture HTS inductor
BSCCO type Hi 240 m
Description Unit ValueThickness of the tape mm 0.25Width of the tape mm 4.4Length m 240Ic @ 77K Self Field A 190
Characterization of a sample (10 cm) of BSCCO tape @77K
BSCCO tape
Iron Permanent Magnets
BSCCO tape0 50 100 150 200 250-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Current (A)
Volta
ge (µ
V)
B applied = 0 TB perpendicular =0.4TCritical voltage
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
25
Design and manufacture HTS inductor
Description Unit ValueExternal diameter mm 100Internal diameter(minimal bending diameter)
mm 70
Thickness / layer mm 5Turns / layer - 60Length / layer m 16
Current leadInox core
Simple layer (magnetic coupling side)
Double layer(motor side)
Ferromagnetic yoke
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
26
Design and manufacture Permanent magnets rotor
Description Unit ValueExternal diameter mm 100Thickness mm 10Remanence of the permanent magnets T 1.25
Iron yoke
N
Permanent magnets NdFeBglued on the iron yoke
N
S
S
L. Belguerras, PhD Thesis, « Etudes Théoriques et Expérimentalesd’Accouplements Magnétiques Supraconducteurs », may 2014.
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
27
Design and manufacture Final assembly
Slip rings
Bearings
Stator
HTS inductor
Permanent magnets rotor
Bearings
Incremental encoder
Incremental encoder
DC motor
Cryostat
Slip rings and brushes
Static torque measure
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
30
TestsUnder rotation
Back EMF
Single voltage
N = 500 rpmIe = 50 A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120
10
20
30
40
50
Rang harmonique
Am
plitu
de (V
)0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06-50
-30
-10
10
30
50
Time (s)Ba
ck-E
MF(
V)
ComsolMeasures
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
Good agreement with the design
31
TestsBehn-Eschenburg model
No-load test Short circuit test
Motor parametersRs ≈ 0.82 Ω Xs ≈ 1.98 Ω
(Xs comsol ≈ 1.78 Ω)
EIinductor EIinductor
Rs j.Xs
Istator
0 10 20 30 40 500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Inductor current (A)
Stat
or c
urre
nt (A
)
250 tr/min
0 10 20 30 40 500
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Inductor current (A)
Back
EM
F (V
)
250 tr/min
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France
Study and realisation of a flux barrier synchronous
superconducting motor
October 2014 – R. Alhasan’s thesis
Motor principle
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 33
Magnetic flux
Superconductingcoils
Superconducting screen Cryostat
Copper armature
Superconductinginductor
Influence of the iron
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 34
2 cm
2 cm
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
z (m)
Br(T
)
Br(z) @ r = Rext + 2 cm
With IronWithout Iron
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150-2
-1
0
1
2
Theta (°)
Br (T
)
Br(theta) @ z = 0 and r = Rext + 2 cm
With IronWithout Iron
Without Iron
With Iron
15 cm
6 cm
15 cm
6 cm
Assembly
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 40
Inductor coilNbTi ( 4.2K) Ltotal=17 cm
Lactive = 4.5 cmDwire= 0.75 mmN= 850 turns
ArmatureCopper
1680 turnsSwire= 0.4 mm2
Superconcting screenYBaCuO
D =15 cm, e =1 cmCircular Shape
Assembly
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 41
Cryostat
Armature
bearings
Inductor
coupling
DC currentmotor
+
Internal vessel
Externalvessel
Fixing of the thermal screen
Thermal screen
Assembly
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 42
Tests
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 43
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
Temps (s)
E(V
)
Ph1Ph2Ph3
Summary
GREEN has a good expertise in superconducting motors◦ AC losses measurements/modeling are linked to this topic
◦ The characterization of tapes is also needed
◦ Magnetic coupling is a kind of synchronous machine
Most of the motors developed by the GREEN involve bulk superconductors◦ They can trap or screen very high magnetic fields
◦ They are the key for a major technological advance
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 48
Outline - High magnetic flux generation with superconductors
How high?
For what purpose?
How it works?
How we made it?◦ Example of field cooling on MgB2 measurements◦ Pulsed Field Magnetization on YBCO @ 77 K
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 49
How high?
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 50
15 T can be trapped at 30 K using field cooling method
The behavior is different from permanent magnets:◦ Permanent magnets operate at
“constant flux”
◦ HTS operate at “constant current”
Resin impregnated
YBCO pellets
How high?
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 51
Record:17 T trapped
Higher fields are theoretically possible
Cryo-magnets are promising, but they are difficult to implement
Resin impregnated
YBCO pellets
M. Tomita et M. Murakami., « High-temperature superconductor bulk magnets that can trap magnetic fields of over 17 tesla at 29 K », Nature 421, pp. 517-520, 2003.
For what purpose?
Electrical machines
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 52
H. Matsuzaki et al., « HTS Bulk Pole-Field Magnets Motor With a Multiple Rotor Cooled by Liquid Nitrogen », IEEE Trans. Applied Superconductivity 147 (2), pp. 1553-1556, 2007.
Magnetic coupling◦ Replacing PM by YBCO bulks
T. Lubin et al., « Experimental and Theoretical Analyses of AxialMagnetic Coupling Under Steady-State and Transient Operations », IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics 61 (8), 2014.
How it works?
Lenz’s law:◦ When a variation of the magnetic field is
applied to a superconductor, there are induced currents
◦ Even if the applied field is null, the currents remain indefinitely in the superconductor producing a magnetic field like a coil
◦ The interaction of the induced currents with a perpendicular magnetic field, (e.g. PM) results in a force according to the Laplace formula Fz = Jθ x Br
Levitation principle
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 53
How we made it?
Cryocooler capabilities◦ For cooling the HTS down to 10 K 70W @ 30 K (CH 110, 45 cm bore) 2W @ 10 K (CH 204 with 2 stages) 0.1W @ 5 K (ARS 202 with 2 stages)
◦ The HTS with the cryocooler is put inside the bore of the LTS coil
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 54
How we made it?
Cryogenic Hall probes array
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 55
How we made it?
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 56
By Field Cooling process using:◦ Home made LTS coil 4 T with Ø 10 cm bore (Nancy)◦ Oxford Instruments ±5 T, Ø 7.5 cm bore (Saarbrücken)
MgB2 sample with 4% AgØ 20 mm
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 57
Sweep rate influence on the flux jumps
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.00.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Applied magnetic field, Bapp (T)
Trap
ped
mag
netic
fiel
d, B
trap (
T) 10 K ; 0.05 T/min 10 K ; 0.10 T/min 15 K ; 0.50 T/min 20 K ; 0.05 T/min 20 K ; 0.50 T/min
MgB2 sample produced by SPSØ 30 mm
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 58
Sweep rate influence on the flux jumps
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 50.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5 10 K ; 0.50 T/min 20 K ; 0.10 T/min 20 K ; 0.50 T/min
Applied magnetic field, Bapp (T)
Trap
ped
mag
netic
fiel
d, B
trap (
T)
2xMgB2 samples produced by SPSØ 20 mm
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 59
Higher trapped fields inside the pellet
0
1
2
3
4
5a
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 50
1
2
3
4
5
Applied magnetic field, Bapp (T)
Trap
ped
mag
netic
fiel
d, B
trap (
T) 10 K ; 0.05 T/min 20 K ; 0.10 T/min 20 K ; 0.50 T/min 25 K ; 0.10 T/min
b
3.63
2.88
2.242.03
2.72
1.95
1.371.75
3.63
2.88
2.242.03
2.72
1.95
1.371.75
4.80
3.92
2.65 2.63
3.44
2.40
1.612.01
4.80
3.92
2.65 2.63
3.44
2.40
1.612.01
10 K0.05 T/min
20 K0.10 T/min
20 K0.50 T/min
25 K0.10 T/min
0
1
2
3
4
5 Top Inside
Trap
ped
mag
netic
fiel
d, B
trap (
T)
2xMgB2 samples produced by SPSØ 20 mm
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 60
Higher trapped fields inside the pellet
Pulsed Field Magnetization technique
The most convenient and most common way to magnetize a superconducting pellet is to use a Pulsed Magnetic Field,
It can generate strong magnetic fields while using a relatively small and simple coil,
Thus, the pellet can be directly magnetized into the final application, e.g., a machine.
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 62
Experimental apparatus
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 63
220 Vac + Rectifier350 Vdc
Capacitor bank115 mF
Thyristor 16 kA max
Experimental apparatus
PFM within an iron core:◦ To reproduce the classical
motor structure
◦ To increase the trapped magnetic field in the HTS
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 64
Iron core
Iron
cor
e
Iron coreIr
on c
ore
Iron
cor
e
Bulk Coil
Experimental apparatus @ 77K
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 65
B. Gony, K. Berger et al., “Improvement of the Magnetization of a Superconducting Bulk using an Iron Core”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, to be publisher, 2015.
Pulsed current and magnetic field
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 66
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Capacitor Voltage Vdc (V)
Trap
ped
Mag
netic
Fie
ld (T
)Trapped Magnetic Field as a function of Vdc
0
1
43
2
Magnetization behavior of YBCO
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 67
Study of the demagnetization
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 68
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (day)
Trap
ped
Mag
netic
fiel
d, B
(T)
B (center)B (edge)
Region 3Self evolution
Region 2AC field applied
120 mT
Region 4AC fieldApplied120mT/
50Hz
Region1Self evolution
(without any applied field)
120 mT
Advantages and future works on PFM
Increased of 35% of the trapped magnetic field by using the iron core,
Maximal current of the discharge 40% lower with the iron core,
The PFM with an iron core will be studied at low temperature using a CH-110 cryocooler.
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 69
B. Gony, K. Berger, B. Douine, M. Koblischka, J. Lévêque. “Improvement of the Magnetization of a Superconducting Bulk using an Iron Core.”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2015.
New activities at the GREEN Using Fuel cell as a Power Supply for Superconducting Coil
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 70
Cat
alys
t Site
s
GD
L
Mem
bran
e
( )2
Flow ChannelH Inlet ( )2
Flow ChannelAir,H O Inlet
( )2
Flow ChannelH Outlet ( )2
Flow ChannelAir,H O Outlet
Cat
alys
t Site
s
GD
L
( )− ( )+
H+
H+
e
e
( )Cooling Water
Inlet
( )Cooling Water
Outlet
( )Cooling Water
Inlet
( )Cooling Water
Outlet
+2H 2H 2e−→ +
+2 2
12H 2e O H O2
−+ + →
IF
C
Sortie H2
M
Circuit de ref roidissement
Charge
humidificateur
T
P
RH
M
H2
FC
8Y1 3A3
PT
6B35B1
M
8Y5
PC
4A3
T
5B6.1
8Y3.1
8Y2
FC
3A6
M
8Y41
T34-35
Réservoir d’eau
1M6
Eau de ville
condenseur
T
Evacuation eau de
refroidissement
Robinet sortie d’eau
T 5B1
condensat
PC M8Y514A6 Sortie air
6B3.1
Circuit d’hydrogène
Circuit d’air
Circuit d’eau
I
Bain thermostaté
CEM
New activities at the GREEN Using Fuel cell as a Power Supply for Superconducting Coil
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 71
RmηcηaEa
Ec
CDLcCDLa
Icell IcellIa
Ic
VFC [ V ]
jFC [A/cm²]Low current density High current density
Activation losses
Ohmic losses
Concentration losses
OCV~ 1V
Usual working area
~ 0.6V
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
η⋅−=
η⋅−=
dtdCtItIdt
dCtItI
cdlccellc
adlacella
c c,act c,conc
cc,act
oc
cc,conc
L
JRT ln 1F J
JRT ln 1F J
η = η +η η = ⋅ +
η = − ⋅ −
Une cellule :1V, 50A pour 100 cm²
( ) ( ) maaccFC EEV η−η+−η−=
New activities at the GREEN Using Fuel cell as a Power Supply for Superconducting Coil
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 72
Superconducting coil in liquid nitrogen
PEMFC
Sensor and regulators command
board
Cooling system
CEM®
Air flow controller
New activities at the GREEN A vector magnet generating up to 3 T with 3 axis orientation◦ homogeneity greater than 95% in a sphere of 10 cm diameter
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 73
New activities at the GREEN Characterization bench for MgB2 wires: 15-40 K, 1 T, 600 A
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 74
New activities at the GREEN Characterization bench for MgB2 wires: 10-40 K, 1 T, 600 A
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 75
Thanks for listening!
We are looking for PhD Students…
Pr B. Douine & Dr K. BergerGREEN - Lorraine University
B. Douine & K. Berger, May 29th 2015, CEA Saclay, France 76Research Group in Electrotechnics and Electronics of Nancyhttp://green.univ-lorraine.fr/
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