AP Phys BAP Phys BTest ReviewTest Review
Kinematics and Newton’s Kinematics and Newton’s LawsLaws
4/28/20084/28/2008
OverviewOverview
Units and DimensionsUnits and Dimensions Scalars and VectorsScalars and Vectors
– 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D1-D, 2-D, and 3-D Particle KinematicsParticle Kinematics Newton’s Laws of MotionNewton’s Laws of Motion
– GravityGravity– FrictionFriction
Units and DimensionsUnits and Dimensions
Metric SystemMetric System ConversionsConversions Dimensional Dimensional
AnalysisAnalysis Order of Order of
Magnitude Magnitude EstimationsEstimations
Scalars and VectorsScalars and Vectors
Scalars: Magnitude Scalars: Magnitude onlyonly..
Vectors: Magnitude Vectors: Magnitude andand direction. direction.– Vectors componentsVectors components
Cartesian coordinatesCartesian coordinates TrigonometryTrigonometry
– Find the magnitude Find the magnitude of a vectorof a vector
v
vx
vy
Scalars and VectorsScalars and Vectors
Vector Addition and SubtractionVector Addition and Subtraction– Graphical Representation “Head to Graphical Representation “Head to
tail”tail”– Mathematical operationMathematical operation
Vector multiplicationVector multiplication– Dot ProductDot Product– Cross ProductCross Product
Particle KinematicsParticle Kinematics
Distance and DisplacementDistance and Displacement– Distance: lengthDistance: length– Displacement: length and directionDisplacement: length and direction
Speed and VelocitySpeed and Velocity– Speed: distance/timeSpeed: distance/time– Velocity: displacement/timeVelocity: displacement/time
AccelerationAcceleration– Change in speed (velocity)/timeChange in speed (velocity)/time
Particle KinematicsParticle Kinematics
GraphsGraphs– Distance vs. time Distance vs. time
graphs; slopegraphs; slope– Velocity vs. time Velocity vs. time
graphs; slope, graphs; slope, areaarea
Instantaneous Instantaneous vs. average vs. average valuesvalues
Particle KinematicsParticle Kinematics
Problem Solving StrategiesProblem Solving Strategies– Identify known quantitiesIdentify known quantities– Key words: at rest, constant speedKey words: at rest, constant speed
Free fall problemsFree fall problems– Acceleration due to gravity: 9.8 m/sAcceleration due to gravity: 9.8 m/s22
Use common sense!Use common sense!
Particle KinematicsParticle Kinematics
Equations of Equations of MotionMotion
Vf
Vi
a
t
d
x y
atvv if 2
2
1attvd i
advv if 222
Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws
11stst law (Law of Inertia): An object at law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and object in rest stays at rest, and object in motion stays in motion in a straight motion stays in motion in a straight line at a constant speed until acted line at a constant speed until acted on by an outside force.on by an outside force.– Inertia: Resistance of an object to Inertia: Resistance of an object to
changechange– Meaning: Things don’t speed up or Meaning: Things don’t speed up or
slow down without a reason.slow down without a reason.
Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws
22ndnd Law: The acceleration of an object is Law: The acceleration of an object is proportional to the force on that object proportional to the force on that object and is inversely proportional to the mass and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.of the object.– Meaning: The heavier something is, the Meaning: The heavier something is, the
more force it takes to achieve a certain more force it takes to achieve a certain acceleration.acceleration.
m
Fa
Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws
33rdrd law: For every action, there is law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reactionan equal and opposite reaction– All forces occur in pairs.All forces occur in pairs.– These forces cannot occur on the These forces cannot occur on the
same object.same object.
Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws
Balanced vs. Unbalanced forces; Balanced vs. Unbalanced forces; EquilibriumEquilibrium
Free-Body DiagramsFree-Body Diagrams– Determining accelerationDetermining acceleration– Normal ForceNormal Force– Tension (pulleys)Tension (pulleys)– Friction (static and kinetic)Friction (static and kinetic)– Inclined Plane ProblemsInclined Plane Problems
Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws
Circular ForceCircular Force– Radial vs. tangential Radial vs. tangential
accelerationacceleration– Centripetal force: an Centripetal force: an
unbalanced force unbalanced force Newton’s Law of Newton’s Law of
Universal Universal GravitationGravitation– Gives the Gives the
gravitational force gravitational force between two objects.between two objects.
r
vac
2
221
r
MGMFg
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