30°>− 30°<
30°>− 30°<
p
a
p
a
30°>− 30°<
30°>−
30°>−
30°<
30°<
p
a
p
a
p
a
p
a
p
a
a
p
a
p
p
a
p
a
11
12
13
2R1
2R2
2R3 2U3
2U2
2U1 31
32
33
4F1
4F2
41
43
42
4F3 44
11A Extraarticular,unifocal,2-part11A1 Tuberosity11A2 Surgicalneck11A3 Vertical
2R1A Extraarticular2R1A1 Avulsionofbicipitaltuberosity2R1A2 Neck,simple2R1A3 Neck,multifragmentary
12A Simple12A1* Spiral12A2* Oblique(≥30°)12A3* Transverse(<30°)
2R2A Simple2R2A1* Spiral2R2A2* Oblique(≥30°)2R2A3* Transverse(<30°)
13A Extraarticular13A1 Avulsion13A2 Simple13A3 Wedgeormultifragmentary
11B Extraarticular,bifocal,3-part
11B1 Surgicalneck
2R1B Partialarticular2R1B1 Simple2R1B3 Fragmentary
12B Wedge12B2* Intactwedge12B3* Fragmentarywedge
2R2B Wedge2R2B2* Intactwedge2R2B3* Fragmentarywedge
13B Partialarticular13B1 Lateralsagittal13B2 Medialsagittal13B3 Frontal/coronalplane
11C Articularor4-part11C1 Anatomicalneck11C3 Anatomicalneckassociatedwith
metaphysealfracture
2R1C Completearticular2R1C1 Simple2R1C3 Multifragmentary
12C Multifragmentary12C2* Intactsegmental12C3* Fragmentarysegmental
2R2C Multifragmentary2R2C2* Intactsegmental2R2C3* Fragmentarysegmental
13C Completearticular13C1 Simplearticular,simplemetaphyseal13C2 Simplearticular,wedgeor
multifragmentarymetaphyseal13C3 Multifragmentaryarticular,wedgeor
multifragmentarymetaphyseal
11A1 12A1 13A111C1 13C111B1 13B111A2 12A2 13A212C2 13C212B2 13B211A3 12A3 13A311C3 12C3 13C312B3 13B3
Forfurtherexplanationaboutthequalifications(*),educationalmaterialsabouttheclassification,andaccesstothecompleteFractureandDislocationClassificationCompendium(MeinbergE,AgelJ,RobertsC,etal.FractureandDislocationClassificationCompendium—2018.J Orthopaed Trauma.2018Jan;32[Suppl1]),pleaseusetheQRcode.
Copyright©2018byAOFoundation,SwitzerlandCheckhazardsandlegalrestrictionsonwww.aofoundation.org/legal
Pleasecontactinfo@aotrauma.orgwithanyquestionsorposterorders.AOE-E1-016.6
†Simplifiedversion—formoredetails,pleaseusetheQRcode
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Malleolarsegment
2U1Proximalendsegment
31Proximalendsegment
41Proximalendsegment
4F1Proximalendsegment 4F2Diaphysealsegment 4F3Distalendsegment
42Diaphysealsegment
2U2 Diaphysealsegment
32 Diaphysealsegment
2U3 Distalendsegment
33 Distalendsegment
43 Distalendsegment
2R3 Distalendsegment
2R3A1 2R3C12R3B12R3A2 2R3C22R3B22R3A3 2R3C32R3B3
2R3A Extraarticular2R3A1 Radialstyloidavulsion2R3A2 Simple2R3A3 Wedgeormultifragmentary
2R3B Partialarticular2R3B1 Sagittal2R3B2 Dorsalrim(Barton's)2R3B3 Volarrim(reverseBarton’s,
Goyrand-Smith’sII)
2R3C Completearticular2R3C1 Simplearticularandmetaphyseal2R3C2 Multifragmentarymetaphyseal2R3C3 Multifragmentaryarticular,simple
ormultifragmentarymetaphyseal
2R
Humerus11Proximalendsegment
2R1Proximalendsegment
12 Diaphysealsegment 13 Distalendsegment
2R2C2 2R2C32R2B32R2B2
2R2 Diaphysealsegment
2R1A1 2R2A12R1C12R1B12R1A2 2R2A22R1A3 2R2A32R1B3 2R1C3
Radius
1
2U
3
4
4F
44
2U1A1 2U2A1 2U3A1 2U3B 2U3C2U1B1 2U2B32U1A2 2U2A2 2U3A22U2C22U2B22U1A3 2U2A3 2U3A32U2C32U1B2 2U1C3
2U1A Extraarticular2U1A1 Avulsionoftricepsinsertion2U1A2 Simplemetaphyseal2U1A3 Multifragmentarymetaphyseal
31A Trochantericregion31A1 Simplepertrochanteric31A2 Multifragmentarypertrochanteric,lateral
wallincompetent(≤20.5mm)31A3 Intertrochanteric(reverseobliquity)
41A Extraarticular41A1 Avulsion41A2 Simple41A3 Wedgeormultifragmentary
44A Infrasyndesmoticfibulainjury44A1 Isolatedfibulainjury44A2 Withmedialmalleolarfracture44A3 Withposteromedialfracture
4F2A* Simple4F2B* Wedgeor
multifragmentary
44B Transsyndesmoticfibulafracture44B1 Simplefibulafracture44B2 Withmedialinjury44B3 Withmedialinjuryandfracture
oftheposterolateralrim(Volkmann’sfragment)
4F3A Simple4F3B Wedgeor
multifragmentary
44C Suprasyndesmoticfibulafracture
44C1 Simplediaphysealfibulafracture44C2 Wedgeormultifragmentary
diaphysealfibulafracture44C3 Proximalfibulainjury
2U2A Simple2U2A1* Spiral2U2A2* Oblique(≥30°)2U2A3* Transverse(<30°)
2U3A Extraarticular2U3A1 Styloidprocess2U3A2 Simple2U3A3 Multifragmentary
2U3B Partialarticular 2U3C Completearticular2U2B Wedge2U2B2* Intactwedge2U2B3* Fragmentarywedge
2U2C Multifragmentary2U2C2* Intactsegmental2U2C3* Fragmentarysegmental
31A1
41A1
4F1A
44A1 44B1 44C144A2 44B2 44C2
4F2A 4F3A4F1B 4F2B 4F3B
41C141B141A2 41C241B241A3 41C341B3
31C131B131A2 31C231B231A3 31B3
32A Simplefracture32A1* Spiral32A2* Oblique(≥30°)32A3* Transverse(<30°)
42A Simple42A1* Spiral42A2* Oblique(≥30°)42A3* Transverse(<30°)
33A Extraarticular33A1 Avulsion33A2 Simple33A3 Wedgeormultifragmentary
31B Femoralneck31B1 Subcapital31B2 Transcervical31B3 Basicervical
32B Wedge32B2* Intactwedge32B3* Fragmentarywedge
42B Wedge42B2* Intactwedge42B3* Fragmentarywedge
33B Partialarticular33B1 Lateralcondyle,sagittal33B2 Medialcondyle,sagittal33B3 Frontal/coronal
31C Femoralhead31C1 Split31C2 Depression
32C Multifragmentary32C2* Intactsegmental32C3* Fragmentarysegmental
42C Multifragmentary42C2* Intactsegmental42C3* Fragmentarysegmental
33C Completearticular33C1 Simplearticular,simplemetaphyseal
33C2 Simplearticular,wedgeormultifragmentarymetaphyseal
33C3 Multifragmentaryarticular,simple,wedgeormultifragmentarymetaphyseal
32A1
42A1
33A1 33C133B132A2
42A2
33A232C2
42C2
33C232B2
42B2
33B232A3
42A3
33A332C3
42C3 43A1 43A2 43A3 43B1 43B2 43B3 43C1 43C2 43C3
33C332B3
42B3
33B3
AO/OTAFractureandDislocationClassificationLong-boneFractures
41B Partialarticular41B1 Split41B2 Depression41B3 Splitdepression
41C Completearticular41C1 Simplearticular,simplemetaphyseal41C2 Simplearticular,wedge,or
multifragmentarymetaphyseal41C3 Fragmentaryormultifragmentary
metaphyseal
43A Extraarticular43A1 Simple43A2 Wedge43A3 Multifragmentary
43B Partialarticular43B1 Split43B2 Splitdepression43B3 Depression
43C Completearticular43C1 Simplearticular,simplemetaphyseal43C2 Simplearticular,multifragmentarymetaphyseal43C3 Multifragmentaryarticularandmultifragmentary
metaphyseal
44A3 44B3 44C3
Proximalendsegment
Distalendsegment
Diaphysealsegment
• Pairedlongbonesarecodedseparately.• Endsegmentdeterminationisdonewithboth
bonesasaunit.• Diaphysealfracturescanbefurtherrefined
byaddingthequalificationsa,b,orcforlocation.
aProximal1/3
bMiddle1/3
cDistal1/3
1 Nondisplaced2 Displaced3 Impaction4 Noimpaction5 Dislocation6 Subluxation/ligamentousinstability7 Diaphysealextension8 Articularcartilageinjury9 Poorbonequality10 Replantation11 Amputationassociatedwithafracture12 Associatedwithanonarthroplastyimplant13 Spiraltypefracture14 Bendingtypefracture
Listofuniversalmodifiers†AlphanumericstructureoftheAO/OTAFractureandDislocationClassificationforadults
4F1A* Simple4F1B* Multifragmentary
2U1B Partialarticular2U1B1*Olecranon2U1B2*Coronoid
2U1C Completearticular2U1C3*Olecranonandcoronoid
Top Related