AnnouncementsLab this week:Wear warm clothes for conifer walk
Jim Brown Seminar
Wed. 9th
UC Theatre
Coniferales (Conifers)
5 families worldwide, 3 in Montana
Cupressaceae - Cypress Family
Taxaceae - Yew Family
Pinaceae - Pine Family
Conifers - Pinaceae (Pine Family)
Pinus - Pine Larix - Larch or Tamarack Tsuga - Hemlock
Pseudotsuga - Douglas Fir Abies - Fir Picea - Spruce
Larix - Larch
P. monticola
Key features Deciduous needles in clusters Small cones w/ 3-parted bracts
P. albicaulis
L. lyalliiSubalpine Larch
L. occidentalisWestern Larch
Tsuga - Hemlock
P. albicaulis
T. heterophylla(coastal disjunct)
Pseudotsuga menziesii - Douglas-fir
P. monticola P. albicaulis
Abies - Fir
P. monticola P. albicaulis
Key features Blunt evergreen needles Barrel-shaped cones held upright Cone scales dehisce (fall off)
A. lasiocarpaSubalpine Fir
P. monticola P. albicaulis
A. grandisGrand Fir
Picea - Spruce
P. monticola P. albicaulis
Key features Sharp needles Papery cones hang down
twig w/ pegs
scaley bark
P. monticola P. albicaulis
P. engelmanniiEngelmann Spruce
P. glaucaWhite Spruce
Conifers - Pinaceae (Pine Family)
Pinus - Pine Larix - Larch or Tamarack Tsuga - Hemlock
Pseudotsuga - Douglas Fir Abies - Fir Picea - Spruce
Cupressaceae - Cypress Family
Key features Leaves usually scale-like (folded and flattened) Female cones small, either woody or “berry-like” Two genera in Montana
Thuja (large trees) Juniperus (small trees or shrubs)
Thuja plicata - Western Red Cedar
Coastal disjunct foundon moister westernslopes in Rockies
Female cones
Juniperus - Juniper
J. scopulorumRocky Mtn. Juniper
Dioecious shrubs/small trees Female cones berry-like
J. communisCommon Juniper
low shrub w/needles worldwide distribution
shrub/small tree scale leaves
Taxaceae - Yew Family
Key features
Dioecious shrubs/small trees Needles flattened; appear 2-ranked No cone - seed surrounded by a fleshy aril One genus/species in Montana (Taxus brevifolia)
Taxus brevifolia - Pacific Yew
Coastal disjunct onlyin moist areas here(canyons etc.)
Paperybark
Arils (only on females)
Conifer Questions????
Cupressaceae - Cypress Family
Taxaceae - Yew Family
Pinaceae - Pine Family
Moving on to angiosperms: the vast majority of plants
Conifers Gingkos CycadsEphedra
Seed plants
Angiosperms
600 species 257,000 species
~135 mya
Plant life historiesDifferent means to the same end:
survival & reproduction
Lifespan and timing of reproduction
Ideal plant strategy: 1) live forever2) make lots of seeds every year
Why not?
Lifespan and timing of reproduction
Ideal plant strategy: 1) live forever2) make lots of seeds every year
Why not?Limited resources (light, nutrients, water etc.)
tradeoff between survival/growth and reproduction (usually...)
Lifespan and timing of reproduction
Life history strategieshigh adult mortality --> reproduce now!
ex. weeds, vernal pool plants
high seedling mortality --> just survive!
ex. trees, grassland forbs
Lifespan and timing of reproduction: herbs(woody trees and shrubs are all perennial by definition)
Annual 1st year: flowers, dies
Biennial 1st year: makes rosette 2nd year: flowers, dies
Perennial Lives for multiple years May or may not flower in
any year
Mimulus douglasii Oenothera biennis Balsamorhiza and Lupinus
Lifespan and timing of reproduction
iteroparity - reproduce repeatedly
semelparity- reproduce once, then die
etc.
Lifespan and timing of reproduction
Agave (Century Plant)extreme semelparity
Plants are sessile and modular
vs.
Some consequences of being a plant• can make own food (photosynthesis)• can grow indefinitely & survive major damage
BUT,
can’t go look for a better place
local competition for resources
evolution of fungal/bacterial symbioses evolution of seed dispersal mechanisms
can’t go look for mates
evolution of pollination mechanisms
Competition for light affects plant growth form
over evolutionary time
over individual lifespans
terminal (apical) bud
axillary bud
node
internode
Angiosperm vegetative terminology
leaf!
stem
terminal (apical) bud
axillary bud
node
internode
Angiosperm vegetative terminology
leaf!
oppositeleaves alternate
stemor shoot
whorled
Angiosperm vegetative terminology
Basal leaves (at base of shoot)
Cauline leaves(on shoot)
petiole
Leaf parts
blade
stipule
midvein
margin
pinnate
palmate
dichotomous
parallel
Leaf venation
stoma w/guard cells(regulates gas exchange)
waxy cuticle(blocks water loss)
Leaves need to uptake gas (CO2) for photosynthesis, but also need to minimize loss of H2O through leaves
mesophyllw/chloroplasts
vein w/vascular tissue(water , sugar )
Plant water relations
Succulents(modified for water storage)
Artemisia tridentata (Asteraceae)
Sagebrush foliage - Adaptation to dry/high sun conditions
Leaf forms
simpleunlobed
simplelobed
simplelobed (palmate)
compound(palmate)
compound(pinnate)
compound(twice pinnate)
entire dentate
Leaf margins
How to figure out what is the leaf
axillary bud isalways at base of leaf(above the petiole)
Roots anchoring water and nutrient absorption water and carbohydrate storage
Taproot Fibrousroots
Adventitiousroots
Storage roots
?
Modified stemsrhizome = horizontal, rootlike stem
stem
roots
rhizome
shootbuds
tuber(extra-starchy rhizome)
Modified stemsstolon = an aboveground horizontal stem with long internodes
Saxifraga
Fragaria
plantlets
Saxifraga
Fragaria
Saxifraga
Fragaria
Asexual or clonal reproduction
Definition of “individual” depends on perspective
genetic individual --> “genet”
growth unit --> “ramet”
Modularity => a continuum between growth and reproduction
Saxifraga
Populus tremuloides (Aspen)
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