Crash Course Crash Course
Show of HandsFront-end developers?Back-end developers?
Other?Using AngularJs at work/home?
New to AngularJs?
Keith BloomfieldLead Developer
dev9
OverviewData Binding, Expressions, Scopes,
Ng DirectivesModules, Dependency Injection
Controllers, Services, Factories, DirectivesUnit Testing
End-to-End (e2e) TestingContinuous Integration
Real World ExperiencesTool Support
Resources for LearningQ&A
Crash Course
Agenda
Overview
● AngularJs is a Spa framework● Manicure/Pedicure
● Body/Facial Treatment
● Massage
● A lot has changed on
the front-end in the last
few years!
Overview
● AngularJs is a Spa framework● Single-Page Application (dynamic views)
● Recommends client-side Model-View-Controller (Mvc) pattern
Overview
● AngularJs is a Spa framework● Single-Page Application (dynamic views)
● Recommends client-side Model-View-Controller (Mvc) pattern
Don't know about each other.
Overview
● AngularJs is a Spa framework● Single-Page Application (dynamic views)
● Recommends client-side Model-View-Controller (Mvc) pattern
Overview
● AngularJs is a Spa framework● Single-Page Application (dynamic views)
● Recommends client-side Model-View-Controller (Mvc) pattern
Implications:RoutingHistoryCaching PackagingDeploymentAutomationData BindingObject ModelingTiming/DispatchTemplatingTestingStorage...
AngularJs
Overview
● AngularJs is a Spa framework● Single-Page Application (dynamic views)
● Recommends client-side Model-View-Controller (Mvc) pattern
What becomesof this?
Overview
● AngularJs is a Spa framework● Single-Page Application (dynamic views)
● Recommends client-side Model-View-Controller (Mvc) pattern
Model-View-Whatever (Mvw)
The View
● Templates/Partials
foo.html
Html content swapped into/out of the single page
my-app.html
my-header.html
my-cart.html
my-news.htmla2.htmla2.html
bn.html
c1.html
a1.html a3.html
b3.html
b2.htmlb1.html
c2.html
d.html
my-mail.html
my-tools.html
Data Binding, Expressions and Scopes
● Extending Html's vocabulary: Directives– Extend Html as markers on the Dom– Can be used as an attribute, element, class name, comment– Tell AngularJs' compiler ($compile) to attach specific behavior to that
Dom element or even transform that element and its children. <!DOCTYPE html>
<html ng-app>
<head>
<title>echo</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
Name: <input type="text" ng-model="echo"/>
<br/>
{{ echo }}
</div>
<script src="scripts/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Angular (ng)Directives
Data BindingExpression
“The compilation is a process of walking the DOM tree and matching DOM elements to directives.” (links scope to template)
Data Binding, Expressions and Scopes
● Extending Html's vocabulary: Directives– Extend Html as markers on the Dom– Can be used as an attribute, element, class name, comment– Tell AngularJs' compiler ($compile) to attach specific behavior to that
Dom element or even transform that element and its children. <!DOCTYPE html>
<html ng-app>
<head>
<title>echo</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
Name: <input type="text" ng-model="echo"/>
<br/>
{{ echo }}
</div>
<script src="scripts/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
auto-bootstraps the AngularJs application/designates the root element.
binds input, select, textarea to aproperty on the scope using ng-model
(NgModelController), and more.
Evaluated againstthe scope.
Data Binding, Expressions and Scopes
● Extending Html's vocabulary: Directives– Extend Html as markers on the Dom– Can be used as an attribute, element, class name, comment– Tell AngularJs' compiler ($compile) to attach specific behavior to that
Dom element or even transform that element and its children.
Data Binding, Expressions and Scopes
● Extending Html's vocabulary: Directives● The only place where an AngularJs application
touches the Dom is within directives.
● This is good as artifacts that access the Dom are difficult to test.
More about directives later, but first...
Data Binding, Expressions and Scopes
● $scope● Acts as the glue between the view and the controller
● Refers to the application model
● Arranged hierarchically to mimic the Dom
● Can inherit from parent scope
● Can watch expressions and propagate events
Data Binding, Expressions and Scopes
● $scope● $rootScope: Defined at the top level of the application (where the
ng-app directive is applied)
● Lookup proceeds up the scope chain when a variable is not found in the local scope.
● Relying on scope is risky because the Dom layout is often changed. - Isolating scope protects against changes to the Dom hierarchy.
Data Binding, Expressions and Scopes
● $scope● $watch: Observe model mutations
● $apply: Propagate model changes through the system into the view from outside the Angular realm (controllers, services, ng event handlers). Triggers $digest, which can be used directly in unit tests.
● Also available: $watchCollection, $destroy, $eval, $evalAsync, $on, $emit, $broadcast
Dependency Injection
● Has two phases:– config: setup providers and constants– run: after injector is created, kickstart the app
angular.module('myModule', ['moduleDependency1', 'moduleDependency2',....]) .config(function(injectable1, injectable2,...) { // provider-injector // Use as many of these as you want. // Can only inject Providers (not instances) }) .run(function(injectable1, injectable2,....) { // instance-injector // Use as many of these as you want. // Can only inject instances (not Providers) and constants });
Module
Dependency Injection
● $provide - Object in module auto
● auto
- Implicit module which gets automatically added to each $injector
● $injector
- used to retrieve object instances as defined by provider, instantiate types,
invoke methods, and load modules.
Dependency Injection
● $provide - Helper methods (also exposed on module):
● provider(provider) - registers a service provider with the $injector● constant(obj) - registers a value/object that can be accessed by providers and
services.● value(obj) - registers a value/object that can only be accessed by services, not
providers.● factory(fn) - registers a service factory function, fn, that will be wrapped in a
service provider object, whose $get property will contain the given factory function.
● service(class) - registers a constructor function, class that will be wrapped in a service provider object, whose $get property will instantiate a new object using the given constructor function.
● Worth investigating: $provide.decorator() // $provide only
https://egghead.io/lessons/angularjs-provide-decorator
Dependency Injection
● $provide - Helper methods (also exposed on module):
● provider(provider) - registers a service provider with the $injector● constant(obj) - registers a value/object that can be accessed by providers and
services.● value(obj) - registers a value/object that can only be accessed by services, not
providers.● factory(fn) - registers a service factory function, fn, that will be wrapped in a
service provider object, whose $get property will contain the given factory function.
● service(class) - registers a constructor function, class that will be wrapped in a service provider object, whose $get property will instantiate a new object using the given constructor function.
“Where is the Controller?”● Added to the Dom using ng-controller● The ng-controller directive asks the injector
to create an instance of the controller and its dependencies.
● The controller itself never knows about the injector.
● Loose coupling is maintained.
Dependency Injection
● Dependencies are looked up by name for a provider that satisfies the argument.
app.controller(“AController”, function($scope, $http){$scope.userName = 'Walt';
$scope.foo = $http.get('http://foo.com');});
a.controller(“AController”, function(b, c){b.userName = 'Walt';
b.foo = c.get('http://foo.com');});
● Minified: Order doesn't matter$scope found in ng module - $rootScopeProvider - $rootScope.Scope$http service found ng module - $http
OH NO!
Dependency Injection
● Longer version preserves dependency by treating it as an argument:
app.controller(“AController”, ['$scope', '$http', function($scope){$scope.userName = 'Walt';
$scope.foo = $http.get('http://foo.com');}]);
a.controller(“AController”, ['$scope', '$http', function(b, c){b.userName = 'Walt';
b.foo = c.get('http://foo.com');}]);
● Minified: Order matters
Passed in as argumentsto the function
Dependency Injection
● Minification Pain Relief: ngmin
https://github.com/btford/ngmin
It turns thisangular.module('whatever').controller('MyCtrl', function ($scope, $http) { ... });
into thisangular.module('whatever').controller('MyCtrl', ['$scope', '$http', function ($scope, $http) { ... }]);
Controllers● Used to augment the Angular scope● Attached to the Dom via the ng-controller directive● Set up the initial state of the $scope object● Add behavior to the $scope object
<html ng-app="pizza-shop"><head></head><body ng-controller="HomeController"><div class="container"> <header ng-include="'templates/header.html'"> </header>
<h2>Our Pizzas:</h2> <div ng-repeat="pizza in pizzas">
<h3>{{ pizza.name }}</h3>...
app.controller('HomeController', function($scope){
$scope.pizzas = [ { name: "Meat Lover's", ingredients: ['Sausage','Pepperoni','Bacon','Olives'], price: 6 }, { name: 'Hawaiian', ingredients: ['Canadian bacon','Pineapple'], price: 5 }, ];});
!Controllers● Do not use a controller to:● Manipulate the Dom
- Business logic only. Presentation logic affects testability and belongs in directives
● Format input- Use angular form controls instead: https://docs.angularjs.org/guide/forms
● Filter output- Use angular filters instead: https://docs.angularjs.org/guide/filter
● Share code or state across controllers- Use angular services instead: https://docs.angularjs.org/guide/services
● Manage the life cycle of other components- eg: Using a controller to create a service instance
Services
● Stateless, injectable argument providing the instance of a function passed to module.service
● Singleton: delayed/lazy loaded (Not instantiated until used), only instantiated once
● Good for cross app/controller communication (sharing of utility functions)
service(class) - registers a constructor function, class that will be wrapped in a service provider object, whose $get property will instantiate a new object using the given constructor function.
Factories
service factory
module.service('MyService', function() { this.method1 = function() { //.. } this.method2 = function() { //.. }});
module.factory('MyService', function() { var factory = {}; factory.method1 = function() { //.. } factory.method2 = function() { //.. } return factory;});
factory(fn) - registers a service factory function, fn, that will be wrapped in a service provider object, whose $get property will contain the given factory function.
Services, Factories, Values, Constants
● Are convenience methods for making providers● Serve to avoid polluting the global namespace
Services, Factories, Values, Constants
● The difference between factory and service is the
difference between a function and an object.● Factory(give it a function)● Service(give it a constructor)● Further study (object vs. function):
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1646698/what-is-the-new-keyword-in-javascript
● Further study (ng factory vs. service):http://iffycan.blogspot.com/2013/05/angular-service-or-factory.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6cJasNBkyI
service vs. factory
Services, Factories, Values, Constants
● Either can be a primitive, object, or function● Constant can be injected into services, controllers, or
module configs● Value can only be injected into services and controllers
value vs. constant
“Why can't value be injected into module config?”
The injector has not been setup yet.Constants (special case) are accessed by their name alone, cannot be changed, and aren't accessed through a provider $get.
Services, Factories, Values, Constants
● Are convenience methods for making providers
You can also create your own providers:
app.config(function($provide){ $provide.provider('MyProvider',{ $get: function(){ return{ foo: function(){ return 'bar'; } } } }) });
Services, Factories, Values, Constants
function provider(name, provider_) { assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, 'service'); if (isFunction(provider_) || isArray(provider_)) { provider_ = providerInjector.instantiate(provider_); } if (!provider_.$get) { throw $injectorMinErr('pget', "Provider '{0}' must define $get factory method.", name); } return providerCache[name + providerSuffix] = provider_; }
function factory(name, factoryFn) { return provider(name, { $get: factoryFn }); }
function service(name, constructor) { return factory(name, ['$injector', function($injector) { return $injector.instantiate(constructor); }]); }
function value(name, val) { return factory(name, valueFn(val)); }
function constant(name, value) { assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, 'constant'); providerCache[name] = value; instanceCache[name] = value; }
Source:
Directives
Isolate Scope: Directive-specific scope
– Assists in creating reusable components
– Prevents or other components from changing your model state
app .controller("myController", function($scope){ $scope.doSomething = function(something){...}; }) .directive('myDirective', function () {
return { restrict: "E", scope:{ done:"&" }, template:'my-template.html' } });
The 'scope' optionisolates the directive'sscope.
Directives
Directive Definition Options: Instructions to the ng compiler
app .controller("myController", function($scope){ $scope.doSomething = function(something){...}; }) .directive('myDirective', function () {
return { restrict: "E", priority:sort order before compilation,
terminal: if true, process this directive last, scope: true, false, or {} (isolate) controller: instantiate before pre-linking phase..., require:..another directive and inject its controller... controllerAs:controller alias at the directive scope... type: doctype ('html','svg','math'), template:replace current element with.... templateUrl: same as above, but async from url... replace: where to insert template..., transclude: precompile element....., compile: transform template Dom..., link: update Dom, register listeners..., }
restrict:matching restrictionoptions:'A' - only matches attribute name'E' - only matches element name'C' - only matches class name'M' - only matches comment
or any combination.(eg: 'AE')
default: 'A'
Directives
Directive Definition Options: Instructions to the compilerapp .controller("myController", function($scope){ $scope.doSomething = function(something){...}; }) .directive('myDirective', function () {
return { restrict: "E", priority:sort order before compilation,
terminal: if true, process this directive last, scope: true, false, or {} (isolate) controller: instantiate before pre-linking phase..., require:..another directive and inject its controller... controllerAs:controller alias at the directive scope... type: doctype ('html','svg','math'), template:replace current element with.... templateUrl: same as above, but async from url... replace: where to insert template..., transclude: precompile element....., compile: transform template Dom..., link: update Dom, register listeners..., }
Deferring to api:https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/
$compile#description_comprehensive-directive-api_directive-definition-object
Unit Testing
● Test on real devices
● Remote control
● Testing framework agnostic (Jasmine, Mocha, QUnit... or write adapter)
● Simple CI integration (Jenkins, Travis, Semaphore)
● Open Source
● Easy to debug from IDE
Karma
End-to-End (e2e) Testing
Protractor● Thin wrapper for webdriver.js
● Support for cross-browser testing using Selenium Webdriver
● Support for GhostDriver/PhantomJs (Wip)
● Includes webdriver-manager for drivers, Selenium installation, and updates to both
● Includes elementExplorer for building locators
● Integrates with Saucelabs, easy enough to port over to BrowserStack
End-to-End (e2e) Testing
● Protractor
var flow = browser.driver.controlFlow();
// pseudocodelogin = function(username){...}navigateToReviews = function(){...}addNewReview = function(){...}
flow.execute(login('Walt'));flow.execute(navigateToReviews);flow.execute(addNewReview);
(Optional) Tap into webdriver.js:
Continuous Integration
● Jenkins + NodeJs plugin● Unit tests run via Grunt and Karma● e2e tests are still a work-in-progress:
– Rely on npm concurrent, connect(express), scripts for setup + watch and teardown
– Awaiting reintroduction of timing in Jasmine for PhantomJs tests
– Awaiting Saucelabs/BrowserStack credentials for cross-browser tests
Real World Experiences: Project Challenges
Project challenges are similar to those of all large projects:
● Discovering and establishing best practices amongst contributors
● Directory structures/file taxonomy, refactoring with project growth
● Keeping libraries up do date, Bower in the loop
● Rediscovery of conveniences found in mature frameworks
● Multiple solutions, evaluation, and selection
Real World Experiences: New Challenges
● Adjustments for all
Ramp up on new framework and concepts
Continuous delivery and deployment challenges (binary artifacts, externalizing conf)
Various tools/tools in motion (grunt, node/npm, bower, css compilers, yeoman)
● Front-end veterans
New conventions, structures, design patterns (not just jquery, js, css any more)
More responsibility for application architecture
● Back-end veterans
Javascript as the primary language (callbacks, promises, debugging, refactoring..)
UX, responsive
Coordination with rest apis and content delivery service
Real World Experiences:Gotchas
● Potential for memory leaks/weird behavior with scope misuse
● Bower gone wild
● Dependency additions, revisions (npm need-to-know)
● Library/dependency bloat
● Issues/feature requests in (ng and integrated) libraries and tools
Tool Support: IDEs & Refactoring
● IntelliJ Idea, WebStorm● Vim, SublimeText ● Netbeans● Visual Studio
Behold the Plug-Ins!
Tool Support: Misc. Open Source Frameworks
● Yeoman (Yo, Grunt, Bower) + generatorshttp://yeoman.io/
● Lots of Grunt plugins● Lots of Npm packages● Batarang plugin for Chrome● Browser web developer console
Tool Support: Static Code Analysis
● JsHint: http://www.jshint.com/
● grunt-contrib-jshint:
https://github.com/gruntjs/grunt-contrib-jshint
● Enforces code quality using rules
● Configured tasks in grunt pass directly to jshint
● Customizable
– reporter output,
– options and globals
– ignores for specific warnings● grunt-contrib-concat: Linting before and after concatenating files
Tool Support: Code Coverage
● Karma + Istanbul: karma-coveragehttps://github.com/karma-runner/karma-coverage
● Generates reports in several formats including Cobertura xml (integration with Jenkins)
● Protractor (none, lots of unit tests, REST apis covered on their end)
Resources for Learning
● stackoverflow
● angularjs.org
● AngularJs api docs: https://docs.angularjs.org/api
● github (docs, plunkers, demos)
● egghead.io (free and subscription)
● AngularJs Style Guide:https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/angularjs-google-style.html
● angular-phonecat tutorial:http://docs.angularjs.org/tutorial
● Los Techies AngularJs: http://lostechies.com/gabrielschenker/2014/02/26/angular-js-blog-series-table-of-content/
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