Intro to the Geography(Nile River Valley)
Two main tributaries: Blue (Ethiopia) and White Nile
Blue Nile fed by monsoon rains
Flooded annually (July-October)
Flooding predictable, planting and harvest coincided with the inundation.
The Nile Delta
At the mouth of the Nile where it empties into the Mediterranean.
Largest cultivatable land
The large Egyptian centres were located here.
The Faiyum
The oasis that surrounded Lake Moeris
The third largest cultivatable area
Extensive irrigation was used in this area.
The Role of the Sahara Desert
Flanked the Nile on both sides (Eastern & Western Deserts)
Protected the Nile from external influence
Isolationism resulted in a conservative and stable society
Desert also provided resources: copper, gold, tin, alabaster (gypsum-like), limestone, amethyst and natron (sodium carbonate)
Map of Northern Africa
The Old Kingdom Two kingdoms first
united between 3100 and 2700 BCE
Double crown symbolized the unification King Menes et al. had absolute rule in Egypt
King Menes was deified and supreme ruler of all secular and religious affairs.
Period known for pyramid building
Old Kingdom - 4th Dynasty Golden Age Old Kingdom peaked in the 4th Dynasty.
Achieved by extensive trade in the Mediterranean
Copper (Sinai), Timber (Syria), Wine & )Oil (Crete), and the Potter’s Wheel (Mesopotamia)
Pyramids @ Giza built (2600-2500 BCE)
Built by Khufu (Cheops), Khafre, and Menkure.
Famous Pyramids
Giza Necropolis
First Intermediate Period - ca. 2200
BCE Towards the end of the Old Kingdom, local and
provincial powers became more powerful.
Internal struggles of power became a problem.
This led to civil wars
Drought and led to fail crops and then famine
Resulted in 150 years of chaos: aka the First Intermediate Period.
Middle Kingdom - Theban Kings
Egypt reunited by Theban kings by 2050 BCE.
Theban monarchs ruled for 250 years.
Centre was Thebes, then moved into Memphis
Their chosen god was Amon
Amon was combined with Ra to become Amon-Ra (Egypt’s national god)
Middle Kingdom was a period of territorial and economic expansion (Libya, Palestine, and Nubia
Second Intermediate Period - ca. 1786-1567 BCE
Hyksos invasion
From Syria and Palestine
War-like people (What does this mean? Is this biased?)
Conquered with the use of superior technology: bows, horse-drawn chariots, and bronze weapons.
The Hyksos took over for two dynasties (150 years)
They were driven out their own weapons.
New Kingdom - The Golden Age
Characterized by empire building, fine works of art and larger than life leaders.
Hatshepsut - powerful female leader
Husband Thutmose II died, step-son too young to rule, so she assumed the throne.
Her statues have false beards to show power.
She reestablished trading routes disrupted by the Hyksos
Building projects: 2 obelisks @ the Temple of Karnak, the Red Chapel
Her reign was known for peace, stability, and prosperity.
She was replaced by her stepson Thutmose III
New Kingdom - The Golden Age
Thutmose III - Egypt’s Napoleon
Credited with creating the largest Egyptian empire
Controlled Anatolia, Syria, and parts of Mesopotamia.
They paid tribute
His reign was known for the conquest of Egypt’s neighbours.
He was succeeded by Amenhotep
Amarna Period - Religion Reform
Amenhotep - later Akhenaton and his wife was Nefertiti
Started a religious revolution as she disliked the worship of Amon-Ra and replaced Amon-Ra with Aton - the Sun Disk and all of the Non-Aton temples were closed and a new “cult” was monetheistic was formed.
Capital moved to Ahketaton
Akhenaton was preoccupied with his new religion and neglected his empire.
His empire was weak and began to crumble and thus starts the decline of the Egyptian empire, with which he is credited before he was succeeded by the famous boy king
Religious Restoration
Tutankhamon Started his reign at the
age of 8/9
Died @ 18
He destroyed the Aton cult and restored traditional religion
He is better known for the wealth in his tomb.
Late Dynasty After the New Kingdom was the
weakening end of the Egyptian empire.
The 19th and 20th Dynasties
Notable King was Ramses II reigned for 62 years and lots of buildings built (eg. Abu Simbel)
Defaced many building in an attempt to erase the Amarna Period from history
Took part in one of the first peace treaties (with Kadesh)
Characteristics of Egyptian
Architecture• Massive structures came to be favoured from
the Old Kingdom on.
• Mud brick was the principal building material for domestic building.
• Stone was favoured for temples and tombs.
Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture• Features of mud
construction were often echoed in stone.• For example,
columns were built to resemble plants or bunches of plants.
Characteristics of Egyptian
Architecture.• Features of mud
construction were often echoed in stone.
• Corner detailing often resembled bunches of reeds used as a binding material in mud construction.
Funerary Structures
• Egyptian aristocratic culture focussed on preparation for life after death.
• Preservation of bodies through mummification and providing goods for the afterlife were considered essential.
Mastabas
• Early Old Kingdom aristocratic and royal burials were in mastabas - square or rectangular buildings connected by shafts to tomb chambers deep beneath the earth.
• The mastaba also housed a chapel and a statue of the dead.
The Step Pyramid led to the regular pyramid.
Mastabas
Shaft
Tomb
Chapel
Another Mastaba Diagram
Zoser’s Step Pyramid
• Built during the 3rd dynasty, Zoser’s architect, Imhotep, added steps above Zoser’s mastaba to create a step pyramid -- a stairway to the heavens.
The Great Pyramids of Gizeh
• These were built during the 4th dynasty.
• What remains is but a fraction of the great funerary districts of each of the pyramids.
• Construction was hugely labour intensive -- but this was paid labour during slow agricultural seasons, not slave labour as is commonly supposed.
The Great Pyramids at Gizeh
Section of Pyramid of Khufu
Relieving Blocks
Grand GalleryKing’s Chamber
Queen’s Chamber
False Tomb ChamberThieves Tunnel
Entrance
The Great Pyramids of Gizeh
• These were buildings that housed chambers and passages, including small air shafts that may have been used for ventilation -- or were, perhaps, passages for the spirit of the pharaohs to pass through.
• Pyramid building was abandoned during the Old Kingdom. They provided tomb robbers with easily identifiable targets.
The Theban Necropolis
• Pyramidal structures were abandoned in the Old Kingdom.
• Later Pharaohs were buried in Upper Egypt across the Nile from Karnak.
• Large concentrations of tombs were cut into cliffsides at what are now known as the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens.
Theban Necropolis.
• Interiors were richly decorated with paintings and low-relief carvings.
The Valley of the Kings
• Entrances were hidden to protect tomb treasures from grave-robbers.
• Over the millennia this has proven largely unsuccessful. Only Tutenkhamen’s tomb eluded them.
Mortuary Temples
• Though mummies and treasures might be concealed, more conspicuous temple structures were still required -- like Hatshepsut’s temple near the Theban Necropolis.
Egyptian Beliefs
Simple society = simple worship i.e. nature deities: animals
Complex society = complex worship i.e. anthropomorphic deities: animal attributes with human bodies
Animals were used for their characteristics: hawks/falcons = swiftness crocodiles = fear ichneumon = ferocity dog/cat = loyalty
Temples
• These were built in the same forms as palaces, with three increasingly restricted areas.
First PylonSecond Pylon
Hypostile Hall
Sacred Area including Chapels
Entrance
Temples
• The entire temple was surrounded by a windowless wall.
• Within the temple, light and shadow were important features.
• Walls might be blank or incised with low relief carvings.
Temple Wall
Temples
• Lighting through wall openings, columns, and clerestory windows in the colonnade, were intended to feature particular locations.
• In the case of Abu Simbel, the statures on the wall deepest in the temple, emerged from shadow on two days during the year.
Abu Simbel
Temple at Karnak
• Great Pylons marked entrances.
Luxor Temple
• The most public area was a large courtyard, surrounded by a post and lintel colonnade.
Temple at Karnak
• The Second Area was the great hypostyle hall, with its dense forest of columns.
Temple of Karnak
• Columns & Capitals in Hypostyle Hall
Temple Architecture
• Light & shadow were important features.
• Light came through:• Wall openings• gaps between
columns• clerestory windows
In Closing
• Egyptian Architecture showed both variety and continuity over ca. 3,000 years.
• While domestic structures of mud brick have been obliterated by time, monumental structures in stone still astound visitors to Egypt today.
Sources• Slides from Corel Gallery Magic Photo Library.
• Amiet, Pierre et.al. Forms and Styles; Antiquity. Cologne, Evergreen, 1981.
• Janson, H.W. (and Anthony), History of Art. Abrams, New York, 1995.
• Ruffle, John. Heritage of the Pharaohs. Oxford, Phaidon, 1977.
• Stierlin, Henri. Encyclopedia of World Architecture. Cologne, Evergreen, 1977.
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