Normal?
Abnormal?
Why is A&P important? Often things go wrong (abnormal) within systems, and in order to fix them you need to understand their “normal” state. Structure determines function. If function is off = structure is off and vice versa. (Pathology)
Example: Sickle Cell Anemia
What is Anatomy? Anatomy – “to cut
apart” the study of the internal and external structures of plants and animals. How things are put together!
Division's of Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy – study
structures that can only be seen with magnification aids.
Example:
Histology Cytology
Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy) – study of structures visible to would be visible to the naked eye.
Example:
Bones
Would the following items would fall under Microscopic or Macroscopic
Anatomy?
Femur
Lungs
Stomach Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Ear
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
What is Physiology? Physiology – focuses on the function
of body parts. How things work!
Example:
Muscle Contraction Smelling
Why is abnormal bad in terms of Anatomy & Physiology?
How does the body stay in a normal state?
Homeostasis - physiological mechanism that creates a constant internal environment.Example: temperature, oxygen levels, nutrient levels, heart rate, blood pressure, glucose levels, and pH levels.
Why does homeostasis occur?
National Geographic Fight Science Hypothermia &
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia
How does the body maintain homeostasis?
Negative Feedback Loops opposes a stimulus. (Opposite Directions)
Positive Feedback Loops increases magnitude of change. (Same Direction)
Receptor(Start)
Control Center
Effector
Afferent Pathway
Efferent Pathway
How do homeostatic mechanisms work?
The chemical reactions in your body are collectively called…
Metabolism
What are the 2 metabolic
processes? Anabolism – the process by which simpler compounds are build up and used for growth, repair and reproduction.
Examples – making proteins or glycogen
Catabolism – the process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances.
Examples – breaking down food.
What is necessary for living things to function successfully?
1.Boundaries
2.Movement
3.Responsiveness
4.Digestion
5.Metabolism
6.Excretion
7.Reproduction
8.Growth
9.Homeostasis
When we begin to become
dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink liquids. Is the
thirst sensation part of a negative
or a positive feedback control system? Defend
your choice.
Which organ system is the least important? Why?
How to speak A&P? Understanding the Language.
Medical Terminology
PrefixRoot Suffix
+ +
Peri –Around
Cardi/o
Heart
-itisinflammation
Peri –Around
Cardi/o
Heart
-itisinflammation
PericarditisInflammation around the heart
+ + =
Erythr/oRed
-cytecell
ErythrocyteRed cell
+ =
Abdomin/o -
Abdomen
Angi/o -
Vessel
Arthr/o -Joint
Cardi/o -Heart
Cyan/o -
Blue
Cyt/o -
Cell
Derm/o -
Skin
Erythr/o -
Red
Gastr/o -
Stomach
Glyc/o -
Sugar
Hepat/o -
Liver
Hist/o -
Tissue
Leuk/o -Leuk/o -WhiteWhite
Mamm/o -
Breast
Nephr/o -
Kidney
Neur/o -
Neuron
Oste/o -
Bone
Phag/o -
Swallow
Path/o -
Disease
Rhin/o -
Nose
Acro -Extremities
Brady -
Slow
Dys -
Difficult
Electro -
Electric
Macro -
LARGE
Micro -
small
Tachy -
Fast
-algia
Pain
-ectomy
Surgical Removal
-itisInflammation
Homework Questions 1-11 on page 10.
1. Acrocyanosis –
2. Gastritis –
3. Rhinoplasty –
Condition of blue extremities.
Inflammation of the stomach
Surgical repair of the nose
4. Bradycardia -
5. Mammogram
–
6. Cytomegaly -
Slow heart rate
Recording or image of the breast
Enlarged cell
7. Inflammation of the kidneys -
8. Removal of the stomach -
9. Enlarged heart -
10. Disease of the bones -
11. One who studies neurons -
Nephritis
Gastrectomy
Cardiomegaly
Osteopathy
Neurologist
What is disease and how do we find it?
Disease – a condition in which the body fails to function normally.Signs or Vitals – measurable indicators. Heart rate, temp, height, blood pressure, etc.Symptoms – subjective indicators. Fatigue, Anxiety, Nausea, Pain etc..
Steps to Determining Disease
1.Assess patient externally
2.Ask for symptoms
3.Measure vital signs
4.Explore signs & symptoms to determine etiology (cause of disease)
5.Make diagnosis (identify the disease)
6.Provide prognosis (prediction of the outcome of the disease)
Case Studies: A 66-year old Asian male involved in a vehicular accident is taken to the ICU with SOB and abdominal pain. He has acrocyanosis, tachycardia, and a past medical history of cardiopathy. He weighs 150 pounds and is 5 feet 6 inches tall. His chest X-ray shows an enlarged heart. His facial injuries will require future rhinoplastic surgery. An electrocardiogram and a lower GI series is ordered.
1. Where exactly in the hospital was the patient taken? - Intensive Care Unit
2. Describe the patient’s color, heart rate, and breathing? -Blue, fast heart rate, shortness of breath
3. What is the medical term for what the X-ray showed? - Cardiomegaly
4. What future facial surgery will be needed? -Surgical repair of the nose
5. Identify the what are signs and what are symptoms.
Signs = Tachycardia, Weight, Height, ECG, GI, Cardiomegaly ,
Acrocyanosis, SOB, Symptom = Abdominal Pain
Do medical practitioners make mistakes?
Mathematical Language of AnatomyYour sibling is in the hospital and is being administered
12mcg/kg/min of morphine. Hanging is a 100cc piggyback containing .6g of morphine. The doctor had
told you earlier that the safe dosage for this medication is between 20-30 ml/hr. Is the nurse administering the right
dosage if your sibling weighs 105lbs?
Meditation
Peri -
Around
A or An -Without
?
Dia -
Through
-graphy
The process of recording
-logistOne who studies
-otomy
Cutting into
-ostomySurgically forming an
opening
-phobia
Fear
Can maggots be used to help cure disease?
Video shows graphic
images!
Review Questions – Language of Disease
1. Microcytes –
2. Osteostomy –
3. Slow heart rate –
4. Disease of below normal sugar levels -
Cells that are small.
Surgically forming and opening in bone
Bradycardia
Hypoglycopathy or Hypoglycosis
Mathematical Language of AnatomyYou are to administer 5L of medication to a patient over
48 hours. The machine used to administer the medication can only be set in mL/hour. At what rate
(mL/hr) will you set the pump to deliver the medication?
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