AnatomyoftheEyeIntroduction
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AnatomyoftheEye
Bytheendofthismodule,youwillbeableto:
• Describetheanatomicalstructuresoftheeye.
• Identifythelayersoftheeye.
• Describethecontentsoftheeye.
• Describethestructuresassociatedwiththeeye.
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Lid,BrowandLash
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Eyebrow
Shorthairsrootedintheskinjustovertheuppermarginsoftheeye’sorbitalcavity.
Eyelid
The eyelidscover, protect,andlubricatetheeyeball.
Eyelash
Shorthairsborderingthedelicateeyestructure.Likeciliainotherpartsofthebody,theeyelashestrapforeignparticles.
AnatomyoftheEyeSegment2:InteriorViewoftheEye
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InteriorViewoftheEye
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Definitiontextforeachelementintheinteriorviewwillappearwhenrolledover.
Retina(example)here…
FocalPoint(example)here…
HowDoWeSee?
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1. Lightisreflectedfromtheobjectandpassesintheeyethroughthecornea.
2. Theirisregulatesthesizeofthepupil,theopeningthatcontrolstheamountoflightthatenterstheeye.
3. Behindthepupilisthelens,whichfurtherfocuseslight,oranimage,ontotheretina.
4. Theretinaisathin,delicate,photosensitivetissuethatcontainsthespecial“photoreceptor”cellsthatconvertlightintoelectricalsignals.
5. Theseelectricalsignalsareprocessedfurther,andthentravelfromtheretinaoftheeyetothebrainthroughtheopticnerve.
6. We“see”withourbrains;oureyescollectvisualinformationandbeginthiscomplexprocess.
AnatomicalDirections
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MedialandLateralTowardthecenterlineofthebody.Forexample,noseismedialtoeacheye,andfartherawayfromthecenterofthebody.
NasalandTemporalReferstothenoseandcanbesubstitutedformedial,andtemporalreferstothetempleareaoneithersideofthehead.
SuperiorandInferiorRefers toastructureaboveanotherandastructurebelowanother.
PosteriorandAnteriorTowardtherearoftheheadandtowardthefrontofthehead.
AnatomicalDirections
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AnteriorSegmentCornea,Iris,ciliarybody,crystallinelens
ChambersoftheAnteriorSegmentTheanteriorchamber,andposteriorchamber.
PosteriorSegmentEye’slargestcavity,andincludestheretinaandopticdisc.
CheckYourUnderstanding
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SHOWWHATYOUKNOWClickonananatomicalpartoftheeyeanddragittoitsproperlocation.
ClicktheCheckAnswerbuttonwhenyouarefinished.
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Brow
Lashes
Iris
Corneal-Scleral-Limbus
Retina
Sclera
Pupil
Conjunctiva
CheckAnswer
SHOWWHATYOUKNOWChoosethecorrectletterforeachanatomicalpartoftheeye.
ClicktheCheckAnswerbuttonwhenyouarefinished.
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A.Cornea
B.CrystallineLens
C.Retina
D.OpticNerveFibers
CheckAnswer
SHOWWHATYOUKNOWMatcheachpartoftheeyetoitsdescription.
ClicktheCheckAnswerbuttonwhenyouarefinished.
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Eyelid
Eyelash
Cornea
Pupil
CheckAnswer
Iris
A. [Eyelid]Theycover,protect,andlubricatethe eyeball.
B. [Eyelash]Shorthairsborderingthedelicateeyestructure.Likeciliainotherpartsofthebody,theeyelashestrapforeignparticles.
C. [Cornea]Thecornea isanteriortoboththelensandretina.Corneaistheclearfrontwindowoftheeyethattransmitsandfocuseslightintotheeye.
D. [Pupil]Theirisregulateslightthatenterstheeyethroughthepupil,theholeinthecenteroftheeye.
E. [Iris]Theirisisthecoloredorpigmentedtissueoftheeyejustbehindthecorneaandinfrontofthelens.Themusclesoftheiriscontractandexpandtochangethesizeofthepupilindifferentlightingconditions.
AnatomyoftheEyeSegment3:LayersoftheEye
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LayersoftheEye
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Thefibrouslayeristheoutermostlayerthatprotectsandsupportstheshapeoftheglobetoavoidopticaldistortion.
Thevascularlayeristhemiddlelayer;alsoknownastheuvea.Itsuppliesbloodtotheglobe.Itisanimportantsourceofoxygenandnutrientsfortheglobe.
Thenervouslayeristheinnerlayer,alsoknownastheretina.Ittransmitssensoryinformationaboutlighttothebrain.
TheFibrousLayer
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• Sclera
• Limbus
• Cornea
TheVascularLayer
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Choroid
StructureThechoroidliesbetweentheretinaandsclera.Itiscomposedoflayersofbloodvesselsthatnourishtheouterretina.
FunctionsThechoroidsuppliesnutrientstotheouterretinaandhelpsregulatetheoculartemperature.
TheNervousLayer
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Retina
StructureThenervouslayerortheretinaisacomplextissuethatmakesuptheinternaltwo-thirdsofthebackoftheeye.Itcontainsnervefibersthatarelongcellextensionsthroughwhichsensoryinformationtravels.
FunctionsTheretina,whichistheinnermostlayeroftheeye,performsthefunctionthatgivestheeyeitspurpose—itdetectslightandsendssensoryinformationtothebrainforprocessing.
LayersoftheCornea
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Definitionsofthecorneawillappearherewhenlearnerrollsover…
VascularLayer(Uvea)
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• Pupil
• Iris
• CiliaryBody
• Choroid
VascularLayer(Iris)
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StructureTheirisisthecoloredorpigmentedtissueoftheeyejustbehindthecorneaandinfrontofthelens.Themusclesoftheiriscontractandexpandtochangethesizeofthepupilindifferentlightingconditions.
FunctionTheirisregulateslightthatenterstheeyebymodifyingthesizeofthepupil,theholeinthecenter,andthroughconstrictionordilation.
VascularLayer(CiliaryBody)
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CiliaryMusclesTheciliarymusclesaltertheshapeofthelenstoadjustandfocusvisioninaprocesscalledaccommodation.
ZonularFibersThezonularfiberssuspendthelensfromtheciliarymuscles.
CiliaryProcessesTheciliaryprocessesarefinger-likeprojectionsfromtheciliarymusclesthatproduceaqueoushumor.
NervousLayer(Retina)
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Thereare10uniquelayersoftheretina.
Theyreceivelightfromanobjectandconvertitintoelectricalimpulsesthatarethentransmittedtothebrain.
NervousLayer(Fundis)
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Ophthalmoscope
Giveseye-careprofessionalanideaaboutthestateofthetissuesinthebackoftheeye,suchastheretina,choroid,andmajorbloodvessels.
NervousLayer(Fundis,Con’t_)
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TheFundis includes:
• Maculalutea
• Foveacentralis
• Opticdisc
AnatomyoftheEyeSegment4:ContentsoftheEye
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AqueousandVitreousHumor
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Theeye’santeriorandposteriorsegmentsarefilledwithfluids,orhumor.
Thisplaysavitalroleinmaintainingocularfunction.
Thesefluidsarecalledtheaqueoushumorandvitreoushumor.
AqueousandVitreousHumor
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AqueousHumorProduction.Fillstheanteriorsegmentoftheeye.Thin,clear,andwateryfluidproducedbytheepithelialtipsoftheciliarybody,locatedintheposteriorchamber.
Drainage.Flowsfromtheposteriorchamber,throughthepupil,intotheanteriorchamber,andthendrainsoutthroughtheanglethatbalancestheproductionanddrainagetomaintainintraocularpressure.
Function.Aqueoushumorsuppliesnutrientsforthelensandcorneaandcarriesawaywasteandcarbondioxide.
VitreousHumorThevitreous,madeupofthevitreousbodyandthevitreouscortex,fillsthelargecavitybetweenthelensandthefrontoftheretina.
Itismostlywater(roughly98%to99%)andmacromolecules.
Thecortex,orouterportion,iseasilydistinguishablefromthebodybecauseithasahighconcentrationofmatrixproteins.
CrystallineLens
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StructureThecrystallinelensisatransparent,flexiblestructurelocatedintheanteriorportionoftheeye,behindtheiris.
Mostofthelensismadeupoflensfibersthatarepackedintotight,onion-likelayersthatcontainsnobloodvessels.
Getsnutritionfromthefluidsthatsurroundit,primarilytheaqueous.
Externalportion,orcortex,hasahigherrateofmetabolismthanitsinternalportion,ornucleus.
FunctionThelenschangesshapetofocuslightraysontheretina,whichenablestheeyetoseeobjectsatarangeofdistances.
CrystallineLens
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Click on each arrow to see the six muscles and their positions in relation to the globe.
CheckYourUnderstanding
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SHOWWHATYOUKNOWWhenreferringtotheaqueousandvitreouspartsoftheeye,selectAforaqueousorVforvitreoustothefollowingquestions.
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[V]Composedmostlyofwater,itfillsthelargecavitybetweenthelensandthefrontoftheretina.
[A]Thin,clear,andwatery,itfillstheanteriorsegmentoftheeye.
[A]Flowsfromtheposteriorchamber,throughthepupil,intotheanteriorchamber,andthendrainsoutthroughtheangle.
[A]Suppliesnutrientsforthelensandcornea.
SHOWWHATYOUKNOWWhichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?
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A. Lightisrefractedasitpassesthroughthecorneaandcrystallinelensbeforeitreachestheretina.
B. Whentheeyeviewsanobjectatalldistances,theciliarymusclerelaxes.
C. Thenervouslayer,orretina,consistsoffiveseparatelayers.
D. Thecorneaactslikeanapertureonacamera,regulatinglightthatenterstheeye.
SHOWWHATYOUKNOW
Extraocularmusclesareacollectionofsixmusclesthatcontrolthemovementsoftheeyeballandarenamedforpositionstotheglobe.
qTrueqFalse
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SHOWWHATYOUKNOWTheeyeisanearlysphericalorganthatcontainsthreeconcentriclayers.Matchthethreeconcentriclayerstotheircorrectdescription.
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Fibrouslayer
Vascularlayer
Nervouslayer
Composedoftwostructures,thescleraandthecornea.
Madeupofthreesegments– theiris,theciliarybody,andthechoroid.
Referredtoastheretina,itconsistsof10uniquelayersthattransmitssensoryinformationaboutlighttothebrain.
SHOWWHATYOUKNOWFillintheblank.
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Theconjunctivaisathin,transparent,mucousmembranethatlinestheeyelidsandsclera,butnotthe_[cornea]__.
CONGRATULATIONS!
YouhavesuccessfullycompletedtheAnatomyoftheEyemodule.
Youshouldbeableto:• Describetheanatomicalstructuresoftheeye.• Identifythelayersoftheeye.• Describethecontentsoftheeye.• Describethestructuresassociatedwiththeeye.
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