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The
EvolutionaryOrigins of
HumanCulture
Alex K. Ruuska, PhDNMU
Lecture 13
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Announcements
Tutor for AN 100: Mon, Wed 6-8 pm Gries
Hall, 1stFloor, Conference Room
Examination: Next Thursday, Sept. 29,
2011, Chapters 1-4 Lecture Notes, Ethnographic Readings
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Announcements
Quiz and Discussion Points Posted on
Educat
This Week- Move to Quizzes online
Ethnographic Reading on Educat Human Evolution
Link directly below Syllabus Link
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Review
Last Week: Looking at the centrality offieldwork to anthropology (21stC- Geertz)
Popular theory of 19thC: Social Evolution
2oth Century: gets replaced by
Structuralism, Functionalism and Historical
Particularism - Which we will continue to
examine in coming weeks11/13/2014 4
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This Week
Chapter 4, Haviland et al.
Becoming Human: The Origin and
Diversity of Our Species
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So who are we?
where did we
come from?where
are
wegoing?
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Dominant Explanatory
Frameworks
Cultures tell many stories to themselves
using different types of information as a
means of validating their truth claims
Among scientists the theory of evolution is
critical to understanding where we have
been, who we are as modern humans, and
where we may be going
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Theory
Set of ideas
formulated by
reasoning from
known facts toexplain
something
Promote newunderstanding
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Fact Concept of Evolution preceded
Charles Darwin
Used THEORY of Evolution toExplore HOW evolution occurred
KEY: NATURAL SELECTION
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
(HERBERT SPENSER)
Social evolutionist
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Evolution
This weeks agenda: Look at principalsthat determine human adaptation,
variation and change
Biological evolution: Looking at Primates;
humans and their closest relatives
Diffusion: where they originated and
spread11/13/2014 9
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I. The Evolution of Culture
When did the human capacity for
modern cultural behavior
emerge? 2.5 million years ago
What was going on then? Tool
making that we can study
through the archaeological
record
150,000 years ago, anatomically
modern humans in Africa
50-70, 000 years ago- to Asia
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Cultural Adaptation
Cultural responses to
physical/environmental
needs
What items of material
culture do you use to
change your experience
when youre cold? Hot?
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History of Evolutionary Theory
18th
Century- increasedinterest biological diversity
and human origins
Contrary to dominant
explanation of the time:
Creationism/Genesis
Life forms seen as
immutable; all differences
originated at the creation11/13/2014 13
Charles Darwin
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Contested Stories James Ussher and John
Lighfoot Biblical Scholars
claimed approximately 37
Creation dates including
October 23, 4004 BC, at
9: 00 am
Fossil discoveries
challenged these dates if all
created at same time, why
no fossils; contemporary
plants missing in fossil
record
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Lightfoot
Usher
http://www.preteristarchive.com/StudyArchive/l/lightfoot-john.html8/10/2019 AN100 Evolution Lec 13-15
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Catastrophism
Modified view of
creationism:
catastrophism
Said evidence of
ancient species
destroyed by floods,
fires and othercatastophies
11/13/2014 15
Epic of Gilgamesh,
Mesopotamia
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Review from Yesterdays
Lecture
Cultural Adaptation
Biological Adaptation
Natural Selection
Survival of the Fittest
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Review from Yesterdays
Lecture
18thCentury Debates:
Uniformitarianism & Evolution
Creationism & Catastrophism
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History of Evolutionary Theory
18th
Century- increasedinterest biological diversity
and human origins
Contrary to dominantexplanation of the time:
Creationism/Genesis
Life forms seen as
immutable; all differences
originated at the creation11/13/2014 18
Charles Darwin
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Contested Stories James Ussher and John
Lighfoot Biblical Scholars
claimed approximately 37
Creation dates including
October 23, 4004 BC, at
9: 00 am
Fossil discoveries
challenged these dates if all
created at same time, why
no fossils; contemporary
plants missing in fossil
record
11/13/2014 19
Lightfoot
Usher
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Catastrophism
Modified view of
creationism:
catastrophism
Said evidence of
ancient species
destroyed by floods,
fires and othercatastophies
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Epic of Gilgamesh,
Mesopotamia
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Uniformitarianism
concept developed in 1785, James Hutton
catastrophicprocesses not responsible for the
landforms that existed on the Earth's surface.
Earth developed over long periods of timethrough a variety ofslow geologic and
geomorphic processes.
1832 William Whewell, a scholar fromCambridge used the term Uniformitarianism to
present an alternative to Catastrophism
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Uniformitarianism
Charles Lyell further advanced this idea
Darwins geological work on the 5 yearvoyage upon the HMS Beagle, established
him as a supporter of Lyells work
Also increased his value in the scientific
community
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Evolution developed from
Uniformitarianism
Evolution:
Theory that species arise fromothers through a long and gradual
process of transformation, ordescent with modification
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Evolution
Uniform modification of genetic
traits over long periods of time
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Proto-evolutionary ideas
Erasmus Darwins book:
Zoonomania
Grandfather of Charles
Darwin
1794
Common ancestry of all
animals
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Jean-BaptisteLamarckabout
transmutation of
speciesinfluenced
radicals, but were
rejected bymainstream
scientists.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck8/10/2019 AN100 Evolution Lec 13-15
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Other Influences on Darwin
Thomas Malthus: 18thCentury
All living things have a tendency to increase
geometrically if they have enough food
Disease, war, famine to reduce the pressureon resources
His views influenced Darwin and other 19thCentury Thinkers; still has influence today
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Theory of Evolution
Who: Charles Darwin &
Alfred Wallace
What: In biology, evolution
is the change in the
inherited traits of a
population of organisms
through successive
generations.11/13/2014 27
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Evolution/ Transformism
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Tree of Life: the first-
known sketch by
Charles Darwin of anevolutionary tree
describing the
relationships amonggroups of organisms.
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Theory of Evolution
When a population splits into smaller
groups, these groups evolve
independently and develop into new
species over time
How: Natural Selection
Selection occurs in concert with traits
already in the environment11/13/2014 29
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SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
Natural Selection
Forms most fit to survive
and reproduce in a given
environment do so in
greater numbers than
others in same population
Measured as Reproductive
Success
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Natural Selection
the process by which forms of life having
traits that better enable them to adapt to
specific environmental pressures, as
predators, changes in climate, orcompetition for food or mates, will tend to
survive and reproduce in greater numbers
than others of their kind, thus ensuring theperpetuation of those favorable traits in
succeeding generations.
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SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
Giraffe Neck- access to
resources increased through
long neck; more likely to
reproduce; Variety Needed
Sexual Competition for mates
e.g. ornate peacock feathers,
the antlers of the stag (male
deer), manes of lions.
(Contemporary examples)
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Natural Selection
Mutations: Changes in the DNA
May be adaptive and increase survival
in given environments
Peppered Moth- can be light or dark
Great Britain- industrial pollution
increased- peppered moth stuck out;darker peppered moths survived and
reproduced in greater numbers
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Taxonomies
The thing we apprehendin one great leap, the
thinking that, by means of
the fable, is demonstrated
as the exotic charm ofanother system of thought,
is the limitation of our own,
the stark impossibility of
thinking that
Foucault, The Order of
Things, xv
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Finding our Place in the World
From A certain Chinese encyclopaedia
in which it is written that animals are
divided into: (a) belonging to the
Emperor, (b) embalmed, (Cc) suckling
pigs, (e) sirens, (f) fabulous, (g) straydogs, (h) included in the present
classification, (i) frenzied, (j)
innumberable, (j) drawn with a very fine
camelhair brush, (l) et cetera, (m)having just broken the water pitcher, (n)
that from a long way off looks like flies
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Culturally Constructed
Realities
What we see is often shaped
by the societies and cultures
we are emerged in
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Discussion
Human Migrations
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Review, Lecture 13
Cultural Adaptation
Biological Adaptation
Natural Selection
Survival of the Fittest
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II. So What is Our Place
Among Primates?
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Overarching Question:
When did we begin to learn culture?
Is culture something shared by other
primates or is it unique to humans?
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Hominids (entire chart)
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Hominids (entire chart),
Hominins (right side only)
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A. Primate Tendencies
Primatologists
study non-human
primates
Apes, lemurs,
monkeys including
Chimpanzees
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Jane Goodall , Primatologist
G b St Chi
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Gombe Stream Chimpanzee
Reserve
Lake Tanganika, Tanzania
Goodall asked to study Chimapanzees
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Jane Goodall
Revolutionized the study of primates,
our closest relatives
Set radically new standards and a
new intellectual style for the study ofanimal behavior
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Interview Questions
In those early days of your field study,
when you'd sit for weeks and months
trying to make contact with the
chimpanzees, what kept you going and
believing that what you were doing
would, in fact, lead to somethingvaluable and important?
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Being Interviewed
It wasn't so much that it would be valuable
and important. My goal was to habituate
the chimps and learn what they did. The
first time I saw them using tools, I actuallycouldn't believe it. It was just so amazing.
So, it wasn't that I hoped to make
significant findings. It was that I had a jobto do and the job was to get the chimps to
stop being frightened of me so I could
learn how they lived.11/13/2014 49
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Jane Goodall
The Woman
Who
Redefined
Man
11/13/2014 50
When Louis Leaky first
hear about Jane Goodalls
discovery that chimps
fashion and use tools, hesent her a telegram,
Now we must redefine
tool, redefine man, or
accept chimpanzees as
human.
Prior to Goodall,
definition of human,
MAN THETOOLMAKER
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B. Humans and Apes
(1) Most Studied: Those
that spent lots of time on
the ground: baboons,
gorillas, chimpanzees,orangutans
(2) Those that are mostclosely related to
humans: the great apes11/13/2014 51
Orangutans
Lemur
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Primate Tendencies
Grasping:five digited hands that are suitable for
grasping (e.g. branches)
OpposableThumbs:thumb can touch otherfingers (imagine not using your thumb for an
entire day!!)
Grasping feet: lost among the species in which
bipedalismwalking on two feet is dominant
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Primate Tendencies
Sight: visually oriented; primary method of
getting information
Steroscopic and color vision great
(seeing width, height, depth)
Adaptive function: finding food, easier grooming
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Primate Tendencies
Nose to Hand: tactile organs; being able to
thread a needle
Brain complexity: brain size to body ration higher
than for most animals
Parental Investment
Sociality11/13/2014 54
III Wh t W Sh ith Oth
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III. What We Share with Other
Primates
A. Learning
Learned Ability: Using Tools; both
Humans and Great Apes
(Gorillas, Chimpanzees,
Orangutans)
Book:Among Orangutans: Red
Apes and the Rise of Human
Culture (Dr. van Schaik)
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III What We Share with Other
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III. What We Share with Other
Primates
B. Tools
Sumatra Orangutan Tool Use
Using Sticks to get honey and
insects
Other Sticks for seeds of the
neesia fruit
Tool Use: Cultural; They learn
it from each other11/13/2014 57
Opening Tool Box
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B. Tools
Tool use is one indicator of higherintelligence
Behavior that was once used to set
humans apart from other animals
Broad range and degrees of sophistication
of the tools that humans and other
primates use
Primates including early hominins,and the
study of these tools provides important
information concerning the evolution of the
human tool using abilities.
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III What We Share with Other
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.joelertola.com/tutorials/brain/gifs/Brain.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.joelertola.com/tutorials/brain/index.html&h=387&w=500&sz=102&hl=en&start=1&sig2=OS2lloA-GzjVX3X2Iwfx5A&um=1&tbnid=6PHUx_xRIdnivM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=130&ei=iIDwRvOlB5mceJ2HjNcG&prev=/images?q=brain&svnum=10&um=1&hl=en8/10/2019 AN100 Evolution Lec 13-15
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III. What We Share with Other
Primates
C. Predation and
Hunting
Both apes and humansare predators
Terrestrial primates-primarily vegetarian diet
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Pan troglo dytes
chimpanzee
III What We Share with Other
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III. What We Share with Other
Primates
C. Predation and
Hunting
Both apes and humansare predators
Terrestrial primates-primarily vegetarian diet
11/13/2014 60
Pan troglo dytes
chimpanzee
IV What we share with other
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IV. What we share with other
primates
A. Sharing and
Cooperation
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Pan troglod ytes
chimpanzee
Differences: Human Mating
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Differences: Human Mating
and Kinship
Humans mate throughout the year to
increase reproductive success
Marriage and Exogamy
Maintaining ties to children over lifetime
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Tools Defined
Any object manipulated
to perform a specific
task.
Beneficial Task
Task is made easier bythe use of the tool
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Naturefact
Some tools are very
simple
Tool which requires no
alteration to be functional, is
sometimes described as a
"naturefact"
E.g. a bunch of leaves used
as a sponge to carry water,
or a stick to help scratch the
animal's back.
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Artifact
A tool that has beencrafted: altered in some
way to make it more
suitable for the job in
hand.
E.g. chimps have been
know to chew their termite
fishing sticksso that they
fit better into the holes in
the termite mounds. A
chewed stick is now an
artifact.11/13/2014 65
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Non-Primate, E.g. Raven
Dropping nuts from sky to
drop them
If they didnt break open,dropped into traffic, to be
run over
Waited for traffic light tochange to get
11/13/2014 66
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://kaweahoaks.com/html/raven01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://kaweahoaks.com/html/raven.html&h=360&w=360&sz=17&hl=en&start=2&sig2=MmB_6qwnjZv5SG451QPTAA&um=1&tbnid=f8s0dJF0lxJNWM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=121&ei=v0_xRrrnAqGOiQGCxojxBg&prev=/images?q=raven&svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1T4GZHY_enUS240US241&sa=N8/10/2019 AN100 Evolution Lec 13-15
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Capuchin Monkey
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Capuchin monkeys
(e.g.. Cebus apella) are observed to use stones to cracknuts in the wild. This behavior has been much studied in
captivity with some interesting observations:
1. Not all animals seem capable of learning to use tools
2. They don't seem to "understand" their tools (e.g..
banging the ground next to the nut)
3. Other members of the group are able to learn to use
tools by observation
4. In captivity, they will use other tools to perform
particular tasks (e.g.. honey dipping with straw)
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III What We Share with Other
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III. What We Share with Other
Primates
C. Predation and
Hunting
Both apes and humansare predators
Terrestrial primates-primarily vegetarian diet
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Pan troglo dytes
chimpanzee
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Importance of Hunting
If human hunting and meat consumption
was unique among primates, then the
evolution and effects of this behavior could
easily be understood as vitally important.
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Hunting Styles
Opportunistic
Planned
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C. Predation and Hunting
Research by Mitani andWatts in Uganda
Largest Chimpanzee
Community described inthe wild
26 M, 40 F, 16 Adolescent
M, 5 F, 30 Infants
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Large Hunting Parties
Most hunts 78% led to a kill
Higher success rate than lions (26%),
hyenas (34%), cheetahs (30%)
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Chimpanzee Hunting Behavior
Advantages:
1) Nutrition: Protein in a largely frugivorous
diet
2) Social Currency of Hunting- Maintain
alliances b/t adult males
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Styles of Hunting
Cooperative Event
Success increases with
group size
In some areas,
chimpanzee success
leading to population
decline of red colobusmonkeys
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Hunting Act
Multiple males are involved in corneringand capturing prey,
Members of the hunting party are spread
out widely on the ground and in the trees(if hunting arborealprey such as colobus
monkeys), and other members of the
community often observe and vocalizeexcitedly throughout the pursuit (Watts &
Mitani 2002).11/13/2014 76
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Hunting
BuildingAlliances-
Selective
Distribution ofMeat
Deny Meat toEnemies
11/13/2014 77
IV How We Differ From Other
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IV. How We Differ From Other
Primates
A. Sharing andCooperation
11/13/2014 78
Pan troglod ytes
chimpanzee
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Social Band Organizations
Small populations
Large Homeland
Hunting and Foraging
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S O
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Social Organization
Cooperation in thequest for food, social
practices, etc.
Break the laws,
banished
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IV How We Differ From Other
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IV. How We Differ From Other
Primates
B. Matingand Kinship
Non-human
primates
mate when
female isovulating
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H M ti d Ki hi
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Human Mating and Kinship
Humans mate throughout the year toincrease reproductive success
Marriage and Exogamy
Maintaining ties to children over lifetime
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