An Overview of
Alternative Sources
of Maritime Energy
Dr Prapisala Thepsithar
Senior Scientist
Maritime Energy and Sustainable Development
Centre of Excellence
24 April 2018
CONTENT
1. Energy and related emissions from shipping industry - Source of energy for ships – past and present
- Atmospheric emission from shipping industry - Approaches to reduce GHG emission from ships
2. Potential sources of alternative energy for ships - What are potential sources of alternative energy for ships?
- Potential of each alternative sources of energy - GHG emission reduction of each source in comparison with conventional fuel oils
3. Criteria for consideration of alternative energy sources for
ships - Technical, economic, environmental and social-political points- Their levels of importance
Summary
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SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR SHIPS Past and present
• Currently, there are more than 50,000 ocean-going vessels with different
types, sizes and age
• Fuel consumption of around 250 million tonnes of fuels annually
HFO: till now
Coal:
till 2nd half of 20th century
Wind:
till 19th century
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
19
71
19
76
19
81
19
86
19
91
19
96
20
01
20
06
2011
Fuel oil Diesel/ Gas
mill
ion
to
ns/ ye
ar
Source: IMO 3rd GHG study (2014)
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MEASURES FOR GHG EMISSION REDUCTION Technical & Operational Measures and Alternative Sources of
Energy
Weather routingSlow Steaming
Hull & Propeller CleaningHull Coating
Water Flow of Hull Openings
Air Lubrication
Autopilot Adjustment/ Upgrade
Efficient Pumps & FansHigh Efficiency Lighting
Main Engine Tuning/ De-rating
Propeller Boss Cap FinsMewis Ducts
Control Pitch Propeller (CPP) Propeller Systems Upgrade
Contra Rotating PropellerWaste Heat Recovery
Wind Engine/ PowerKite
Solar
Alternative Energy Sources
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
GHG Emission Reduction Potential (%)
Technical Measures
Alternative Energy Sources
Operational Measures
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GHG EMISSION AND REDUCTION POTENTIAL
GHG emission reduction potential
(Source: IMO/MEPC 72/7/3. Submitted by Japan. Calculation by MLIT, based on the Third IMO GHG Study 2014)
Radical reduction in GHG emission can only
be achieved through alternative energy
sources
CO
2E
mis
sio
n (
mill
ion
to
ns)
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
02005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060
Base year (2008) 920 million tons
In 2050
460 million tons
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POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
GENERATIONof alternative fuels/ energy
TRANSPORT APPLICATION on board ships
• Feedstock (current & future)
• Production technologies
• Capacity (current & planned)
• Usage (by other industries)
• Cost and other concerns
• Storage requirement
• Logistics
• Safety & regulations
• Applicability
• Operation, safety & environment:
Emission reduction
Trend of adoption, issues for industry to overcomes prior to actual adoption, active parties (academia, industry
and countries)
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LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
Dual-fuel engine, fuel gas supply system and storage on board vessels (TRL 9)
Requirement of a global network of infrastructure for its application worldwide
HFO
90% >95% >95%
LNG100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
CO2 NOx PM SOx
World natural gas reserves
180 trillion m3 R/P ratio 60-80 year
Source: BP Statistic Review 2005
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Source: Engie, https://www.engie.com/en/journalists/press-releases/liquefied-
natural-gas-supply-contract-lactalis-group/
BIODIESEL Feedstock
It is compatible with marine distillate and applicable with existing ships/ existing bunkering
infrastructure (TRL 9).million litres
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
007-09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Bio
die
sel P
rod
uctio
n
Source: Adopted from The Crop Site (2010), Biofuel Production - Greater Shares of Commodities Used.
Able to support industry only partially due to its
insufficient supply. The utilisation of biodiesel
blends can be considered.
Requirement of fuel specification
standardisation (properties of biodiesel
produced from different sources are different.
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METHANOL Methanol can be produced from various feedstock.
Requirement of dual-fuel engine or engine modification/ bunkering infrastructure (TRL 9).
Source: Adopted from IGP Energy (2014),Methanol data.
Presence as current commodity / existing
distribution infrastructure
Overall environmental performance
Able to support industry partially (7-8% of
energy demand).
Low energy density (22.7MJ/kg)
160
120
80
40
0
mill
ion
to
ns
08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 23
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Op
era
tin
g r
ate
(%)
Demand
Total capacity
Production
Operating rate
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BIO-GAS Bio-gas (bio-methane) can be produced from waste and wastewater.
Similar nature as natural gas (TRL 9).
Source: World Bioenergy Association releases biogas fact sheet (2013)
Biomass Magazine
Able to leverage on LNG infrastructure
Presence as bioenergy providing further
emission reduction
Requirement of sufficient production of bio-
methane and value chain development to
support its application
Potential for biogas production worldwide
Resources Energy
Production
(PJ)
Billion m3
CH4
From agriculture
(Manure, residues, energy
crops)
22,674 630
From waste
Urban waste (organic fraction of
MSW), agro-industry waste
(organic fraction), Sewage
13,316 370
Total 35,990 1,000
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HYDROGEN Feedstock: non-renewable to renewable
The application of H2 requires fuel cell with electric motor (TRL 6).
Source: Industrial hydrogen and synfuel production and use, Global CCS Institute.
H2 Production
50 million tons/year Requirement of the storage on board
Establishment of centralised H2 production from renewable sources
of energy and/or fossil fuel with carbon capture technology
Establishment of the value chain and a global network of
infrastructure for its application worldwide
Feasible for the whole industry to adopt as a major measure for
“zero emission”.
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BATTERY PROPULSION Power generation from non-renewable to renewable
Capable of achieving zero emission for all electric propulsion with battery (TRL 6-9).
Requirement of battery packs and charging
station
Improvement of energy density of battery in order
to enable the implementation of full electric for
large vessels and/or deep sea shipping.
Electricity produced from renewable sources of
energy and/or fossil fuel with carbon capture
technology0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Wh/kg
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Wh/L Smaller
Lighter
Source: Energy Storage, http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/hc441/bstorage.html
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ENERGY COST
Source: Historical price of fuels obtained from www.afdc.energy.gov/data/, and Methanex Monthly Average Regional Posted Contract
Price HistoryMESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 13
Social acceptability
Safety
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITIY
Technical sustainability
Maturity
Reliability of
energy source
Capital cost
Bunkering price
Infrastructure
Economical sustainabilitySocio-political sustainability
Environmental sustainability
Reduction of
SOx, NOx
and PM
GHG
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Long-term
2030 onwards
SUMMARY
Short- and medium- term
2018-2023 and 2023-2030
From the important level of selection criteria towards sustainability:
- Readiness of LNG infrastructure
- Enhancement of bio-methanol
production
- Sufficient supply and consistent of
biodiesel quality
Emission factor of each alternative energy source according to feedstock and
driver for adoption
- Sustainable production of energy
source, value chain development
and global network of infrastructure
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THANK YOU
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