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Chapter ContentsSelection Sort• Iterative Selection Sort• Recursive Selection Sort• The Efficiency of Selection Sort
Insertion Sort• Iterative Insertion Sort• Recursive Insertion Sort• The Efficiency of Insertion Sort• Insertion Sort of a Chain of Linked Nodes
Shell Sort• The Java Code• The Efficiency of Shell Sort
Comparing the Algorithms
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Selection Sort
Sorting: Arrange things into either ascending or descending orderTask: rearrange books on shelf by height• Shortest book on the left
Approach:• Look at books, select shortest book• Swap with first book• Look at remaining books, select shortest• Swap with second book• Repeat …
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Iterative Selection Sort
Iterative algorithm for selection sort
Algorithm selectionSort(a, n)
// Sorts the first n elements of an array a.
for (index = 0; index < n 1; index++){ indexOfNextSmallest = the index of the smallest value among
a[index], a[index+1], . . . , a[n1]Interchange the values of a[index] and a[indexOfNextSmallest]
// Assertion: a[0] a[1] . . . a[index], and these are the smallest
// of the original array elements. // The remaining array elements begin at a[index+1].
}
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Recursive Selection Sort
Recursive algorithm for selection sort
Algorithm selectionSort(a, first, last)
// Sorts the array elements a[first] through a[last] recursively.
if (first < last){ indexOfNextSmallest = the index of the smallest value among
a[first], a[first+1], . . . , a[last]Interchange the values of a[first] and a[indexOfNextSmallest]// Assertion: a[0] a[1] . . . a[first] and these are the
smallest// of the original array elements. // The remaining array elements begin at a[first+1].selectionSort(a, first+1, last)
}
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The Efficiency of Selection SortIterative method for loop executes n – 1 times• For each of n – 1 calls, the indexOfSmallest is
invoked, last is n-1, and first ranges from 0 to n-2. • For each indexOfSmallest, compares last – first times• Total operations: (n – 1) + (n – 2) + …+ 1 = n(n – 1)/2
= O(n2)
It does not depends on the nature of the data in the array.
Recursive selection sort performs same operations• Also O(n2)
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Insertion Sort
If only one book, it is sorted. Consider the second book, if shorter than first one• Remove second book• Slide first book to right• Insert removed book into first slot
Then look at third book, if it is shorter than 2nd book• Remove 3rd book• Slide 2nd book to right• Compare with the 1st book, if is taller than 3rd, slide 1st
to right, insert the 3rd book into first slot
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Insertion Sort
•Partitions the array into two parts. One part is sorted and initially contains the first element.
•The second part contains the remaining elements.
•Removes the first element from the unsorted part and inserts it into its proper sorted position within the sorted part by comparing with element from the end of sorted part and toward its beginning.
•The sorted part keeps expanding and unsorted part keeps shrinking by one element at each pass
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Iterative Insertion SortIterative algorithm for insertion sort
Algorithm insertionSort(a, first, last)
// Sorts the array elements a[first] through a[last] iteratively.
for (unsorted = first+1 through last){ firstUnsorted = a[unsorted]
insertInOrder(firstUnsorted, a, first, unsorted-1)}
Algorithm insertInOrder(element, a, begin, end)// Inserts element into the sorted array elements a[begin] through a[end].index = endwhile ( (index >= begin) and (element < a[index]) )
{ a[index+1] = a[index] // make roomindex - -
}// Assertion: a[index+1] is available.a[index+1] = element // insert
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Iterative Insertion Sort
An insertion sort inserts the next unsorted element into its proper location within the
sorted portion of an array
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Recursive Insertion Sort
Algorithm for recursive insertion sort
Algorithm insertionSort(a, first, last)
// Sorts the array elements a[first] through a[last] recursively.
if (the array contains more than one element){ Sort the array elements a[first] through a[last-1]
Insert the last element a[last] into its correct sorted position within the rest of the array
}
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Recursive Insertion Sortpublic static void insertionSort( Comparable[] a, int first, int last){
If ( first < last){
//sort all but the last elementinsertionSort( a, first, last -1 );//insert the last element in sorted order from first through last positionsinsertInOrder(a[last], a, first, last-1);
}}
insertInorder( element, a, first, last)If (element >= a[last])
a[last+1] = element;else if (first < last){
a[last+1] = a[last];insertInOrder(element, a, first, last-1);
}else // first == last and element < a[last]{
a[last+1] = a[last];a[last] = element
}
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Recursive Insertion Sort
Inserting the first unsorted element into the sorted
portion of the array.
(a) The element is ≥ last sorted element;
(b) The element is < than last sorted element
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Efficiency of Insertion Sort
Best time efficiency is O(n)
Worst time efficiency is O(n2)
If array is closer to sorted order• Less work the insertion sort does• More efficient the sort is
Insertion sort is acceptable for small array sizes
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Insertion Sort of Chain of Linked Nodes
During the traversal of a chain to locate the insertion point, save a reference to the node
before the current one.
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Insertion Sort of Chain of Linked Nodes
Breaking a chain of nodes into two pieces as the first step in an insertion sort:
(a) the original chain; (b) the two pieces
Efficiency of insertion sort of a
chain is O(n2)
Efficiency of insertion sort of a
chain is O(n2)
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Shell Sort
A variation of the insertion sort• But faster than O(n2)
Done by sorting subarrays of equally spaced indices
Instead of moving to an adjacent location an element moves several locations away• Results in an almost sorted array• This array sorted efficiently with ordinary
insertion sort
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Shell Sort
Donald Shell suggested that the initial separation between indices be n/2 and halve this value at each pass until it is 1.
An array has 13 elements, and the subarrays formed by grouping elements whose indices are 6 apart.
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Efficiency of Shell Sort
Efficiency is O(n2) for worst case
If n is a power of 2• Average-case behavior is O(n1.5)
Shell sort uses insertion sort repeatedly.
Initial sorts are much smaller, the later sorts are on arrays that are partially sorted, the final sort is on an array that is almost entirely sorted.
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