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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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GENE THERAPY
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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CloningCloning is a technique of creating a copy of living matter - a cell or organism.
The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as
clones
The term cloneclone (from the Greek word klōn, meaning “twig”) had already been in use since the beginning of the 20th century in reference to plants.
In 1963 J. B. S. Haldane [British biologist] use the word clone in reference to animals.
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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Scientists initially made cloned cells in the laboratory by letting a single cell divide into a population of
genetically identical cells.
In this process scientists put the original cell in a laboratory dish containing culture medium.
The cell’s natural process of mitosis then produces genetically identical offspring.
This process mimics how cells multiply, for instance, in plants and in the human body
CLONING: a prelude
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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Scientists later developed more complex cloning techniques
using animal embryos. Every cell in an animal arises from a fertilized egg. The fertilized egg divides to form an embryo, and each cell in the
embryo has the same genetic makeup.
At some point in the embryo’s growth and development, cells differentiate and become specialized.
For instance, a heart cell only functions in the heart and not the liver, even though the genes of a heart
cell and liver cell are the same.
CLONING: a prelude
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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JOHN GURDON’s EXPERIMENTS
The experiment reveals that cells from different parts of the embryo differed in the degree of successful development on nuclear transplantation
The older the individual the nuclei were taken, less the recipient egg cells was able to develop normally.
Cells of embryos at a later stage of development switch over from totipotent to pluripotent state.
An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology..
Modern Genetics: Cloning
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An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology..
Modern Genetics: Cloning
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CLONING method
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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CLONING method
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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TOTIPOTENCY refers the ability of embryonic cell to give rise to all the different cell types in the body
PLURIPOTENCY refers the ability of embryonic cell to give rise the unique
cell types / tissues in the body
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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An illustration From T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Lecturer in Zoology..
Modern Genetics: Cloning
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CLONING: types
Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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Cloning: therapeutic
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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Cloning: reproductive
Cloning: therapeutic
Cloning of SheepCloning of Sheep [Mechanism]
Cloning of specific Cells /Tissues
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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Cloning of Pine tree
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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Merits of Cloning:
the endangered and extinct animals
can be saved or retained.
help to maintain biodiversity.
solves transplantation problems,
tissue incompatibility, tissue
rejection, harmful immune
reactions.
will produce advances in medicine,
biological research, and industry
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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Demerits of Cloning:
Highly costlier,
More ethical issues.
Clones have discrepancies,
incompatibility, tissue rejection,
harmful immune reactions.
negative unwanted results may
occur due by crooked minded
people
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Modern Genetics: Cloning
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endend
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