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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2018, pp. 1066–1077, Article ID: IJCIET_09_07_112
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=7
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH BAGASSE
ASH AND METAKAOLIN: A GREEN
CONCRETE Prakul Thakur
P.G Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, India
Khushpreet Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, India
Raju Sharma
Lecturer Department of Civil Engineering, Thapar University Patiala, India
ABSTRACT
In this experimental study, the bagasse ash and metakaolin is used to develop the
geopolymer concrete. The fly ash based geopolymer concrete was prepared with
bagasse ash and metakaolin which were used to replace fly ash at different
percentages i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% to study the microstructure, mechanical
and durability properties. Geopolymer Concrete was prepared with the use of alkaline
solutions NaOH and Na2Sio3. Geopolymer concrete samples for bagasse ash and
metakaolin based were cured at oven for 24 hours at 90˚C and then kept under room
temperature for curing. Metakaolin contained geopolymer concrete has shown better
mechanical and durability properties as compared with bagasse ash contained
geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete is raw material based concrete that leads
to the usage of materials which are produced as a raw material from industries and
when these raw materials were induced in the geopolymer preparation it leads to the
reduction of carbon emissions and acts as a greener concrete towards environment.
Microstructure studies concluded that the metakaolin contained geopolymer concrete
has denser intermolecular bonding of materials as compared to the bagasse ash
contained geopolymer due to which metakaolin shows better results in mechanical
and durability properties when compared with bagasse ash.
Key words: Geopolymer Concrete, Ordinary Cement Concrete, Fly Ash, Aqueous
Solutions, Precast.
Cite this Article: Prakul Thakur, Khushpreet Singh and Raju Sharma, An
Experimental Study on Geopolymer Concrete with Bagasse Ash and Metakaolin: A
Green Concrete, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(7),
2018, pp. 1066-1077.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=7
Prakul Thakur, Khushpreet Singh and Raju Sharma
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1067 [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
Increasing construction leads to the demand of utilization of various resources which reduces
the cause of harmful effects of emissions on the environment. Concrete usage across the
world is second after water usage. Cement powder is conventionally used as the primary
binder to produce concrete mixture. The various environmental problems associated with the
production of cement are well known to the researchers [1]
and there is alarming need to
introduce new practices in producing the concrete so that the environmental issues should be
reduced. The utilization of Geopolymer Concrete which is flyash based concrete and with the
partial combination of GGBS.
These materials are waste products from the industries and can be used for the preparation
of Geopolymer Concrete. Globally the production of cement is estimated over 2.8 billion
tonnes according to recent industry data [2]. The issue with this is the emission of carbon
dioxide gas which is responsible for 5-7% of the total global production of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere [3]. From past years, increases in cement production have been observed now
days and were anticipated the sudden increase due to the massive increase in industrialization
sector and infrastructure [4]. Geopolymer concrete does not require any Ordinary portland
cement for its production. The binder which is required to produced concrete by the reaction
of alkaline liquid with the source material which is rich in alumina and silica [5]. After doing
the deep study of geopolymer, it showed as a greener material as compared to ordinary
portland cement concrete. It was seen that geopolymer concrete showed good engineering and
mechanical properties [6, 7]. The use of fly ash has which have eco friendly properties and
environmental advantages for reducing the emissions.
The partial replacement of Portland cement with fly ash [8] will lead in the development
of geopolymer concrete will help to make beneficial use of fly ash. Geopolymer concrete has
properties of gaining early strength which will lead to casting of pre structural members of
geopolymer concrete [9]. The bond characteristics of reinforcing bar in geopolymer concrete
have been researched and determined to be comparable or superior to Portland cement
concrete [10, 11]. The use of ggbs in geopolymer concrete which is an industrial waste from
the steel industry and when ggbs is reacted with alkaline solutions it forms cementitious
material which does not emit carbon dioxide into the environment and use of ggbs in
geopolymer concrete enhances the durability and mechanical properties of geopolymer
concrete [12]. GGBS is rich in alumina and silica and CaO. Metakaolin is derived from
kaolite undergoing at the temperature C C
the calcium hydroxide to form the cementitious compounds and it also helps in reducing the
environmental effects caused due to the cement industry. Metakaolin is used to produce the
green concrete [13] and it is rich in silica and alumina content. Bagasse Ash is the raw waste
from the sugar cane industry and it is rich in silica and can be used to produce the eco friendly
concrete as such the bagasse ash is not used with geopolymer concrete to study the effect of
bagasse ash on geopolymer concrete mechanical and durability properties will be investigated
to study the results. Alkaline solutions are used i.e sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide
which leads in the production of early strength geopolymer concrete and geopolymerization
action occurs between the ingredients used for producing fly ash based geopolymer concrete
with metakaolin and bagasse ash contained geopolymer concrete. Sodium hydroxide and
sodium silicate does not contain carbon due to which alkaline solutions will also help to
reduce the carbon emissions in the environment. The combination of Fly Ash and GGBS
with the ratio of 80 (fly ash), 20 (GGBS) for the production of geopolymer concrete. The use
of alkaline solutions is done for the preparation of the geopolymer concrete. The experimental
study is done on the geopolymer concrete with the partial replacement of Bagasse Ash and
An Experimental Study on Geopolymer Concrete with Bagasse Ash and Metakaolin: A Green Concrete
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Metakaolin to study the microstructure, mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer
concrete. Metakaolin is clay mineral product and it shows higher strength properties in
concrete [12]. The study on Bagasse Ash with Geopolymer concrete is done to check the best
percentage replacement of Bagasse Ash Bagasse Ash is a mineral admixture which has been
produced as a waste material from the sugarcane industry. The study has shown that the
metakaolin has excellent mechanical properties and shown early gain properties and withstand
easily against the acid attack. Bagasse ash is waste product and shown lesser strength then
Metakaolin but bagasse ash can be replaced up to certain limits to get good strength and
durability properties.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Materials Used
The Class F fly ash was used to produce the geopolymer concrete. Fly ash was obtained from
Ropar Thermal Power Plant, Punjab. The specific gravity was calculated as 2.35g/cc. GGBS
was obtained from Mundra Gujarat with loss of ignition 0.5, with bulk density1.15 and
specific gravity of 2.85 g/cc. Metakaolin was also obtained from Mundra Gujarat. Metakaolin
was off white in colour with high reactivity and pozzolanas with specific gravity of 2.6 g/cc.
Bagasse Ash was obtained from Morinda Sugar Mill with black colour and it was purified ash
and specific gravity is 1.13 g/cc. Alkaline solution was made with the combination of sodium
hydroxide and sodium silicate in 1: 2.5. The solution was prepared one day before the casting
and sodium hydroxide was used with 12M and the solid content present in sodium silicate
was 59.5 %.Superplasticizer SP 430 was used with specific gravity of 1.20 g/cc. Coarse
Aggregates were used of size 20mm and 10mm with specific gravity 2.74 g/cc and fine
aggregates were used of Zone II with specific gravity of 2.64 g/cc.
2.2. Mixing Procedure and Curing
The mixing of geopolymer concrete is by the use of alkaline solutions which are made one
day before the casting. The raw material are mixed homogeneously and alkaline solutions are
mixed with the ingredients and the amount of solid content present in the solution is fulfilled
by adding water to it. The powder to alkaline ratio was 0.35 and when the cubes, beams
cylinders are casted they are kept in oven for 24 hours for curing C and then
specimens are kept at normal room temperature for curing. To compare the strength criteria of
normal room temperature curing and oven curing cubes were casted to check the difference
between the compressive strength.
2.3. Test Procedure
Tests were conducted to inspect the microstructure, mechanical and durability properties of
bagasse ash contained and metakaolin contained geopolymer concrete.
2.3.1. Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is one of the most important property of concrete which forms a basic
property for analysis and calculations. For this test, cubes of dimension 150x150x150mm
were casted and cured and three cubes were taken for each testing of concrete for 7 days and
28 days for various percentages of metakaolin and bagasse ash. These cubes were tested on
Compressive testing machine and Rate of loading should be applied approximately140
Kg/sqcm/min as per IS 516. Failure load was noted. Three cubes were tested for each test
period and their average is reported.
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2.3.2. Flexural Strength of Beam
Flexural strength is one measure of the flexural strength of concrete. It is measured by loading
an beam of size 100x100x500mm were cased and mean of three cubes for each percentage
and 48 beams were casted. The sample reading is noted from the Universal Testing Machine
and load should be applied 400 Kg/min as per IS 516. Two point loading machine is used and
failure load is noted to calculate the flexural strength of geopolymer concrete for 7 days and
28 days..
2.3.3. Split Tensile Strength Test
Cylinder specimen was used of diameter 150mm and length 300mm to find out the split
tensile strength of geopolymer concrete by casting three samples for each percentage and 48
cylinders were casted to check the specimens strength when tested after 7days and 28days.
2.3.4. Abrasion Test
Abrasion test of concrete is related with the durability properties of concrete in which we
check the wear and tear of concrete over the abrasion testing machine. We cast cube of size
70.6 mm and put on abrasion testing machine and from each side 40 rotations are given and
initial and final values are compared and difference is noted down according to ASTM C 267-
01 (2001).
2.3.5. Sulphate Attack Test
The sulphate attack testing procedure was conducted by immersing concrete specimens of the
size 150x150x150 mm over the specified curing for 28 days. Then, they were cured in 5%
Sodium sulphate solution for 28 days. This type of testing represents an accelerated testing
procedure, which indicates the performance of particular concrete mixes to sulphate attack on
concrete. The degree of sulphate attack was evaluated by measuring the weight losses of the
specimens at 28, respectively.
2.3.6. Microstructure of Geopolymer Concrete
Microstructure for geopolymer concrete was studied by conducting XRD test to determine the
mineral, compounds and crystalline phases present in the sample and SEM- EDS is done for
the face identification of geopolymer concrete. These tests are non destructive in nature and
can be conducted by taking small sample of specimen.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Compressive Strength Results
Compressive strength was calculated for metakaolin and bagasse ash contained geopolymer
concrete and it was seen that metakaolin has shown increase with increasing percentage ratio
for metakaolin samples. Metakaolin has shown incremental strength and at 20% attained the
optimum percentage for compressive strength and after that there is decline in graph when
metakaolin is added is more percentage. In case of bagasse ash the optimum percentage is
achieved at 10% and after that there is decrease in the compressive strength. Bagasse Ash is
light in weight and due that more increase in percentage leads to reduce the weight of bagasse
ash contained geopolymer samples. The inclusion of metakaolin in cement-based composites
enhances compressive strength through the filler effect in the interfacial transition zone
between the cement paste and aggregate particles. In addition, CH gels are quickly removed
during the hydration of cement with metakaolin and actually accelerate cementitious
hydration [14]. Room temperature Curing and oven dry sample curing is done to compare the
compressive strength results with metakaolin and bagasse ash contained geopolymer concrete.
It was seen in case of metakaolin samples the room temperature curing samples achieved the
requires strength criteria although the strength for oven dry samples were more and in case of
An Experimental Study on Geopolymer Concrete with Bagasse Ash and Metakaolin: A Green Concrete
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bagasse ash samples the gradual decrease was noted in normal room temperature curing
samples.
Graph 1 Compressive Strength for Metakaolin and Bagasse Ash foe oven dry samples
Graph 2 Compressive Strength for Metakaolin and Bagasse Ash for room temperature curing samples
3.2. Flexural Strength
Flexural Strength for metakaolin contained geopolymer concrete samples attained higher
flexural strength than the bagasse ash contained samples of geopolymer concrete. Metakaolin
samples gained more flexural strength with increasing the percentage of metakaolin to fly ash
at 20% the best results were noted and more increase in metakaolin resulted in decline and in
case of bagasse ash samples at 10% replacement has shown optimum replacement for flexural
strength and further increasing the percentage of bagasse ash to fly ash leads to decline in the
flexural strength.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10 20 30 40
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tren
gth
7 Days and 28 Days Testing Results
Compressive strength for Oven Dry Samples
MK 7 Days
BA 7 Days
MK 28 Days
BA 28 Days
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10 20 30 40
Co
pm
pre
ssiv
e S
tren
gth
7 Days and 28 Days Testing Results
Compressive Strength for room temp. Samples
MK 7 Days
BA 7 Days
MK 28Days
BA 28 Days
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Graph 3 Flexural Strength for Metakaolin and Bagasse Ash for room temperature curing samples
3.3. Split Tensile Strength
Split Tensile Strength for metakaolin contained geopolymer concrete attained higher strength
with higher percentage and at 20% it maximized split tensile strength and then further
increase in the metakaolin ratio to fly ash leads to decline and whereas bagasse ash due to its
light weight its density decreased and at 10 % bagasse ash shown best optimum percentage to
replace with fly ash based geopolymer concrete and when more percentage of bagasse ash
replaced with fly ash the split tensile strength undergoes decline this occurs due to the light
weight of bagasse ash due to which the weight and density of samples decreased with increase
in the percentage replacement of bagasse ash.
Graph 4 Split Tensile Strength for Metakaolin and Bagasse Ash for room temperature curing samples
3.4. Abrasion Test
In case of abrasion test when the metakaolin and bagasse ash contained geopolymer concrete
samples were put under abrasion testing it was noted that there is constant wear and tear
caused on both the samples. It can be concluded that both the samples have shown same
durability test results with const value of abrasion.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
10 20 30 40
Fle
xu
ral S
tren
gth
7 Days and 28 Days Testing Results
Flexural Strength for Oven Dry Samples
MK 7 days
BA 7 Days
MK 28Days
BA 28Days
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
10 20 30 40
Sp
lit
Ten
sil
e S
tren
gh
t
7 Dys and 28 Days Testing Results
Split Tensile Strength for Oven Dry Samples
MK 7 Days
BA 7 Days
MK 28Days
BA 28Days
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Table 1 Results for Abrasion Test
S.NO Sample Initial Reading Before
Abrasion for Metakaolin
Sample Final Reading After
Abrasion for Metakaolin
Abrasion (%) MK
1. 70 MM 69 MM 1.42 %
Sample Initial Reading Before
Abrasion for Bagasse Ash
Sample Final Reading After
Abrasion for Bagasse Ash
Abrasion (%) BA
2. 70 MM 69 MM 1.42%
3.5. Sulphate Attack Test
Durability study is done for metakaolin and bagasse ash contained geopolymer concrete.
Metakaolin samples weight was noted and then weight loss was checked and bagasse ash
samples weight loss was noted and it was seen metakaolin based samples are more resistant to
sulphate attack as compared to bagasse ash based geopolymer concrete.
Table 2 Results for Sulphate Attack
S.NO Metakaolin Samples for Sulphate Attack Bagasse Ash Samples for Sulphate Attack
Initial Reading for
MK
Final Reading of
BA
% Initial Reading for
BA
Final Reading of
BA
%
1 7.135 Kg 7.01 Kg 2.76 6.870 Kg 6.680 Kg 2.76
Graph 5 Sulphate Attack Test for Metakaolin and Bagasse Ash
3.6. SEM and EDS Test
SEM is conducted to know the phase identification of material and to see the bonding of one
material with the other. Metakaolin and Bagasse Ash best samples were used to conduct the
SEM testing with this we can the inner structure of our concrete samples and microscopy of
the material. EDS test gives the composition of various elements present in samples of
metakaolin and bagasse ash. In this test the spectrum are chosen from the samples and there
spectrum gives the result for the phase identification and the elements composition inside the
materials. In figure 1 (a) the black colour impressions can be seen in the SEM picture and the
samples is showing alkaline solution gel binding with the ingredients and EDS spectrum
result shows that bagasse ash is rich in silica content. Metakaolin SEM results is showing that
metakaolin based geopolymer concrete is showing more dense intermolecular face bonding as
compared with ash contained samples. The off white colour of metakaolin can be identified
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
28 Days
Co
mm
pre
ssiv
e S
tren
gth
No. of Days
Compressive Strength after sulphate attack test
MK Sulphate Attack
BA Sulphate Attack
MK Normal Sample
BA Normal Sample
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from the picture and EDS graph shows that metakaolin is rich in silica, oxides and Fe. The
microstructure of metakaolin based geopolymer is more densely packed than the bagasse ash
based geopolymer concrete.
Figure 1(a) SEM Picture for 10% of Bagasse Ash
Figure 2 (a) EDS Picture for 10% of Bagasse Ash
Graph 6 (a) EDS result for 10% of Bagasse Ash
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Figure 3 (b) SEM Picture for 20% Metakaolin
Figure 4 (b) SEM Picture for 20%of Metakaolin
Graph 7 (b) EDS results for 20% of Metakaolin
3.7. XRD Test
XRD results were obtained for geopolymer concrete for metakaolin contained geopolymer
concrete and it was observed that the highest peaks were obtained for quartz which shows that
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it is rich in silica. It was observed that mullite is also present which is rich in silica. Iron oxide
is present in small quantity and argonite is mineral which consists of calcium carbonate and it
is concluded that these minerals are present in equivalent ratios. Bagasse Ash contained
geopolymer concrete XRD results concludes that bagasse ash is also rich in silica and have
highest peaks for quartz and smaller peaks for mullite which is also silica rich mineral. Calcite
indicates the presence of calcium carbonate with smaller peaks and zeolite-H-ZMS-5 which is
from zeolite family indicates the presence of aluminosilicates. XRD analysis concludes that
metakaolin contained geopolymer and bagasse ash contained geopolymer concrete both are
rich in silica.
Graph 8 (a) XRD results for 20% of Metakaolin
Graph 8 (b) XRD results for 20% of Bagasse A
4. CONCLUSIONS
Geopolymer Concrete has shown good mechanical and durability properties for designed
grade of geopolymer concrete with metakaolin contained geopolymer concrete as compared
with bagasse ash based geopolymer concrete.
Metakaolin at 20% replacement and Bagasse Ash at 10% replacement has shown the
maximum mechanical and durability result for geopolymer concrete.
Bagasse Ash at 10% replacement has shown the optimum percentage for best results for
geopolymer concrete. If we add the more percentage for bagasse ash it shows a decline but
higher percentage of bagasse ash can be used to produce the light weight concrete.
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Geopolymer Concrete is prepared with the use of raw materials which is eco friendly and it
will act as a green material to the environment.
Oven dry samples and normal temperature samples results were compared and in case of
metakaolin the normal curing samples achieved the required strength of grade M 25 but oven
dry samples attained more compressive strength. Normal temperature curing for metakaolin
contained geopolymer has attained 26.93Mpa strength and in case of oven dry samples
strength attained was 30.75Mpa.
XRD, SEM-EDS test are conducted on the samples to study the microstructure of metakaolin
contained and bagasse ash contained geopolymer concrete.
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