LITHIUM
The name was taken from the Greek meaning “stone” because it was believed to be present only in stones
It was also thought that the salts of litium asssisted in dissolving stones in kidneys and gall bladder
Lithium is the lightest of all metals It is preserved by coating with
petrolatum
LITHIUM
Lithium has silvery- white and though harder than Na and K, it is softer than Pb, Ca, and Sr
Its toughness permits it to be drawn into a wire
All lithium salts are colored crimson red in the bunsen flame
It gives a characteristic red line together with a less brilliant orange line in the spectrum
LITHIUM
It ignites in air at 2000C and burns quietly with a very intense white light
Lithium soaps are not water- soluble and are water repellant
The soaps are used as lubricating greases
White ppt is formed with NaOH and Na2CO3
LITHIUM
Pharmacologic Action:1. Behaves systematically like K2. It is depressant to the nerve centers
and circulation3. The ion has diuretic action but has no
advantages over K 4. Li ion is said to be somewhat less toxic
to the heart tha K 5. Stimulates the vagus and a gastro
enteritis may be produced
LITHIUM
Therapeutic uses: Treatment of mania in mental
hospitals Dosages: wt citrate or carbonate 40-60 mg/day –initial dose reduced by ½ - maintenace dose Compared to barbiturates and
tranquilizers, Li has no “drugged” effect
LITHIUM
TOXICITY: LiCl as a subs for salt-free diets in
cardiac patient patients Also as seasoning agent in salt-free
breadSymptoms inludes: weakness,
drowsiness, loss of appetite, nausea, tremors and blurring of vision
LITHIUM
Lithium Bromide NF - occurs as a white or pinkish-white
granular powder or in colorless prismatic cystal
- the salt is very deliquescent, goes into sol’n in its absorbed moisture
Use: as sedative, it has central depressant properties
SODIUM
Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy thru electrolysis of NaOH
Found in combined form The sea water is more than 2/3 of
the dissolved NaCl Na is a soft metal, silvery-white when
freshly cut At ordinary temp it is like a wax and
can be cut with a knife
SODIUM
Sodium is a very active metal, stored under kerosene (inert)
In the air, rapidly covered with a dull gray coating which a mixture of hydroxide, oxide and carbonate
Produces intense yellow color to non-luminous flame
Produces golden-yellow ppt with cobalt uranyl acetate
SODIUM
Shipment of Na is in air tight containers or solid in tank cars
- the metal is allowed to solidify and remelted in the destination It is stored either liquid or solid in
huge tanks
SODIUM
Pharmacologic Action: Capable of produc osmotic effect Na ion is predominant in the
extracellular fluid K is found in the intracellular fluid Osmotic gradient results when the
conc of water mole on one side of the membrane exceeds the conc on the other
It is believed that it is the Na ion which is unable to pass thru the membrane rather then K
Osmotic gradient is set up in one direction or another thru the cell wall, depending on the conc of the extracellular fluid to the electrolyte conc of the cell
SODIUM
3 types of conc outside the cell:1. Isotonic sol’ns – those that are of the same conc with the cell2. Hypertonic sol’ns – those that are having a greater conc that of the body fluids or cell3. Hypotonic sol’n s – those that are lower in conc than the cell
SODIUM
If the extracellular sol’n is hypotonic, water molecules flow into the cell causing the cell to burst
If it is hypertonic, water flows out of the cell causing the cell to shrink
If the sodium ion conc is isotonic with the cell contents no osmotic gradient exist
SODIUM
Na ion is impt in the distribution of body fluids
Clinical symptoms caused by abnormal sodium content in the body fluids: excessive vomiting, diarrhea or perspiration
Why are cardiac patients with edematous should be in a low sodium diet:
SODIUM
Edematous is a condition of excess fluid in the tissue
NaCl is a diuretic so it is given to get rid of the excess fluid
It is contraindicated since it would cause a hypertonic condition of the extracellular fluid
It would attract water from the intracellular fluid aggravating the
edematous
SODIUM
OFFICIAL COMPOUNDS OF SODIUMI. Sodium Acetate A good catalyst for some of the
acetylation reactions of oragnic chemistry
A deep red color is formed with FeCl3 TS
SODIUM
Pharmacologic Action of the Acetate ion:
Introduction of the action into the body fluids
It causes a hypertonic condiiton of the extracellular fluid
This “salt effect” results in a diuretic action
It is used as diuretic in the
SODIUM
treatment of cystitis and disease of the urinary tract associated with highly acidic urine
Sodium Acetate Uses: diuretic, urinary alkalizer,
systemic antacid or alkalizer Dose: 1.5 g
SODIUM
II. Sodium Bicarbonate When heated, the salt loses water
and CO2 and is converted to normal carbonate
Bicarbonate (also carbonate) salts liberates CO2 when treated with acids
The CO2 bubbles through the liquid which is termed as effervescense
SODIUM
Pharmacologic action of HCO3 :
1. As a component of buffer Most impt buffer system: a. Sodium Biphosphate b. Sodium Bicarb-Carbonic Acid If an excess acid is liberated in the
body, it is neutralized by some of the sod bicarb; the excess carbonic acid decomposes to water and CO2
SODIUM
If an excess alkali arises in the body, it combines with carbonic acid to form bicarbonate, and more carbonic acid is formed from CO2 and water to restore the balance
2. In mediicne, as acid neutralizer a. To combat hyperacidity b. To combat systemic acidoses
SODIUM
Rebound acidity – is the production of too much acid after withdrawing sodium bicarbonate used to treat hyperacidity. The resulting illness is peptic ulcer.
Increase the alkali reserve of the blood and replace sodium ion in cases of clinical dehydration in cases such as methyl alcohol poisoning
SODIUM
Sodium Bicarbonate- Baking Soda Use: antacid Dose: 2 grams 4 X dayIII. Sodium Biphosphate – Sodium
Dihydrogen Phosphate, Sodium Acid Phosphate
Use: internal, to produce acid urine When absorbed, it tends to disrupt
the buffer system
SODIUM
Use to activate certain antiseptic drugs particularly methenamine
- folmaldehyde is antiseptic and it is liberated from methenamine in an acidic media
- formaldehyde is used to treat cystitis and other urinary tract infection
Dose: 0.6 g 4 X day
SODIUM
IV. Sodium Borate This salt is not used internally Use: a. eye wash at 1-2% a. wet dressing for wounds Borax – Sodium Tetraborate Use: softening water N.F. Mouth Wash – conains sodium
borate, glycerine and potassium bicarbonate
SODIUM
V. Sodium Bromide It is the salt of a strong acid and a
strong base, in solution it is not hydrolyzed
Pharmacologic action of Bromides:- Reduce depression in epilepsy- With potassium, depressant to the heart- Depressant to the central nervous
system
SODIUM
VI. Sodium Carbonate Anhydrous form is known as Soda
Ash Dekahydrate is known as Sal Soda,
Washing Soda or Soda Crystal The dekahydrate effloresces Efflorescence – the loss of water
from a compound at room temp
SODIUM
Pharmacologic Action of Carbonates: Active anatcids2 general groups of anatacids:1. Systemic Alkalizer - by absorption from the GIT, they
enter the blood and raise the level of alkaline reserve
2. Non-systemic alkalizers or anatacids
SODIUM
- are those which do not alter the blood chemistry when administered orally
a. Calcium and Magnesium carbonate b. Calcium and Magnesium Phosphate
SODIUM
VII.Sodium Chloride Solar salt- is the purest known
(99.63%) rae saltSodium Chloride – Rock salt, Table Salt Exerts the effect of sodium as well
as the chloride ions Deficiency of these ions in the body
result in “salt hunger”
SODIUM
20% NaCl is used as injection for varicose veins of the lower extremeties
Dilute sol’n of NaCl is effective as blood plasma used in emergency treatment of shock from injuries
Formulation: 1 tsp NaCl ½ tsp Na2 CO3
SODIUM
VIII. Sodium Fluoride Aqueous sol’ns of the salt tend to
corrode glass bottles and in should be stored in Pyrex ware
Acidification of its solution produces hydrofluoric acid which is poisonous
Used to etched glasses
SODIUM
Pharmacology of Fluorides: Fluoride ion is toxic with a lethal
dose of 4 grams - It forms insoluble calcium fluoride
with the blood and is toxic on the enzymatic activity
NaF is a protoplasmic poison - it is also an excellent antiseptic,
preservative and prevents fermentation
SODIUM
Study showed that fluoride may be a key nutritional factor in the etiology of osteoporosis
Another study showed that admin of NaF to patients with idophatic osteoporosis or Paget’s diseases would cause the retention of calcium together with reduction
of fecal and renal calcium output
SODIUM
NaF and SnF2 is impt in dentistry in retarding or preventing dental caries
Higher tha 1ppm fluoride content in drinking water may cause mottling of the teeth
Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) is effective rodenticide
Sodium silicofluoride (1%) as spray to mothproof clothing
SODIUM
IX. Sodium Hydroxide Very deliquescent that rapidly absorb
moisture and CO2 from air Rapidly destroy organic tissue, hence
great care is needed It is insoluble in alcohol, ether, and
glycerine NaOH is one of the strongest bases and
should be stored in hard glass bottles
SODIUM
Sodium Hydroxide ( Caustic Soda) - it is so caustic, no use in therapy - used in soap industry Soda Lime (Calx Sodica) - mixture of calcium, sodium or
potassium - used in metabolism tests,
anesthesia, and oxygen therapy
POTASSIUM
Sir H Davy – isolated the element from potash (K2 CO3)
Thenard & Gay-Lussac- establish the identity of K as a metal
A newly cut K is a silvery-white metal, the color changes rapidly to a bluish tinge
At ordinary temp, has a waxy consistency, kneaded with fingers and cut with a dull knife
POTASSIUM
K ignites at high temp and vaporizes giving a violet flame
The metal is kept under kerosene, benzene, liquid petrolatum or those that dissolved in water and are free of O2
K has shown to be slightly radioactive and is photosensitive
K imparts a violet color in the flame
POTASSIUM
Pharmacologic Action of K ion: Ion in the intra cellular fluid K deficiency (less than 14mg/100mL)
may occur by: diarrhea, IV infusion lacking in K,
burns, hemorrhage, diabetic coma, vomiting
Hypopotassemia – arisen as a consequence of using thiazide diurectics
POTASSIUM
Symptoms: gen weakness, depression of the heart, flaccid and feeble muscles, low blood pressure, pounding pulse, loud systolic precordial murmurs in th heart beat
Treated with pot chloride or acetate given orally that is, Darrow’s sol’n (chlorides of K and Na with sodium acetate)
POTASSIUM
Potassium salts was introduced by Thomas Wllis in 1079 and among the best and effective of the osmotic diuretics
The larger the dose, the greater the response
The order of diuretic efficiency of pot salts: nitrate chloride bicarbonate = acetate = citrate
POTASSIUM
Impt Compds of K:I. Potassium Acetate N.F. Used mainly as diuretic and urinary
alkalizer The acetate ion functions as an
antacid in the stomach Acetates, same as carbonates and
bicarbonates are systemic alkalizer
POTASSIUM
II. Potassium Bicarbonate USP Uses: a. Antacid for gastric hyperacidity b. Diuretic c. Electrolyte replenisherIII. Potassium Bitartrate It chars when heated and gives off
inflammable vapors having the odor of burning sugar
POTASSIUM
A silver mirror is formed with silver nitrate and ammonia
Obtained from the juice of grapes Argol or crude tartar is collected
when grape juice is allowed to ferment
- This is composed of pot bitartrate and calcium tartrate
POTASSIUM
III. Potassium Bitartrate Common Names: Cream of Tartar,Acid Potassium TartrateUse: catharticDose: 2 Gm Replace talc as a dusting powder in
surgery It is more bacteriostatic and is more
absorbed than talc
POTASSIUM
Pharmac Action of Tartrate ion: The ion when retained in the
intestines create a hypertonic sol’n Osmosis increases the water content
of the bowel and laxative action results
Tartar ion-containing salts are members of the group of saline cathartics
POTASSIUM
IV. Potassium Bromide NF Employed central depressant
because of the bromide ion content In cases of mental excitement and all
conditions arising: insomia, nervousness, etc
A good sedative but no anodyne effect
POTASSIUM
V. Potassium Chloride USP Known for a long time as effective
diuretic It has been used successfully in the
treatment of Meniere’s disease, myasthenia gravis and familial periodic paralysis
As electrolyte replenisher (Ringers Injection and Sol’n)
Dose: 1-3 Gm/ 1-6 Gm
POTASSIUM
VI. Potassium Citrate NFUses:1. The diuretic, expectorant and
diaphorteic actions are greater than those of other alkalis
2. Has a slight laxative action 3. As systemic alkalizerDose: 1 Gm
POTASSIUM
VII. Potassium Hydroxide USPCommon Name: Caustic PotashUse: as saponifying agent, cauterizing
agent It is used in Aromatic Eriodictyon
Syrup to solubilize the bitter tasteCaution: Exercise great care in
handling KOH as it rapidly destroys tissue.
POTASSIUM
VIII.Potassium Iodide USP This salt is added to NaCl and
community water supply to supplement the dietIX. Potassium Permanganate USPUses: Treatment of uritis, gonorrhea,
Vincent’s infection, snake bite epidermophytosis, athlete’s foot, snake bite, poison ivy, chemical antidote
POTASSIUM
X. Potassium Sodium TartrateCommon Names: Rochelle Salt; Seidlitz
powderUses: mild laxative to an active
hydragogue; saline laxativeDose: 10 GmsXI. Potassium CarbonateCommon Names: Potash, Pearl Ash,
Salt of Tartar, Salt of Wormwood
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