QUANTIFYING BOREAL FIRE & POLLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF THE FREE TROPOSPHERIC OZONE COLUMN DURING THE 2008 ARC-IONS CAMPAIGN
Alaina Luzik, Stephan Gallagher, & Anne ThompsonPenn State University, Dept of Meteorology
OUTLINE Introduction to the Laminar Identification (LID)
Method Motivation Fire Regions Method for Fire Assessment Results Conclusion Future Work
INTRODUCTION TO THE LID METHOD
Correlation between the normalized ozone profile and potential temperature is plotted up to the tropopause
Strong Correlation > 0.7 is Gravity Wave (green)
Weak Correlation (between -0.3 and 0.3) is Rossby Wave (yellow)
LID METHOD
Gravity Wave is classified as the Regional Convention and Lightning (RCL) term
Rossby Wave is classified as either Stratospheric (STRAT) influence or Other
“Other” ozone is the unclassified left-overs Any ozone below 1-2 km (varies at each site)
is classified as Boundary Layer (BL) ozone. BL ozone is ignored for this study
MOTIVATION
~50 % of the average TTOC is classified as “Other” How much ozone is due to fires/pollution?
Fire Regions 6 major fire/pollution sources:
Siberian Fires Asian Pollution/California Fires Western Canadian Fires Midwestern U.S. Fires Southeastern U.S. Fires Eastern Canadian Fires
Siberian Fires
Asian Pollution
Western Canadian Fires Eastern
Canadian Fires
California Fires
Midwestern U.S. Fires
Southeastern U.S. Fires
DETERMINING LAYERS USING NOAA HYSPLIT
•HYSPLIT back trajectories were used to determine low, middle, and upper layers based strictly on directional changes over the past 6 days
•Overall, the 3 layers were fairly consistent at each location (across the campaign)
•Example from Boulder, CO (July 3, 2008, levels: red: 4 km, blue: 9 km, green: 12 km) of 3 layers as each direction of back trajectories are substantially different
•Ozone, Temperature, and RH profile from July 3, 2008, in Boulder, CO, displaying the 3 layers
Upper
Middle
Low
HYSPLIT: Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (http://www.ready.noaa.gov/ready/open/hysplit4.html)
BL
OZONE LEVELS IN EACH LAYER
Layer BL RCL Strat Other Total
Low 3.54 0 3.55 6.27 13.36
Middle 0 0 8.26 5.22 13.48
Upper 0 0 2.64 15.5 18.14
•After determining the 3 distinct layers, we computed the ozone levels within each layer using the budgeter program
•The LID method is still applied as well to break them into categories
•Level and budget breakdown of 3 layers and 4 categories of ozone (DU) from July 3, 2008, in Boulder, CO
FIRE ASSESSMENT•Use HYSPLIT back trajectories and FIRMS fire maps to determine fire influence in each layer
•Boulder, CO: July 3, 2008
•Low (red): no fire influence
•Middle/Upper (blue/green): fire influence from California (between San Francisco and Los Angeles)
COMPARISONS TO AVERAGES
Level RCL RCL Avg % Inc Strat Strat Avg % Inc Other Other Avg % Inc Source
Middle 0 0.81 0% 8.26 5.54 49% 5.22 5.58 0%
Asian Pollution/CA
Fires
Upper 0 0.67 0% 2.64 4.96 0% 15.5 8.15 90%
Asian Pollution/CA
Fires
•Daily fire influence was determined by comparing that day's ozone amount in each category to the respective average ozone within each layer on all fire days
•Boulder, CO: July 3, 2008
•Middle: STRAT ozone: 49% increase due to fires
•Upper: Other ozone: 90% increase due to fires
•All other categories on this day did not increase due to fires on this day (based on the average)
ENHANCEMENT PERCENTAGES•Averages of each percent increase were determined across all 6 fire/pollution sources (rather than each layer)
•Using those percentages, the amount of ozone attributed to fires/pollution was determined and applied to the original budgets
Average Tropospheric Ozone Distribution in Boulder, CO: June-July 2008
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Initial Budget Final Budget
Locations
Ozo
ne
(D
U)
Fires/Pollution
Other
STRAT
RCL
BL
0.16 DU
9.5 DU
0.24
DU
9.9 DU
METHODS SUMMARY1. Collect Data:
ground launches of ozonesondes &
radiosondes
2. Compute LID Budgets:break ozone into BL,
RCL, STRAT, & Other categories
3. Determine Layers:use of HYSPLIT back
trajectories to find low,middle, & upper layers
6. Comparisons:amount of ozone on
fire days compared to avg within each layer
5. Fire Assessment:use back trajectories& FIRMS fire maps to determine fire effect
4. Ozone in Layers:compute ozone levels& 4 categories within
each layer
7. Source Contribution:% of Asian pollution/CA,Siberian, Canadian, & SE US fires assessed
8. Enhancements:% increase due to firesused to re-categorize
& modify budgets
9. Final Budget:Break ozone into BL,RCL, STRAT, Fires/Pollution, & Other
LOCATION VARIABILITY OF FIRE & POLLUTION INFLUENCE
•Representation of the relative percentage of fire/pollution influence between locations (by all 5 sources) in all layers, for each day (roughly 15 days of data)
Fire/Pollution Source Contribution via Back Trajectory Passes over all Locations
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
Locations
Perc
en
tag
e
Siberian FiresAsian Pollution/CA FiresWestern Canadian FiresMidwest US FiresSE US FiresEastern Canadian Fires
FINAL BUDGET WITH FIRES & POLLUTION
•Redistribution of ozone budgets account for ozone enhancement in the RCL, STRAT and Other terms
Average Tropospheric Ozone Distribution Over all Locations: June-July 2008
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Whit
ehor
se, Y
K
Kelowna
, BC
Yellow
knife
, NT
Stony
Plai
n, A
B
Bratt's
Lak
e, S
K
Boulde
r, CO
Egber
t, ON
Yarm
outh
, NS
Goose
Bay
, NF
Sable
Islan
d, N
S
Locations
Ozo
ne
(DU
)
Other
Fires/Pollution
Strat
RCL
BL
RESULTS
Fire and Pollution Effects on Ozone
BL Ozone Enhancement 0%
RCL Ozone Enhancement 11%
STRAT Ozone Enhancement 58%
Other Ozone Enhancement 29%
Average Ozone Enhancement
22%
•Fire/Pollution contribution: 22% and 9.1 DU increase in TTOC
•Ozone enhancement percentages:
•Large enhancement by STRAT was not expected and may indicate an error in the LID methodology
CONCLUSION
Forest Fires from Siberia as well as North America influenced ozone column amounts at all ARC-IONS sites
Average Enhancement of 9.1 DU (22%) of the TTOC
Improvements to the LID method are necessary to correctly classify STRAT ozone
FUTURE WORK
Expand this study to include the IONS-04 and IONS-06 data for sites that were used in all 3 campaigns
Further distinguish between ozone sources classified as “Other”
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ARC-IONS sponsored by NASA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NOAA’s HYSPLIT: Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (http://www.ready.noaa.gov/ready/open/hysplit4.html)
Unversity of Maryland FIRMS Web Fire Mapper (http://firefly.geog.umd.edu/firemap/)
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