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AIR POLLUTIONEPISODES
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DISEASE OFWEALTH
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EPISODES• EPISODE – used as a refned orm o
the word disaster/ incident.
•
Indeed it was the shoc o these disastersthat stimu!ated the frst modern!e"is!ati#e action to contro! o air$o!!utants.
• %are u! stud& o di'erent nown e$isodesre#ea! that a!! o the incidents hadsomethin" in common.
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AIR POLLUTIONEPISODES
• CRUCIAL INGREDIENTS FOR ANEPISODE TO HAPPEN:
– Lar"e num(er o $o$u!ation sources – A restricted air #o!ume – Fai!ure o o)cia!s to reco"ni*e that
an&thin" is wron" – The $resence o water dro$!ets o
the ri"ht si*eSource+ ,o!dsmith - 0
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AIR POLLUTIONEPISODES
Major air pollution episo es !"HO#$%&$' Donora#
$%()Lon on# $%*+
1o$u!ation -23455 035553555Weather Antic&c!one
in#ersion ando"
Antic&c!one
in#ersion ando"
To$o"ra$h& 6i#er #a!!e& 6i#er $!ain
7ost $ro(a(!esource o Industr&stee! and *inc Househo!d andcoa! (urnin
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Major air pollution episo es !"HO#
$%&$' Donora# $%() Lon on# $%*+8ature o
i!!nesses
%hemica! irritationo e9$osedmem(ranoussur aces
%hemica!irritation oe9$osedmem(ranoussur aces
: o deaths -;
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FOG – o" dro$!ets o the ri"ht si*e3 inthe - to 2 μm diameter or in the range below0.5 μm is one of the most crucial element in air
pollution episodes.
AIR POLLUTIONEPISODES
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• An >in#ersion? occurs when a sectiono the atmos$here (ecomes warmeras the e!e#ation increases.
In,ersion La-ersIn,ersion La-ers
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Air@conditioneris usua!!&
insta!!ed hi"h
on the wa!!
immersionheater is f9ed
near the(ottom
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In a fre3 wh& shou!d &ou craw! c!ose tothe oor in a smo e@f!!ed roomB
Smo e is warmer than the surroundin" air.
It rises C its $!aceswou!d (e re$!aced (&the surroundin"coo!er air.
Smo e
is to9ic.
We shou!d craw! c!ose
to the oor to $re#entsmo e inha!ation.
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• On a sma!!er sca!e nearcoast!ines3 con#ection isres$onsi(!e or sea (ree*es.
• Durin" the da&time3 !and is
much hotter than the ocean.• A sea (ree*e is created
when hot air o#er the !andrises due to con#ection andis re$!aced (& coo!er air
rom the ocean.• At ni"ht the tem$erature
re#erses so a !and (ree*e
CON.ECTION
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•
7uch o the Earth s c!imate is re"u!ated (& "iantcon#ection currents in the ocean.
CON.ECTION
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At/osp0eri1 pressure !/illi2ars'3 +33 (33 &33 )33 $#333$+3
$$3
$33%3
)3
43
&3
*3
(3
53+3
$3
3!SeaLe,el'
6)3 6(3 3 (3 )3 $+3Pressure 7 $#333
/illi2ars at8roun le,elTe/perature !9C'
A l t i t u
e
! : i l o / e
t e r s
'
A l t i t u
e ! /
i l e s '
4*
&*
**
(*
5*
+*
$*
*
T0er/osp0ere
Heatin8 ,ia o;one
Mesosp0ere
Stratosp0ere
O;one ro/ t0e eart0
Troposp0ere
Te/peraturePressure
Hi80li80ts:
1ressure decreaseswith a!titude unti! itreaches *ero
Tro$os$here is the!a&er we !i#e inmost!& 8 and Oweather co!der as&ou "o u$
Stratos$here+ has theo*one !a&er warmeras &ou "o u$
En#ironmenta! science
ocuses most!& onthose two !a&ers
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"ar/er air
In,ersion la-er
Cool la-er
MountaiMountain
.alle-
De1reasin8 te/perature
I n 1 r e a s i n 8 a
l t i t u
e
Tem$erature In#ersion
Tra$s $o!!utants near sur ace. 7ountains $re#ent
wind in area and shadow sun to ee$ !ower air coo!.
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In,ersion la-er
Mountainran8e
Sea 2ree;e
Des1en in8 ?ar/ air /ass
De1reasin8 te/perature
I n 1 r e a s i n 8 a
l t i t u
e
Tem$erature In#ersion
Tra$s $o!!utants near sur ace. 7ountains $re#ent
$o!!utants !ea#in". Sea (ree*e (!ows in3 not out.
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Marine In,ersionMarine In,ersion
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Re8ional Su2si en1eRe8ional Su2si en1eIn,ersionIn,ersion
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Hi80 Pressure In,ersionHi80 Pressure In,ersion
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ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIRPOLLUTANTS
CAR@ON MONO IDE @Incom$!ete com(ustion o car(on
@8atura! anaero(ic decom$osition ocar(onaceous materia!s (& mo s@Anthro$o"enic sources #ehic!es3
ossi! ue! (urnin"3 industria!$rocesses3 $ower $!ants3 so!id wastedis$osa!3 misce!!aneous (urnin"sG
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HABARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS!HAPs'@Fue! com(ustion3 7eta! $rocessin"@$etro!eum/natura! "as s&nthesis
@refnin"3 sur ace coatin" $rocesses@Waste treatment dis$osa!s3 e!ectro$!atin"@A"ricu!tura! chemica! $roduction
@1o!&mer/resin $roduction3 Dr& c!eanin"
@Atmos$heric trans ormation
ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIRPOLLUTANTS
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P0otol-sis – the chemica!ra"mentation or rearran"ement o a
chemica! u$on adsor$tion o radiationo the a$$ro$riate wa#e!en"th.
ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIRPOLLUTANTS
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LEAD@o!canic acti#it&@Air(orne soi!@Sme!ters3 refnin" $rocesses@Incineration
SULFUR O IDES@1ower $!ants3 industr&3 #o!canic eru$tions@Ocean aeroso!s3 com(ustion o ossi! ue!s
ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIRPOLLUTANTS
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NITROGEN DIO IDE@=acteria! action@%om(ustion $rocesses
PHOTOCHEMICAL O IDANTS@Atmos$heric reactions secondar& $o!!utantG
PARTICULATES@Sea sa!t3 soi! dust3 #o!canic $artic!es3 orestfres
@Anthro$o"enic sources
ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIRPOLLUTANTS
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An I!!inois coa! is (urned at a rate o-.55 " $er second. I the ana!&sis o
the coa! re#ea!s a su! ur content o 4.553 what is the annua! rate o emission
o SO 2 B
Su! ur in
Su! ur
dio9ideSO2G
Su! urdio9ide
ashG
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MASS @ALANCE:S in J S ash K S SO2
S in J - "/s 9 5.545 J 5.545 "/s
S in J .< 9 -5 "/&r
S ash J 5.5 G .< 9 -5 "/&rG J
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Determine whether or not a $u!#eri*ed coa!3dr& (ottom3 wa!!@fred (oi!er usin" (ituminous
coa! at $ower $!ant rate at - 7W meets the8S1S or SO 23 $articu!ate matter3 and 8O 9.
The $ower $!ant (urns (ituminous coa! with asu! ur content o -.0 and ash content o .2
. The coa! has a heatin" #a!ue o -
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%oa! frin" rate J - 7W / 5.4 J -;
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C0e1 e/ission rate:Estimated SO 2 emission rate
J 0.< !(/ton coa! . 9 -50
=tuG - ton/2555!(G5.- G -
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%hec the $articu!ate emission rate+Msin" the E1A emission actor o -5A or a
$u!#eri*ed coa!3 dr& (ottom3 wa!!@fred (oi!er+Mncontro!!ed $articu!ate emission
J -5G .2G J 2.5 !(/ton coa! (urned
Estimated $articu!ate emission with contro!J 2.5 !(/ton coa! . 9 -5 0 =tuG - ton/2555!(G
5.5-G -
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1articu!ate emission rate $er mi!!ion =tuJ -4.2 !(/ . 9 -5 0 =tuG -5 GJ 5.522 !(/ -5 =tu
%omment+
meets the standard o 5.54 !(/-5 =tu%hec the 8O9 emission rate+Msin" the E1A emission actor o 22 !(/ton3
Estimated emission rateJ 22.5 !(/ton coa! . 9 -5 0 =tuG - ton/2555!(G -
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Estimated emission rateJ < ;. !(/ . 9 -5 0 =tuJ ;.0 9 -5 @; !(/=tuJ 5.; !(/ -5 / =tu
%omment+-.The standard or (ituminous coa! is5. 5 !(/-5 / =tu. The $ower $!ant does
not meet the 8O P standard.
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6ecommendations+-. The su(stitution o su(@(ituminousor !i"nite coa! or the (ituminous coa!2. 7odifcation o (urner.
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6eaction 1a$er6eaction 1a$er• What did we !earn rom theWhat did we !earn rom the
e$isodesBe$isodesB•
What s di'erent with Donora andWhat s di'erent with Donora andLondon with then and nowBLondon with then and nowB• What made the e$isode ha$$enWhat made the e$isode ha$$en
(e oreB(e oreB• What ma es us certain it won tWhat ma es us certain it won t
ha$$en a"ainBha$$en a"ainB
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A M R T OI @ L C T
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A M R T OI @ L C T
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A M G N OI " L R T
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