0°

0°

30°W

30°S

60°S

60°W90°W120°W

150°W

30°E 60°E 90°E 120°E 150°E

Sumatra

JavaTimor

Gold Coast

Hispaniola

Cuba

Silk

Silver

Silk

Slaves

Slaves

Slaves

Tobacco and Sugar

Silk

Silver

Lisbon to Goa (alternative route, second

half of year)Papal Treaty of Tordesillas(1494, 1506) dividingcolonial worlds betweenSpain and Portugal

Panama to Callaoand Arica returning

with silver

CHINA

CEYLON

JAPAN

PHILIPPINES

PA C I F I CO C E A N

PAC I F I CO C E A N

AT L A N T I CO C E A N

I N D I A NO C E A N

MediterraneanSea

Black Sea

ArabianSea

CaspianSea

AralSea

Amazon

NigerN

ile

Congo

St. Augustine

Potosi

LisbonSeville

AlexandriaCairo

AdenGoaCalicut

Canton

Malacca

Nagasaki

HavanaSanto Domingo

San Juan del Puerto Rico

Zacatecas

VeracruzMérida

Acapulco Pueblo

Nombrede Dios Cartagena

Santa Maria

Guayaquil

Callao

Arica

ArequipaCuzco

Asuncíon

Santiagodel Estero

Buenos Aires

Manila

CharcasGuadalajara

Tenochtitlán

Guatemala

PanamaSanta Fede Bogotá

Quito

Lima

OlindaRecife

Bahia

Rio de Janeiro

Elmina GuatoSão Tomé

Luanda

Sofala

Mozambique

Kilwa

MalindiPemba

Bab el Mandeb

Ormuz

Diu

Cochin

Colombo

Hooghly Macao

SPAINPORTUGAL

EGYPT

SYRIAKUWAIT

BAHRAIN

PERNAMBUCO

SINKIANG

Indu

s

Ganges

Yangtze

MEXICO

BRAZILPERU

CHILE

VICE ROYALTYOF PERU

VICE ROYALTYOF NEW

SPAIN

AFRICA

0 1000 2000 kilometers

0 1000 2000 miles

Principal Spanish trade routesPrincipal Portuguese trade routesAreas under effective Spanish controlAreas under effective Portuguese control

Important towns in the 16th centurySpanish townsSeat of Audencia (Spanish administrative division)Portuguese towns

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