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Food Security and Agriculture
Millions fed: One billion hungry
Presentation to the All Party Parliamentary Group on Agriculture and Development
John Barrett, Deputy Director (Food and Livelihoods)Policy Division
20 January 2010
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Across the world, high levels of hunger and malnutrition have persisted for the last 20 years
2004
1992
2008
% of Population Undernourished versus MDG 1
17
16
20
0 5 10 15 20 25
Affordability • Poor spend an average of 70% of their income on food • Hunger a function of poverty but agricultural growth necessary to improve food security
Availability• Food production increasing though gains in Sub-Saharan Africa low and static • Volatility in production increases risks faced by the poor• Chronic underinvestment in agriculture
Access• Lack of rural infrastructure and access to financial and other services, lack of or inequitable land tenure systems etc • Trade increasingly global but many markets for food in developing countries remain local and low value
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Then the food price spike in 2008 made food even less affordable and less available
Supply side: Harvest failures pushing down crop yields, stocks low and further declined due to bad weather and low yields in exporting countries
Demand side: Rising incomes which increase overall demand for grain; biofuels
…resulting in riots and humanitarian disasters….
Policy responses exacerbated the problem further
• Export restrictions to protect domestic supplies • Over 30 countries reduced cereal import taxes and more than half applied price controls or consumer subsidies
….and the economic downturn is exacerbating the problem…
Over 1 billion now hungry and there are warnings that a food crisis could happen again in the near future (FAO food price index is rising in 2009)
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The crisis pushed food security and agriculture up political agendas and is being tackled at the international level by the L’Aquila process
The international debates have focused on: • Improved co-ordination and country-led processes • New financing mechanisms• Reform of the international architecture (including CGIAR)• How to harness and control global markets • Self sufficiency and the right to food • How the world will feed itself in the future in the face of climate change and population growth
Prime Minister wrote to G8 April 2008. Led to creation of UN-led High Level Task Force, and the CFA
G8 Summit in Japan. Donor commitments of $10 bn. Established Experts’ Group on Food Security.
“Food Security for All” conference in Madrid
The G8 Plus meeting at L’Aquila in July 2009. Five principles agreed, and commitment to spend up to $20 billion over the next three years. UK’s contribution at least £1.1
G20 at Pittsburgh and UNGA In New York – side event on food reinforces ‘L’Aquila
World Food Summit supports L’Aquila and agreement reached to work harder to meet MDG target
April 08 July 08 Sept 08
UNGA 63 focuses on Food Security
Sept 09July 09 Oct 09Jan 09 Nov 09Aug 08
Comprehensive Framework for Action agreed
CFS reform agreed
WB Annual Meeting considers new multilateral funding mechanism
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Food security is now top of Washington’s agenda
• The US Global Food Security Act• Special Coordinator for Global Food Security • New food security strategy• Provide additional resources for agricultural productivity, nutrition and rural
development. • Emergency Food Assistance Fund that can make local and regional
purchases of food
• New legislation on commodity market financial transactions in congress
• US leading push on food security internationally• Key asks
• Increase spending for agriculture productivity • Support for CAADP• New Financing mechanism – GAFSP
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…and there is a locus of activity led by the UN agencies in Rome in delivering the Global Partnership
• World Summit on Food Security 2009• ‘Rome Principles’
• FAO• Reform of the Committee on Food Security• Collaboration with IFAD and WFP
• UN High Level Policy Experts Group
• Enhanced role for private sector (e.g. Foundations) and civil society
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…..and the upcoming Spanish Presidency give high priority to food security
• Spain has prioritised food security• announced €1 billion for agriculture and food security over 5
years at UNGA 2008 • Focus on West Africa and ECOWAS
• Support + contribute to US led Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme (GAFSP)
• Looking to work with DFID for guidance on good policy and practice
• Spanish Presidency will focus on MDG Review• Presidency will lead consultation on agriculture and food
security policy for approval by Council
1 BILLIONHUNGRY
OCHA, UNEP, WTO, WHO,
UNTAD, OECD
UNICEF
IFAD
FAO
WFP
World Bank
IMF
UN
GS
UN HLTF
G77G5
Brazil
Mexico
SA
India
China
G8
EU
Bilateral funding
The Global Partnership is underway…..
SE Asia
LAC
Country-led plans for food security
and agriculture
Africa
AGRA
CAADP
L’Aquila £22billion
GP
AF
S P
rincip
les
Co
mp
reh
en
siv
e F
ram
ew
ork
fo
r Ac
tion
CGIAR
G20
Multilateral funding
Private Sector
Civil Society
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DFID needs a broader approach to food security, agriculture and nutrition
New context• Food and economic
crises• Global food system
• MICs• Trade• Biofuels
• Changing country priorities
• Climate change• Population growth
Key Principles • Support for country-led processes• Donor harmonisation and
alignment (Paris and Accra)• Twin track – most vulnerable and
sustainable routes out of poverty longer term
• Strong role for multilateral system• Sustained commitment of
governments and donors
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The UK remains committed to meeting the MDGs…
Fair & sustainable growth• Helping poor in short term while
building a platform for strong growth
Climate change• Secure a fair deal at Copenhagen &
build capacity to manage change
Focus on conflict• New approach to provide security
and justice, more focus on conflict and fragile countries
…while keeping our promises• Reducing maternal mortality, 8m
children in Africa to attend school
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“Our vision is to double agriculture production in Africa and double the rates of production in SE Asia”
• Supporting the ‘Maputo’ commitment • Double support for agricultural research over
the next 5 years• Double support to the African Enterprise
Challenge Fund • Put in place social protection mechanisms
that integrate nutrition and food security • Reform on the international architecture for
food
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Country and regional programmes are key to improving food security
• Africa: Implementing CAADP• Effective CAADP processes in place - ARD £10m for
CAADP Trust Fund • DFID Programmes aligning behind CAADP plans: DFID
Rwanda, Malawi, Ethiopia• PFA Post Rwanda (tbc)
• South Asia engagement - political influencing and delivery• South Asia Regional Food Security Programme with
SASO and building support from EC, WB and USAID• Country-led programmes - DFID India, Bangladesh,
Afghanistan, Nepal
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Less than 10% of DFID’s budget is spent on food security and agriculture compared to over 20% on healthDFID bilateral spend on agriculture and food security is £227m (2009/10); the largest shares are agricultural production (£62.6m), rural development (£55.5m) and safety nets (£51.1m);
• Ethiopia, Bangladesh and India country offices spend over half this budget (£148m) mostly on agricultural production and safety nets.
•Multilateral spend on agriculture and food security in 2007/08 was £140m
Agriculture, £62.6
Fisheries, £1.4
Agric. & RNR
Research, £33.1 Rural Development,
£55.5
Road Transport:
Rural Feeder Roads,
£9.9
Food Aid and Food
Security
Programmes, £51.1
Basic Nutrition,
Health, £12.9
Bilateral spend food security excluding emergency food aid (£m)
Multilateral spend on food security excluding emergency food aid and rural roads (£m)
Basic Nutrition, £4.1
Agriculture, £92.4
Fisheries, £5.6
Rural Development,
£18.7
Food Aid and Food Security,
£19.2
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There is a large investment gap for tackling hunger and meeting the MDG 1 target on hunger
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
W Bank2002
UN HLTF2008
IFPRI2008a
IFPRI2008bSSA
IFPRI2009aSSA
IFPRI2009b
US$20Bover 3years
Funding estimates for MDG1
US
$ bi
llion
pa
to 2
015
high
low
G8 20B
The size of the funding gap is
between $10 and $30 bn per
annum
MDG 1
• 2010 is an opportunity to revitalise progress towards the MDGs and set out a roadmap to 2015
• Global Action Plan at the UN MDG Summit September 2010 with a timetable on delivering commitment to double foreign assistance
• UK priority to build momentum around the L’Aquila Food Security Initiative
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Main challenges going forward
• Maintain political momentum behind the 2009 initiatives
• Work to promote coherence and convergence between them
• Continue to emphasise a comprehensive approach to food security and agricultural development, with focus on nutrition of women and children
• Particular effort to support activities at country level
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