1A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This booklet was prepared by the California Department of Fish and Game’sWildlife Programs Branch, with assistance from the Minnesota Department ofNatural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Resource Unit.
FRONT COVER:Mule deer buck, Auburn, California.
Photo by Peggy Mattison.
Layout and Graphic Design: Lorna BernardPlant Illustrations: Bob Hare
Deer Illustrations: Paul B. Johnson
Principal Authors: Bob Coey and Kenneth Mayer
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIAArnold Schwarzenegger, Governor
RESOURCES AGENCYMike Chrisman, Secretary for Resources
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAMEL. Ryan Broddrick, Director
2 A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
3A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 4
“DEER-RESISTANT” PLANTS.............................................. 5AQUATIC PLANT.................................................................5CROP/ORCHARD PLANTS ...............................................5GRASSES/FORBS .................................................................6SHRUBS .................................................................................9TREES .................................................................................. 12
DEER REPELLENTS............................................................ 15
FENCING APPLICATIONS ................................................ 16HIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE ......................................... 16ELECTRIFIED HIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE ............... 16MODIFIED ELECTRIC HIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE ................................................................. 17SQUARE-MESH WOVEN-WIRE GAME FENCE ........... 17V-MESH FENCE.................................................................. 17CONSTRUCTION ............................................................. 18
REFERENCES ...................................................................... 19
FENCE CONSTRUCTION DIAGRAMS ........................... 20
4 A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
Part of the appeal of living in rural or semi-rural California is the ability to watchwildlife in your own back yard. Deer are especially fascinating to observe, but manyhomeowners are dismayed to discover that deer can be very destructive to gardens.
In some areas the damage can be seasonal, peaking in the winter when food sourcesfor deer are at their lowest. Other areas, where deer habitat is heavily affected byresidential development, may experience problems year-round. Drought, wildfires,livestock grazing and other habitat-altering events also play a role because they affectfood sources for deer.
Rural dwellers frequently ask the California Department of Fish and Game how tominimize landscape damage caused by hungry deer. This booklet details threemethods:
- the use of landscape plants that deer don’t seem to like;- application of commercial deer repellents;- construction of deer-proof fencing.
All of the techniques are considered harmless to deer and other wild and domesticanimals.
INTRODUCTION
5A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
Deer are attracted to many populargarden and landscape plants but avoidothers. The following list of deer-resistant plants should be considered aguide rather than the final word.Certain plants may not suffer deerdamage in some gardens and landscapes,yet might be completely destroyed inothers. This is due in part to theavailability of natural food sources andthe taste preferences of individual deer.If there is a severe shortage of naturaldeer browse, deer-resistant landscapeplants may suffer damage.
Some of the plants listed are, in additionto being deer-resistant, considerednoxious weeds. For example, bamboo isa pervasive grower and can become asignificant problem because of its
tendency to escape. Alternatively, nativeplants are better-adapted to the localclimate than their exotic counterparts,and should be considered first inlandscape planning.
Both native and introduced plants arelisted in this booklet. The designation“some native” means some subspecies ofthe plant are native to California.Always consult a local nursery to selectspecies which best fit your needs andyour local climate. The Department ofFish and Game encourages use of nativeplant species where feasible. Forexample, most native perennial bunch-grasses would be suitable candidates fordeer-resistant landscaping as well as beingdrought-resistant.
"DEER-RESISTANT" PLANTS
Asparagus falcatusSickle-thorn asparagus
Clivia miniataKaffir lily
Diospyros virginianaPersimmon
Ficus sp.Fig
Gymnocladus dioicaKentucky coffee tree
Helianthus spp. (some native)Sunflower
Leptospermum sp.Tea tree
Olea europaeaOlive
Punica granatum ‘Nana’Pomegranate
Rhubarb sp.(poisonous to livestock and humans)Rhubarb
AQUATIC PLANT
Bamboo (noxious)Bamboo
CROP/ORCHARD PLANTS
6 A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
Cali forniapoppy
Acanthus mollisBear’s breech
Achillea sp. (some native)Yarrow
Aconitum sp. (native)Monkshood
Agapanthus sp.Lily-of-the-Nile
Ageratum houstonianumFloss flower
Ajuga sp.Bugle weed, Carpet bugle
Amaryllis belladonnaBelladonna lily, Naked lady
Aquilegia (some native)Columbine
Arabis sp.Rockcress
Arctosis sp.African daisy
Arum sp.Arum
Asarum caudatum (some native)Wild -ginger
Aster alpinusAster
Begonia tuberhybridaTuberous begonia
Calendula officinalisPot marigold
Campanula mediumBellflower
Catharanthus roseus (Vinca rosea)Madagascar periwinkle
Cerastium tomentosumSnow-in-summer
Chives sp.Chives
Chrysanthemum frutescensMarguerite, Paris Daisy
Chrysanthemum maximumShasta daisy
ClarkiaGodetia, Mountain garland,Farewell to spring
Coreopsis grandifloraCoreopsis
Coronilla variaCrown vetch
Crinum sp.Crinum
Crocosmia sp.Crocosmia
CyclamenCyclamen
Cymbalaria muralisKenilworth ivy
CyperusCyperus
Delphinium spp. (some native)Larkspur
DendromeconBush poppy
Dicentra (native)Bleeding heart
GRASSES/FORBS
7A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
Dietes vegetaFortnight lily
Digitalis (native)Foxglove
Duchesnea indicaIndian mock strawberry
Epimedium (native)Epimedium
Eschscholzia californica (native)California poppy
Festuca ovina (native)Sheep fescue
Fragaria chiloensis (native)Wild strawberry, Sand strawberry
FreesiaFreesia
Galium odoratum (Asperula odorata)Sweet woodruff
Gamolepis chrysanthemoidesGamolepis
Gerbera jamesoniiAfrican or Transvaal daisy
Helichrysum spp.Strawflower
Helleborus spp.Hellebore
HemerocallisDaylily
Herbs, except Basil
Hippophae rhamnoidesSea buckthorn
Hosta (Funkia)Plantain lily
HypericumSt. Johnswort
Iris spp. (some native)Iris
Ixia maculataAfrican corn lily
Jasminum spp.Jasmine
Kniphofia uvariaRedhot poker, Torch-lily, Poker plant
Lamium maculatum (noxious)Dead nettle
Laurentia fluviatilisBlue star creeper
Leucojum spp.Snowflake
LiriopeLily turf
Lobelia (native)Lobelia
Lychnis coronariaCrown-pink, Mullein-pink
Lysimachia nummulariaMoneywort, Creeping jennie
MenthaMint
Mirabilis jalapaFour o’clock
Moluccella laevisBells-of-Ireland
MonardaBee balm, Oswego tea
GRASSES/FORBS CONTINUED
Douglasi r i s
8 A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
Soleirolia soleirolliBaby’s tears, Angel’s tears
Sparaxis tricolorHarlequin flower
Stachys byzantinaLamb’s ears
Strelitzia reginaeBird of paradise
Teucrium fruticansBush germander
Tolmiea menziesii (native)Piggy-back plant
Tradescantia spp.Spiderwort, Wandering Jew
Trillium spp. (some native)Trillium, Wake-robin
Tulipa spp.Tulip
Valeriana officinalisValerian, Garden heliotrope
Vallota speciosaScarborough lily
Verbena ( native)Verbena
Vinca spp. (some native)Periwinkle
Zantedeschia spp.Calla lily
ZinniaZinnia
Abutilon (native)Flowering maple, Chinese lantern
Myosotis spp.Forget-me-not
Narcissus spp.Narcissus, Daffodil, Jonquil
NepetaCatnip
Ophiopogon japonicusLily turf
Paeonia suffruticosaTree peony
Papaver rhoeasFlanders field poppy, Shirley poppy
Papaver orientaleOriental poppy
Papaver nudicauleIceland poppy
Penstemon spp. (some native)Penstemon, Beard tongue
Phormiam tenaxNew Zealand flax
Romneya coulteri (native and rare)Matilija poppy
Rudbeckia hirtaGloriosa daisy, Black-eyed Susan
Scabiosa spp.Pincushion flower
Scilla peruvianaPeruvian scilla
Silene acaulisCushion pink, Moss campion
Sisyrinchium (native)Blue-eyed grass
Blue-eyedg r a s s
GRASSES/FORBS CONTINUED
9A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
Acer circinatum (native)Vine maple
Agave spp. (some native)Century plant
Alcea roseaHollyhock
AloeAloe
Aralia spinosaDevil’s walking stick, Hercules’ club,Angelica tree
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, and other species(some native)Bearberry, Kinnikinnick
Baccharis pilularis (native, also noxious)Coyote brush, Dwarf chaparral broom
Berberis (some native)Barberry
Bragmansia (Datura)Angel’s trumpet
Brodiaea (native)Brodiaea
Buddleia davidiiButterfly bush, Summer lilac
Buxus spp.Boxwood
Cactaceae (some native)Cactus, many species and varieties
Calliandra tweediiTrinidad female bush,Brazilian flame bush
CallistemonBottlebrush
Calycanthus occidentalis (native)Spice bush
Caragana arborescensSiberian peashrub
Carpenteria californica (native)Bush anemone
Cassia (some native)Senna
Ceanothus gloriosus (native)Wild lilac
Choisya ternateMexican orange
Cissus rhombifoliaGrape ivy
CistusRockrose
Clematis (some native)Clematis
SHRUBS
Bush anemone
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Clianthus puniceausParrot-beak
Coleonema pulchrumPink breath of heaven
Coprosma repensMirror plant
Corokia cotoneasterCorokia cotoneaster
Correa spp.Australian fuchsia
Cotoneaster buxifoliusCotoneaster
Cycas revolutaSago palm
Daphne spp.Daphne
DaturaJimson Weed
DiosmaColeonema
Dodonaea viscosaHop bush, Hopseed bush
Echium fastuosumPride of Madeira
Elaeagnus pungensSilverberry
EricaHeath
Eriogonum (some native)Wild buckwheat
Escallonia spp.Escallonia
Euonymus japonicaEvergreen euonymus
EuphorbiaSpurge
Euryops pectinatusEuryops
Fatshedera lizeiFatchedera
Fern, except Pellaea (some native)Fern
ForsythiaForsythia
Gaultheria shallon (native)Salal, Lemon leaf
Gelsemium sempervirensCarolina jessamine
Genista monospermaBridal veil broom
GrevilleaGrevillea
Griselinia lucidaGriselinia
GunneraGunnera
Halimium (native)Halimium
Hedera helix (noxious)English ivy
Heteromeles arbutifolia (native)Toyon, Christmas berry,California holly
Hibbertia scandensGuinea gold vine
SHRUBS CONTINUED
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Nolina parryi (native)Nolina
Osteospermum fruticosumTrailing african daisy, Freeway daisy
Oxalis oreganaOregon Oxalis, Redwood sorrel
Pandorea pandoranaWonga-wonga vine
Phaedranthus buccinatoriusBlood red trumpet vine
Phlomis fruticosaJerusalem sage
Plumbago auriculataCape plumbago
Potentilla fruticosa (native)Shrubby cinquefoil
Raoulia australisRaoulia
Rhododendron—except azaleas (native)R. macrophyllum, R. occidentalis
Rhus ovata (native)Sugar bush
Ribes (native)Currant, Gooseberry
Rosmarinus officinalisRosemary
Ruscus aculeatusButcher’s broom
Sambucus (native)Elderberry
SantolinaSantolina
Impatiens walleranaBusy Lizzie
Iochroma cyaneumIochroma
Kerria japonicaJapanese rose
Lantana montevidensisTrailing lantana
LavandulaLavender
Leonotis leonurusLion’s tail
Loropetalum chinenseLoropetalum
Lupinus (some native)Lupine
Mahonia spp. (some native)Mahonia, Oregon grape
Melianthus majorHoney bush
MimulusMonkey flower
Muehlenbeckia complexaMattress vine, Wire vine
Myoporum laetumMyoporum
Myrtus californicaWax myrtle
Nandina domesticaHeavenly bamboo
Nerium oleanderOleander
SHRUBS CONTINUED
12 A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
Senecio cinerariaDusty miller
Symphoricarpos albus (native)Common snowberry
Syringa vulgarisCommon lilac
Syzygium paniculatumBush cherry, Australian brush cherry
Tecomaria capensisCape honeysuckle
Trachelospermum jasminoidesStar jasmine
Yucca spp. (some native)Yucca, Spanish bayonet
Zauschneria spp. (some native)California fuchsia,Hummingbird flower
Abies (some native)Fir
Acer macrophyllum (native)Bigleaf maple
Acer palmatumJapanese maple
Acer negundo (native)Box elder
Agonis flexuosaPeppermint tree
AlbiziaSilk tree, Plume acacia
Angophora costata (A. lanceolata)Gum myrtle
Araucaria spp.Araucaria
Arbutus unedoStrawberry tree
Arbutus menziesii (native)Madrone, Madrono
Beaucarnea recurvataPonytail, Bottle palm
Brachychiton populneusBottle tree
Calocedrus decurrens (native)Incense cedar
Casuarina strictaMountain or Drooping she-oak,Coast beefwood
SHRUBS CONTINUED
Common snowberry
TREES
13A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
Catalpa bignonioidesCommon catalpa, Indian bean
CedrusCedar
Celtis australisEuropean hackberry
Ceratonia siliquaCarob, St. John’s bread
Cercis occidentalis (native)Western redbud
Chamaecyparis sp. (native)False cypress
Chamaerops humilisMediterranean fan palm
Cordyline australisDracaena palm
Cornus capitataEvergreen or Himalayan dogwood
Corylus cornuta californica (native)Western hazelnut
Cotinus coggygriaSmoke tree
Crataegus spp. (some native)Hawthorn
Cupressus spp. (some native)Cypress
Erythea edulisGuadalupe palm
Erythea armataMexican blue palm
Eucalyptus spp.Eucalyptus, Gum
Fraxinus velutina (native)Arizona ash
Gagetes spp.Marigold
Ginko bilobaMaidenhair tree
Hakea suaveolensSweet hakea
Ilex (except thornless)Holly
Jubaea chilensis (J. spectabilis)Chilean wine palm
Juniperus (some native)Juniper
Larix deciduaEuropean larch
Liquidambar styracifluaAmerican sweet gum
Lithocarpus densiflorus (native)Tanbark oak
Lyonothamnus floribundus (native)Catalina ironwood
Maclura pomiferaOsage orange
Magnolia spp.Magnolia
Maytenus boariaMayten tree
Melaleuca leucadendraCajeput tree
Melia azedarachChina-berry
TREES CONTINUED
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Metrosideros excelsusNew Zealand Christmas tree
Michelia figoBanana shrub
Myrtus communisTrue myrtle
Parkinsonia aculeataJerusaleum thorn, Mexican palo verde
Paulownia tomentosaEmpress tree
Phoenix spp.Date palm
Picea spp. (some native)Spruce
Pinus spp. (some native)Pine
Pittosporum spp.Pittosporum
Platanus racemosa (native)California sycamore
PodocarpusFern pine
Prunus caroliniana and other spp.(some native)Carolina laurel cherry
Quillaga saponariaSoapbark tree
Robinia pseudoacaciaBlack locust
SabalPalmetto
Schinus molleCalifornia pepper tree
Thuja spp. (some native)Arborvitae
Trachycarpus fortuneiWindmill palm
Umbellularia california (native)California laurel, California bay,Oregon myrtle, Pepperwood
Washingtonia spp.Washington palm
TREES CONTINUED
Californiabay laurel
15A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
DEER REPELLENTS
* Consult individual manufacturers forproper spray concentration andapplication.
** Deer Away is not approved forapplication on edible crops.
Various types of devices and chemicalshave been used to repel deer includingscare devices, over-the-counter repellentsprays and powder, and home remedies.Scare devices such as exploders, radios,lights, and even a dog on a leash haveshort-term limited effectiveness at best.Home remedies such as hanging bags ofhair, soap, rotten eggs or animal urineare not trustworthy, long-termrepellents. Over-the-counter repellentshave been the most successful deterrentfor non-commercial users experiencing
light to moderate damage. However,repellents must be applied frequentlyand vigilantly prior to and during theperiod of anticipated damage in orderto be effective. For example, repellentsshould be applied to plants prior toplanting and reapplied during thegrowing season.* ‘Hinder,’ which is amixture of ammonium soaps, and ‘DeerAway,’ made from putrescent whole eggsolids have been the most widely usedand effective repellent sprays. Otherrepellents available are:
REPEL ANIMAL REPELLENTFarnam Co. Inc.301 W. Osborn Rd.Phoenix, AZ 85013(800) 825-2555
HOT SAUCE ANIMALREPELLENTMiller Chemical & Fertilizer Corp.P.O. Box 333Hanover, PA 17331
HINDERCrompton ChemicalUAP Great LakesLa Crescent, MN(507) 895-2103
**DEER AWAYIntagra, Inc.8500 Pillsbury Ave. SouthMinneapolis, MN 55420(612) 881-5535
NATIONAL DEER REPELLANTNational ScentP.O. Box 667San Jacinto, CA 92581(909) 654-2442
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ELECTRIFIED HIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE
In areas experiencing persistent andsevere deer damage, the same fencediscussed above can be electrified usingAC current (See FIGURE C, page 21).DC battery or solar/battery chargers areused where electricity is unavailable. Themodern-type fence chargers currentlyavailable have a strong shocking power(up to 8000 volts) but low impedance.Thus, they are extremely effective butsafer than older-type chargers becausethey don’t cause a burning effect.Construction is similar althoughinsulators are used in lieu of staples,fewer wires are needed, and wires are
By far, the most effective and mostmaintainable new fencing used are theNew Zealand-designed high-tensile wirefences (See FIGURE A, page 19).Although the initial cost is high, this typeof fence requires the least maintenance,and thus the cost per ft/yr is the lowestof all discussed. The fence uses smoothwire instead of barbed wire which istensioned using a ‘strainer’ device. Thestrength of this type of fencing is in thetension applied. Animals cannot“squeeze” through the fence.
Although construction is somewhattechnical, the fence actually takes lesslabor to install because line posts are
only needed every 25-50 ft. Properconstruction of the “H-brace” corners iscritical since the twelve wires used exerttremendous pressure on the corners (SeeFIGURE B, page 20). The horizontalwires can be spaced varying distancesapart (usually from 4-6 inches) andseparated by fiberglass or wooden‘droppers’ (similar to stays) every fivefeet. The bottom wire is placed 6 in. offthe ground. Tension is applied using arachet tool and must be periodicallyadjusted for the fence to functioneffectively. Because construction is highlyspecialized, the manufacturer shouldsupply instructions when purchasingmaterials.
HIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE
For nurseries, orchards, pastures, andlarge gardens, fencing is often the onlyway to prevent damage from animals.Many of the fencing options discussedon the following pages also work well forsmall gardens because they are easy to
FENCING APPLICATIONS
build and very cost-effective. Thefollowing fencing designs are the primarymethods being used by professionalgame managers and many state andfederal agencies to control damage fromboth livestock and wild animals.
alternating negative and positivelycharged (with a positive wire on thebottom and top). This is important inthat the animal will always be in contactwith the ground-wire even when standingin deep snow or in a mid-air jump. Thefence functions as more of a psychologi-cal barrier than a physical one afteranimals have experienced the shock, thuseven a low fence (+ or - 24") can beeffective in keeping the majority ofanimals out. The fence can be baited bytying aluminum foil flags covered withpeanut butter on to the charged wire toaid in training animals to the fence.
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MODIFIED ELECTRICHIGH-TENSILE WIRE FENCE
A nice feature of the above design is thatit can be used with an existing fence in avariety of applications, and can beutilized even on a small scale for theaverage garden grower. The electric high-tensile fence discussed above can actuallybe constructed on top of an existingfence (such as a square or v-mesh wire orwood fence) using extensions, such asstand-off insulators for a single wire, or a2" x 4" board attached to the existingpost with lag screws for multiple wires.High-tensile fencing manufacturers donot recommend combining electricfencing with barbed wire however assevere injury and fatalities to animalshave resulted. With the multiple wiredesign, positive wires should be alter-nated with grounded wires.
An advantage to this type of fencing overthe completely electrified high-tensilefence is that this one will not oftenground out due to vegetation growthand thus will require less maintenance.Much of this equipment can also easilybe erected on a temporary basis duringthe height of the growing season if theproblem is only a seasonal one. Adisadvantage is that it will probably notbe 100% effective in keeping out allanimals. ‘Polywire,’ which is basically anelectrified plastic tape can also be usedfor higher visibility (a bright orangecolor) and doesn’t require tensioning.
SQUARE-MESH WOVEN-WIRE GAME FENCE
Square-mesh fence has been usedprimarily to control damage to orchardsand nurseries (See FIGURE D, page22). The fence is constructed similar tothe high-tensile design, is considerablylighter than the V-mesh wire fence and iseasier to construct. The fence is con-structed using 10 ft. posts set 4 ft. in the
ground and spaced 20 ft. apart. Wirefencing is available in 6-ft. and 8-ft.heights. This fence design has beenproven to repel deer and elk. The fence isalso effective against coyotes, pigs andrabbits when the wire is buried one footin the ground.
V-MESH
The V-mesh wire fences have been usedprimarily to control damage to hay-stacks. The V-mesh wire fence is con-structed using 10 ft. wood posts set 4 ft.in the ground at 12 ft intervals. The V-
mesh wire comes in heights of 42 in. to96 in. with the 72 in. being the mostcommonly used to control deer. Thisfence is difficult to build because of theheavy wire.
18 A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage
CONSTRUCTIONAll fence designs utilize double bracedcorner posts set in concrete or ‘tamped’in gravel, with line-posts in betweencorners and fence-stays in between line-posts to maintain wire position. Aconstruction manual or the fencemanufacturer should be consulted onhow to build particular fence types.Several are listed on page 25. Cost perfoot and fence lengths may vary
depending on the manufacturer (See“PLANNING,” page 23). Manufactur-ers and other pertinent regulatoryagencies should be contacted when usingany treated wood products, particularyaround groundwater. Except wherenoted, longer posts and taller wire canbe used with each design with minormodifications to control elk effectively aswell.
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FENCE CONSTRUCTION:Fences For Controlling Deer Damage. California Agricultural Experiment Station
Extension Service Circular 514.How to Design and Build Gates and Fences. Ortho Books.How to Build Fences and Gates. Sunset Books.How to Build Fences With High-Tensile Fence Wire. U.S. Steel Cat. T-111575. U.S.
Steel, Pittsburgh, Pa. 75pp.Control Big Game Damage in Northwest Colorado. E.A. Byrne, Biologist, Colorado
Div. of Wildlife, 1989. A paper presented at the Ninth Great Plains WildlifeDamage Control Work Shop, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Wildlife Pest Control Around Gardens and Homes. Salmon, T.P. and R.E. Lickliter,1984. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California,Cooperative Extension, Publication #21385.
Fence diagrams provided by Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
REFERENCES
PLANTS:The Standard Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Bailey, L. H. 1949. The MacMillan
Company, New York, 3 vols., II, pg. 1786.A New List of Deer Resistant Plants for the Garden. Pacific Horticulture, November
1990.Deer-Resistant Plants for Ornamental Use. University of California Cooperative
Extension. 1980. Leaflet 2167.Sunset Western Garden Book. Fifth Edition. Lane Publishing Company, California.
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