Achievement, Careers, and Work
Chapter 10:
Human AdjustmentJohn W. Santrock
McGraw-Hill © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Chapter Outline
Achievement
Careers and Jobs
Work
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Learning Goals
1. Discuss achievement and related adjustment strategies
2. Describe important aspects of careers and jobs
3. Summarize key aspects of work
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ACHIEVEMENT
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement
Goal Setting, Planning, and Monitoring
Time Management
Some Obstacles to Achievement
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement
Extrinsic motivation - involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments
Intrinsic motivation - based on internal factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort– Intrinsic motivation is more likely to produce competent
behavior and mastery
– Intrinsic motivation is the key to achievement
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Goal Setting, Planning, and Monitoring
Achievement improves when people set goals that are specific, short-term and challenging
High-achieving individuals monitor themselves (systematically evaluate progress toward goals)
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10-7Adjustment Strategies
for Setting Goals
1. Set goals that are challenging, reasonable, and specific
2. Set completion dates for your goals
3. Create sub-goals
4. Make a commitment
5. Monitor your progress
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Time Management
Steven Covey (1989) set up a time matrix:– Important activities - those linked to your values and goals
–Urgent activities - those that require immediate attention
Urgent
Not
Urgent
Important Pay bill today
Psych test in 2 weeks
Not Important
Phone ringing
Reading newspaper
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Time Management
Tips on time management:–Spend time on important non-urgent activities
–Don’t let your life be ruled by urgency
–Do important activities early
–Set priorities for your tasks and complete them in that order
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Create and Monitor Time Plans
Determine the most important activities for each day and allocate adequate time for them
Create a to-do list, which involves listing and setting priorities for daily tasks
Monitor your progress on a yearly, monthly, and daily basis
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Some Obstacles to Achievement
Achievement problems occur when you:–don’t set goals–don’t plan how to reach them–don’t monitor your progress toward goals–don’t manage your time effectively–procrastinate– insist on perfection– try to protect self-worth by avoiding failure
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Procrastination
Reasons for procrastination include:–difficulty concentrating
– fear and anxiety
–negative beliefs
–personal problems
–boredom
–unrealistic expectations
–perfectionism
– fear of failure
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10-13Adjustment Strategies
for Conquering Procrastination
1. Acknowledge that procrastination is a problem
2. Identify your values and goals
3. Work on your time management
4. Divide the task into smaller parts
5. Use behavioral strategies
6. Use cognitive strategies
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Perfectionism
Perfectionists think mistakes are never acceptable and the highest standards always have to be achieved
Perfectionists are vulnerable to:–decreased productivity
– impaired health
– relationship problems
– low self-esteem
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10-15Adjustment Strategies
for Coping with Perfectionism
1. Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of trying to be perfect
2. Increase awareness of the self-critical nature of your all-or-nothing thoughts
3. Be realistic about what you can do
4. Set strict time limits on each project
5. Learn how to deal with criticism
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Protecting Self-worth by Avoiding Failure
Ineffective ways people are distracted from goals:–Nonperformance
–Sham effort
–Procrastination
–Setting unreachable goals
–The academic wooden leg
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Protecting Self-worth by Avoiding Failure
Efforts to avoid failure involve self-handicapping strategies
Individuals handicap themselves by:–Not making an effort
–Putting off a project until the last minute
If subsequent performance is poor, these circumstances can be seen as the cause (rather than a lack of ability)
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Protecting Self-worth by Avoiding Failure
Strategies to reduce preoccupation with protecting self-worth and avoiding failure:–Set challenging but realistic goals
–Strengthen link between your effort and self-worth
–Take pride in your effort
–Have positive beliefs about your abilities
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Review - Learning Goal 1
–What motivates people to achieve?
–How are goals related to achievement?
–What are some important aspects of time management?
–What are some obstacles to achievement and ways to deal with them?
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CAREERS AND JOBS
Career Development Across the Lifespan
Skills and Personality Traits
Knowledge, Goals, and Careers
Getting a Job
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Career Development Across the Lifespan
Eli Ginzberg (1972) proposed 3 career stages:–Fantasy (birth-11) - careers perceived in unrealistic manner
–Tentative (11-17) - transition
–Realistic (18-25) - make pragmatic decisions
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Career Development Across the Lifespan
Donald Super (1976) described 5 career stages:–Growth (birth-14) - physical and cognitive development
–Exploration (15-24) - take needs, interests, values into consideration
–Establishment (25-44) - pursue permanent career
–Maintenance (45-64) - continue career
–Decline (65 on) - retirement
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Skills and Personality Traits
Basic Skills–Reading–Writing–Mathematics–Speaking–Listening
Thinking Skills–Creative thinking –Decision-making–Visualization
Personal Qualities–Self-esteem–Self-management–Responsibility
People Skills–Social–Negotiation–Leadership
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Holland’s Personality Type Theory
John Holland (1973) identified six career-related personality styles:–Realistic
– Investigative
–Artistic
–Social
–Enterprising
–Conventional
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10-25Holland’s Model of Personality Types
and Career Choices
Realistic -
Doing / Things
Conventional -
Conforming / Data
Investigative -
Thinking / Ideas
Enterprising -
Managing / People
Artistic -
Creating / Ideas, Things
Social -
Helping / People
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Knowledge, Goals, and Careers
Two important aspects of exploring careers are:–becoming knowledgeable about careers
– setting career goals
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Getting a Job
Getting a job:–Be aware of what employers want
–Do a thorough job search
–Create a résumé
–Learn how to have a great job interview
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10-28Figure 10.8 Desired Skills of an Ideal Job
Candidate Rated by Employers
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10-29Adjustment Strategies
for “Knocking ’Em Dead” in a Job Interview
1. Create an excellent résumé2. Don’t wing an interview3. Be prepared to give examples of work experiences4. Anticipate possible questions for the interview5. Ask appropriate job-related questions yourself 6. Keep your cool7. As the interview closes, decide whether you want the job 8. After the interview, write a follow-up letter
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10-30
Review - Learning Goal 2
–How do our thoughts about careers typically develop through the lifespan?
–How do our skills and traits influence our careers?
–What are key factors involved in obtaining a good job?
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WORK
The Role of Work in People’s Lives
Work During College
Work and Retirement
Leisure
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The Role of Work in People’s Lives
Work defines people in fundamental ways:– their financial standing
–housing
– the way they spend their time (one-third of their lives)
–where they live
– their friendships
– their health
– for some people, their identity
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Workaholics
Workaholics:– seem addicted to work
–may enjoy work
– identify strongly with their careers
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Dual-career Couples
The two-earner couple has increased in prevalence –Women are taking increased responsibility for family income
–Men are showing greater interest in families and parenting
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Diversity in the Workplace
The workplace is becoming increasingly diverse–Gender diversity increasingly characterizes occupations
–Ethnic diversity is increasing in every developed country except France
–Latinos are projected to constitute a larger percentage of the U.S. labor force than African Americans by 2012
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Diversity in the Workplace
Glass ceiling = invisible barrier to career advancement that prevents women and ethnic minorities from holding managerial or executive jobs regardless of their accomplishments and merits
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Unemployment
Unemployment produces stress Unemployment is related to:
–physical problems
–mental problems
–marital and family problems
–homicide
–other crimes
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Working During College
During the 1999-2000 academic year, 80% of undergraduate students worked
As number of hours worked per week increased, grades declined
Jobs can contribute to education, in the form of cooperative programs or internships
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Work and Retirement
Federal law prohibits employers from firing older workers (who have seniority and higher salaries) just to save money
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Retiring Part-time
Many retirees only partially retire, moving to part-time employment
Reasons for continuing to work:–part-time work for interest or enjoyment
– income
–desire to start a business
–desire to try a different field of work
–benefits
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Adjusting to Retirement
Older adults who adjust best to retirement:–are healthy
–have adequate income
–are active
–are better educated
–have an extended social network
–were satisfied with their lives before retirement
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Leisure
Men who went on annual vacations were 32% less likely to die of coronary heart disease
Leisure = the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing such as hobbies, sports, or reading
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Review - Learning Goal 3
–What role does work play in people’s lives?
–What are the things to know about working while going to college?
–What characteristics work in retirement for older adults?
–What is leisure and what role does it play in people’s lives?
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