singapore

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres north of the equator.

Long

itud

e/la

titu

de o

f

paro

mel

er.

• Latitude: 1° 22‘ N• Longitude: 103° 48‘ E

• (Latitude: 1.3667)(Longitude: 103.8)

Elevation.

• Elevation extremes:lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 mhighest point: Bukit Timah 163.63 m

Climate.

• Singapore is 1 degree north of the equator. Singapore climate is classified as tropical rainforest climate (Koppen climate classification), with no true distinct seasons.

Average Temperature.• The average annual rainfall is around 2,340 mm (92.1 in).• May is the hottest month of the year in Singapore, followed by April.

This is due to light winds and strong sunshine during those months.• The average temperature in Singapore is 27.0 °C (81 °F).• The range of average monthly temperatures is 1 °C.• The warmest average max/ high temperature is 31 °C (88 °F) in

February, March, April, May, June & July.• The coolest average min/ low temperature is 23 °C (73 °F) in January,

February, October, November & December.• The month with the driest weather is September when on balance 122

mm (4.8 in) of rain, sleet, hail or snow falls across 14 days.• The month with the wettest weather is December when on balance 306

mm (12.0 in) of rain, sleet, hail or snow falls across 19 days.

Avera

ge Pr

ecipi

tation

.

• Singapore receives on average 2282 mm (89.8 in) of precipitation annually or 190 mm (7.5 in) each month.•On balance there are 179 days annually on which greater than 0.1 mm (0.004 in) of precipitation (rain, sleet, snow or hail) occurs or 15 days on an average month.

Humidity.

• Mean relative humidity for an average year is recorded as 80.4% and on a monthly basis it ranges from 79% in February, March & June to 82% in January, November & December.

• The average daily high (blue) and low (brown) relative humidity with percentile bands (inner bands from 25th to 75th percentile, outer bands from 10th to 90th percentile).

Wind Speed.• The highest average wind speed of 7

mph (light breeze) occurs around February 6, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 12 mph (moderate breeze).

• The lowest average wind speed of 3 mph (light air) occurs around April 19, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 7 mph (light breeze).

Clou

d Co

ver.

The median cloud cover is 90% (mostly cloudy) and does not vary substantially over the course of the month.

The median daily cloud cover (black line) with percentile bands (inner band from 40th to 60th percentile, outer band from 25th to 75th percentile).

On April 15, a representative day, the sky is clear or mostly clear 1% of the time, partly cloudy 9% of the time, and mostly cloudy or overcast 63% of the time.

Prevailing Winds.

Biom

es.

• Singapore is one of the two cities with a rainforest within the city limit, the other being Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The Singapore Botanic Gardens Rain Forest is home to more than 300 species of plants of which most of them are endangered, rare or vulnerable. One will hear and learn the secrets about these giant trees and rare plants in the context of the fragile and unique rainforest ecosystem, comprising of both the plants and animals.

Ecological Diversity.

• Singapore has two forest in whole country. It is Rain forest.

• Some animals form a habitat for other animals.

• Many different animals may be found under a rock.

• More than 300 species of plants at rain forest and more than 199 species in tropical forest.

Biological diversity (Richness/eveness)

High richness and low eveness

How does the diversity support the country (economics functional diversity)

• By creating a new source of income harvesting the medicinal plants, fruits nuts, oil and other sustainable resources, the rainforests is be more valuable alive than cut and burned.

• Sufficient demand of sustainable and ecologically harvested rainforest products is necessary for preservation efforts to succeed. Purchasing sustainable rainforest products can effect positive change by creating a market for these products while supporting the country economy and provides the economic solution and alternative to cutting the forest just for the value of its timber.

Which earth’s processes affect diversity?• Population: Growth of the human population is a major factor affecting the

environment.• Pollution: 1. water 2. Air: Acid precipitation is the air pollutant that has the most significant impact on biodiversity in Singapore.• Urbanization, forestry, agriculture all affects earth’s diversity.• There it is a most earth processes affect, they are :• Volcanoes, geysers, earthquakes, the rock cycle, and weathering and erosion.

Keystone species.• Fig trees are considered as a keystone species in Singapore rainforest. This is

because they flower and fruit frequently, offering frugivorous animals a year-round supply of food. The figs are actually an enclosed inflorescence known as syconium, within which a unique mutualistic relationship between the plants and fig wasps take place. Fig wasp is a tiny insect from the Agaonidae family which lays its eggs in the syconium.

• Upon hatching, the larvae will grow and develop inside the syconium with protection and immediate food provided by the fig. It is also within this small syconium, the grown up wasps mate. The female wasps carrying fertilized eggs will then leave the syconium with the assistance of the wingless male wasps which chew a hole through the syconium wall and subsequently die without leaving the syconium.

• http://blog.nus.edu.sg/lsm2251student/2010/04/16/fig-tree-and-fig-wasp-babysitter-and-matchmaker/#comments

Indicator species.• An indicator species is a species or group of species

chosen as an indicator of, or proxy for, the state of an ecosystem or of a certain process within that ecosystem.

• Examples include crayfish as indicators of freshwater quality; corals as indicators of marine processes such as siltation, seawater rise and sea temperature fluctuation; peregrine falcons as an indicator of pesticide loads; or native plants as indicators for the presence and impact of alien species.

Local Extinction.

• Rhinoceros.• Giant squirrel• Musk deer.• Snow leopard• Older eagle.

Faults for tectonic plates in Singapore.

• The Singapore is located in Eurasian plate, but it’s faults to Indo-Australian Plate.

2 big geologic disaster in the last 200 years?

• Singapore is located inside the plate and not near, and since volcanoes are usually found on the side of the plates. There is no any volcanoes.

• Singapore does not experience any earthquakes.• Singapore is safe island to live in. it does not face

the danger of volcanoes, earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes etc. it is either hot, dry, and cool or wet for the must of the years.

ANY VOLCANOES? IS IT ACTIVE?

NO, Singapore doesn't have any volcanoes, earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes etc.

List specific rock types found in your country?

The comman type of rocks found in singapore are:

• sedimentary rock.• sandstone slab.• ancient relic.

List specific minerals found in your country.

How are minerals removed from the earth?

• Minerals are removed from the earth by mining. Surface mining and underground have two type mining that people do to extract minerals from the earth, there are several variations of those two mining.

. Placer mining. . Strip mining. . Hydraulic etc.Underground mining. . Drift mining. . Slope mining. . Borehole mining etc.

DOES YOUR COUNTRY REPAIR DAMAGE FROM REMOVAL OF MINERAL RESOURCES?

• Yes, they are repair damage from removal mineral resources as following way.

• 1. replanted in destroy forest.• 2. if building will be damaged, government

might be responsible for that. • 3. provide medical check up.• 4. Redeveloped following area.

BY: Damodar Pyakurel.

THE END. THANK YOU.