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The digestive system or tract is basically a long tube that begins with the mouth or oral cavity, and ends at

the anus. There are five function under the digestive system, each

function corresponds to each organ of the systems. These are the

following. INGESTION, SECRETION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION and

EGESTION ( DEFECATION)

Brief anatomy of digestive system

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Ingestion is the process of carrying food into the digestive tube through the oral cavity, organs under this process are ( oral cavity, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus).

Secretion is the process wherein different chemicals and enzymes are being released by the organs to aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients, organs under this function are( stomach, liver, gall bladder and pancreas )

FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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Digestion is the process wherein the food is being process by the stomach to be absorbed by the body, organ under this process is the stomach.

Absorption is the process of absorbing all the nutrients provided by the food that is being ingested, organs under this process are small intestine { duodenum, jejunum, ileum } and the large intestine { appendix and colon {ascending, transverse and descending}

FUNCTIONS

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ILLUSTRATION

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ILLUSTRATION

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The GI tract is a 23- to 26-foot-long pathway that extends from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines to the anus THE FOUR BASIC TUNICS ON THE TUBE ( MUCOSA + SUBMUCOSA + MUSCULARIS + SEROSA)

esophagus -is located in the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity, anterior to the spine and posterior to the trachea and heart(25 cm long)

stomach -is situated in the upper portion of the abdomen to the left of the midline, just under the left diaphragm. It is a distensible pouch with a capacity of approximately 1500mL.

ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS

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Stomach- can be divided into four anatomic regions: the cardia (entrance), fundus, body, and pylorus (outlet).

small intestine- is the longest segment of the GI tract, accounting for about two thirds of the total length.

small intestine- is divided into three anatomic parts: the upper part, called the duodenum; the middle part, called the jejunum; and the lower part, called the ileum

ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS

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large intestine - consists of an ascending segment on the right side of the abdomen, a transverse segment that extends from right to left in the upper abdomen, and a descending segment on the left side of the abdomen. The terminal portion of the large intestine consists of two parts: the sigmoid colon and the rectum. The rectum is continuous with the anus.

- ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS

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The liver is situated in the top part of the abdomen on the right side of the body next to the stomach. It is the largest gland in the body, weighing almost 2 kg. is the major detoxicating organ in the body; it destroys harmful organisms in the blood, produces clotting agents, secretes bile, stores glycogen and metabolises proteins, carbohydrates and fats

ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS

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gall bladder- a sac situated underneath the liver, in which bile produced by the liver is stored.

Pancreas- a gland which lies across the back of the body between the kidneys. It has two functions: the first is to secrete the pancreatic juice which goes into the duodenum and digests proteins and carbohydrates; the second function is to produce the hormone insulin which regulates the use of sugar by the body

ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS

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Spleen - an organ in the top part of the abdominal cavity behind the stomach and below the diaphragm, which helps to destroy old red blood cells, form lymphocytes and store blood.

Appendix- a small tube attached to the caecum which serves no function but can become infected, causing appendicitis.

ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS

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DIFFERENT ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DIGESTION

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Assessment of the Abdomen

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Abdominal Quadrants

ABDOMEN

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Organs of the Abdominal Cavity

ABDOMEN

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Abdominal Quadrants and the Underlying Organs

ABDOMEN

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ABDOMEN

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Nine Abdominal Regions

ABDOMEN

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Landmarks Commonly Used to Identify Abdominal Areas

ABDOMEN

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ABDOMEN NORMAL FINDINGS DEVIATION FROM NORMAL

Inspect the abdomen for skin integrity

Unblemished skin.

Uniform color

Silver-white striae (stretch marks) or surgical scars

Presence of rash or other lesions.

Tense, glistening skin (may indicate ascites, edema).

Purple striae (associated with Cushing’s disease)

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ABDOMEN NORMAL FINDINGSDEVIATION FROM

NORMALInspect the abdominal contour (profile line from the rib margin to the pubic bone) while standing at the client’s side while the client is in dorsal recumbent position

Flat, rounded (convex), or scaphoid (concave)

Distended

Inspect for an enlarge liver or spleen•Ask client to take a deep breath and hold breath to observe for organ enlargements and abdominal distention

No evidence of enlargement of the liver or spleen

Evidence of enlargement of the liver or spleen

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ABDOMEN NORMAL FINDINGS DEVIATION FROM NORMAL

Assess the symmetry of contour while standing at the foot of the bed

• If distention is present, measure abdominal girth, by placing tape measure around the umbilicus

Symmetric contour Asymmetric contour (localized protrusions around the umbilicus, inguinal ligaments, or scars) possible hernia or tumor.

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ABDOMEN NORMAL FINDINGSDEVIATION FROM

NORMALInspect the abdominal movements associated with respirations, peristalsis, or aortic pulsations

Symmetric movements caused by respirations.

Visible peristalsis in very lean people

Aortic pulsation in thin person at the epigastric area

Limited movement due to pain or disease process.

Visible peristalsis in nonlean clients (with bowel obstruction)

Observe vascular patterns

No visible vascular pattern

Visible venous pattern (dilated veins) associated with liver disease, ascites and venocaval obstruction.

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ABDOMEN NORMAL FINDINGS DEVIATION FROM NORMAL

Auscultate the abdomen for bowel sounds, vascular sounds, and peritoneal friction rub.

Audible bowel sounds.

Absence of bruits.

Absence of friction rub.

Absent, hypoactive, or hyperactive bowel sounds.Loud bruit over aortic area (possible aneurysm).Bruit over renal or iliac arteries.

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Sites for Auscultating the Abdomen

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AUSCULTATING THE ABDOMEN

•Warm the hands and the stethoscope diaphragms.•FOR BOWEL SOUNDS

– Use the flat disc diaphragm. Intestinal sounds are relatively high pitched and best accentuated by the flat disc diaphragm.

– Ask when the client last ate. Shortly after or long after eating, bowel sounds may normally increase. They are loudest when a meal is long overdue. 4-7 hours after a meal, bowel sounds maybe heard continuously over the ileocecal valve area while the digestive system empty through the valve into the large intestine.

– Listen for active bowel sounds ---irregular gurgling noises occurring about every 5 to 20 seconds

– Normal bowel sounds are described as audible, 5-34 bowel sounds per minute

– High pitched, loud, rushing, sounds that occur frequently (e.g. every 3 seconds) also known as BORBORYGMI

– True absence of sounds (none heard in 3 to 5 minutes) indicates cessation of intestinal motility.

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AUSCULTATING THE ABDOMEN

– Hypoactive bowel sounds indicate decreased motility and are usualy associated with manipulation of the bowel during surgery, inflammation, paralytic ileus or late obstruction.

– Hyperactive bowel sounds indicate increased intestinal motility and are usually associated with diarrhea, an early bowel obstruction or the use od laxative

•FOR VASCULAR SOUNDS– Use the bell of the stethoscope over the aorta, renal arteries, iliac

arteries, and femoral arteries– Listen for bruits ( blowing sound due to restricted blood flow

through narrowed vessels)

•FOR PERITONEAL FRICTION RUB– Peritoneal friction rub are rough, grating sounds like two pieces of

leather rubbing together.– Friction rubs may be caused by inflammation, infectious or

abnormal growths

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ABDOMEN

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ABDOMEN

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ABDOMEN NORMAL FINDINGS DEVIATION FROM NORMAL

Percuss several areas in each of the four quadrants.

•Begin in the LLQ RLQ RUQ LUQ

Tympany over the stomach and gas-filled bowels; dullness, especially over the liver and spleen or full bladder

Large dull areas (associated with presence of fluid or tumor)

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ABDOMENMEN NORMAL FINDINGS DEVIATION FROM NORMAL

Percuss span of liver dullness in the midclavicular line (MCL)

Normal liver span is 4-8 cm in midsternal line and 6-12 cm in right midclavicular line

Firm edge of cirrhosisIncreased in hepatomegaly

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PERCUSSING LIVER SPAN

ABDOMEN

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4-8 cm in midsternal line

6-12cm in right midclavicular line

ABDOMEN

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Percussing the Area Over the Symphysis Pubis

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ABDOMEN NORMAL FINDINGS DEVIATION FROM NORMAL

Perform light palpation followed by deep palpation of all four quadrants

No tenderness, relaxed abdomen with smooth, consistent tension.

Tenderness maybe present near the xiphoid process, over cecum, and sigmoid colon

Tenderness and hypersensitivity.

Superficial masses.

Localized areas of increased tension

Generalized or localized areas of tenderness

Mobile or fixed masses.

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PALPATING THE ABDOMEN

LIGHT PALPATION•To check for muscle tone and tenderness

• Place the hand with fingers together parallel to the area being palpated. Press down 1 to 2 cm. Repeat in ever-widening circles until the area to be examined is covered.

• If patient is excessively ticklish, begin by pressing your hand on top of the client’s hand while pressing lightly. Then slide your hand off the client’s and onto the abdomen to continue the examination.

DEEP PALPATION•To identify abdominal organs and abdominal masses.

•Palpate sensitive areas last.

•With fingers together, approach the area to be examined at a 60 degree angle and use the pads and tips of the fingers of one hand to press in 4 cm.

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ABDOMEN

LIGHT PALPATION

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ABDOMEN

TWO-HANDED DEEP PALPATION

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ABDOMEN

Assess for Peritoneal inflammation

1. Before palpation, ask the patient to cough and determine where the cough produced pain.

2. Then, palpate gently with one finger to map the tender area.

• Abdominal pain on coughing or with light percussion suggests peritoneal inflammation

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ABDOMEN

3.If not, look for rebound tenderness. Press your fingers in firmly and slowly, and then quickly withdraw them.

4.Watch and listen to the patient for signs of pain.

5.Ask the patient (A) to compare which hurt more, the pressing or the letting go, and (B) to show you exactly where it hurt.

Pain induced or increased by quick withdrawal constitutes rebound tenderness. Rebound tenderness suggests

peritoneal inflammation.

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ABDOMEN

ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

Palpate the liver.

Feel the liver edge,as the patient breathes in.

Note any tenderness or masses

No enlargement of the liver

No tenderness

Firm edge of cirrhosis

Tender liver 0f hepatitis or congestive heart failure;tumor mass

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ABDOMEN

PALPATING THE LIVER

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

Palpate the spleen.

Place the patient in a supine position and let her lay on the fight side with legs flexed at the hips and knees

No enlargement and tenderness of the spleen

splenomegaly

ABDOMEN

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ABDOMEN

PALPATING THE SPLEEN

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ABDOMEN

PALPATING THE SPLEEN

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

Palpate each kidney

Check for costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness

A normal right kidney may be palpable, especially in thin, well-relaxed women

Non-tender.

Enlargement from cysts, cancer, hydronephrosis. Bilateral enlargement suggests polycystic disease

Tender in kidney infection

ABDOMEN

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ABDOMEN

PALPATION OF THE RIGHT KIDNEY

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ABDOMEN

PALPATING FOR CVA

TENDERNESS\

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

ASSESSING ASCITES

Palpate for shifting dullness.

Map areas of tympany and dullness with patient supine then lying side

In a person without ascites, the borders between tympany and dullnessusually stay relatively constant.

In ascites, dullness shifts to themore dependent side, while tympanyshifts to the top

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Tympany

Dullness

Tympany

Dullness

TEST FOR SHIFTING DULLNESS

ABDOMEN

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

ASSESSING ASCITES

Check for a fluid wave.

Ask patient or an assistant to press edges of both hands into the midline of abdomen. Tap one side and feel for a wave transmitted to the other side.

Negative for fluid wave. (No impulse is transmitted when you tap one flank sharply)

An easily palpable impulse suggestsascites.

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TEST FOR A FLUID WAVE

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ABDOMENASSESSING FOR POSSIBLE APPENDICITIS

IN CLASSIC AppendicitiS:

Ask:

Where did the pain begin?

Where is it now?

Ask the patient to cough:”where does it hurt?”Palpate for local tenderness.

Palpate for muscular rigidity.

Near the umbilicus

Right lower quadrant

Right lower quadrantRLQ tenderness

RLQ rigidity

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ABDOMENCheck for Rovsing’s sign and for referred rebound tenderness.

(Press deeply and evenly in the left lower quadrant. Then quickly withdraw your fingers.)

Look for a psoas sign.

Place your hand just above the patient’s right knee and ask the patient to raise that thigh against your hand. Alternatively, ask the patient to turn onto the left side. Then extend the patient’s right legat the hip. Flexion of the leg at the hip makes the psoas muscle contract; extension stretches it.

Pain in the right lower quadrantduring left-sided pressure suggests appendicitis (a positive Rovsing’s sign). So does right lower quadrant pain on quickwithdrawal (referred rebound tenderness).

Increased abdominal pain on eithermaneuver constitutes a positivepsoas sign, suggesting irritation ofthe psoas muscle by an inflamedappendix.

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ABDOMEN

Look for an obturator ‘s sign.

Flex the patient’s right thigh at the hip, withthe knee bent, and rotate the leg internally at the hip. This maneuverstretches the internal obturator muscle.

Right hypogastric pain constitutesa positive obturator sign,suggesting irritation of the obturatormuscle by an inflamedappendix.

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

ASSESSING ASCITES

Check for a fluid wave.

Ask patient or an assistant to press edges of both hands into the midline of abdomen. Tap one side and feel for a wave transmitted to the other side.

Negative for fluid wave. (No impulse is transmitted when you tap one flank sharply)

An easily palpable impulse suggestsascites.

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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

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NEWBORN AND INFANT

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

Inspect :

A. abdomen with the infant lying supine

B. newborn’s umbilical cord

protuberant

two thick-walled umbilical arteries and one larger but thin-walled umbilical vein, which is usually located at the 12 o’clock position

A single umbilical artery may beassociated with congenital anomalies,but also occurs in normalinfants as an isolated anomaly

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

C. Area around the umbilicus for redness or swelling

No redness or swelling Umbilical hernias in infants are dueto a defect in the abdominal wall,and can be up to 6 cm in diameterand quite protuberant when intraabdominalpressure is increased.

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

Auscultate for bowel sounds

Percuss an infant’s abdomen as you would for an adult

There is an orchestra of musical tinkling bowel sounds every 10 to 30 seconds.

Note greater tympanitic sounds due to the infant’s propensity toswallow air

An increase in pitch or frequencyof bowel sounds is heard with Gastroenteritisor, rarely, with intestinalObstruction.

A silent, tympanic, distended abdomensuggests peritonitis.

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

Palpate the infant’s liver.

Start gently palpating the liver of infants lowin the abdomen, moving upwards with yourfingers

Palpable 1-2 cm below the right costal margin

An enlarged tender liver may be due to congestive heart failure.

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ABDOMEN

ABDOMINAL ASSESSMENT OF AN INFANT

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ABDOMEN

EARLY AND LATE CHILDHOOD,AND ADOLESCENCE

Toddlers and young children commonly have protuberant abdomens, most apparent when they are upright. The examination can follow the same order as for adults, except that you may need to open your bag of tricks to distract the child during the examination.

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ABDOMEN

GERIATRICS

Same assessment as the adult

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PREGNANT CLIENT

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

Inspect any scars or striae, the shape and contour of the abdomen, and theFundal height.

Palpate the abdomen for:

A. Organs or masses.

Purplish striae and linea nigra are normal in pregnancy.

The shape and contour may indicate pregnancy size

The mass of pregnancy is expected.

Scars may confirm the type of priorsurgery, especially cesarean section.

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B.Fetal movements.

C. Uterine contractility..

These can usually be felt by the examiner after 24 weeks(and by the mother at 18–20 weeks)

The uterus contracts irregularly after 12 weeks andoften in response to palpation during the third trimester

If movements cannot be felt after 24 weeks, consider error in calculating gestation, fetal death or morbidity, or false pregnancy

Prior to 37 weeks, regular uterinecontractions with or without painor bleeding are abnormal, suggestingpreterm labor.

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ABDOMEN

MEASUREMENT OF THE FUNDAL HEIGHT

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D. Measure the fundal height with a tape measure if the woman is more than20 weeks’ pregnant

Holding the tape as illustrated and following the midline of the abdomen, measure from the top of the symphysis pubis to the top of the uterine fundus.

After 20 weeks, measurement in centimeters should roughly equal the weeks of gestation.

If fundal height is more than 2 cm higher than expected, consider multiple gestation, a big baby,extra amniotic fluid, or uterine myomata. If it is lower than expected by more than 2 cm,consider missed abortion, transverselie, growth retardation, or false pregnancy.

ABDOMEN

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ABDOMEN

12-14 wks

16 wks20-22 wks

24 wks

28 wks32 wks

36 wks

EXPECTED HEIGHT OF THE UTERINE FUNDUS BY MONTH OF PREGNANCY

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ABDOMEN Normal Deviation form Normal

Auscultate the fetal heart, noting its rate (FHR), location, and rhythm. Use either:

A doptone, with which the FHR is audible after 12 weeks, or

A fetoscope, with which it is audible after 18 weeks

The rate is usually in the 160s during early pregnancy, and then slows to the 120s to 140s near term. After 32 to 34 weeks, the FHR should increase with fetal movement.

Lack of an audible fetal heart mayindicate pregnancy of fewer weeksthan expected, fetal demise, orfalse pregnancy.

FHR that drops noticeablynear term with fetal movementcould indicate poor placentalcirculation.

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ABDOMEN

DOPTONE (LEFT) AND FETOSCOPE (RIGHT)

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ABDOMEN

MODIFIED LEOPOLD’S MANEUVERSThese maneuvers are important adjuncts to palpation of the pregnant

abdomen beginning at 28 weeks of gestation.

They help determine where the

A. fetus is lying in relation to the woman’s back (longitudinal or transverse)

B. what end of the fetus is presenting at the pelvic inlet (head or buttocks),

C. where the fetal back is located, how far the presenting part of the fetus has descended into the maternal pelvis

D.the estimated weight of the fetus.

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ABDOMEN

FIRST MANEUVER (UPPER POLE).

Stand at the woman’s side facing her head. Keeping the fingers of both examining hands together, palpate gently with the fingertips to determine what part of the fetus is in the upper pole of the uterine fundus.

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ABDOMEN

FIRST MANEUVER

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ABDOMEN

SECOND MANEUVER (SIDES OF THE MATERNAL ABDOMEN)

Place one hand on each side of the woman’sabdomen, aiming to capture the body of the

fetus between them. Use one hand to steady the uterus and the other to palpate the fetus.

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ABDOMEN

SECOND MANEUVER

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ABDOMEN

Third Maneuver (Lower Pole).

Turn and face the woman’s feet.

Using the flat palmar surfaces of the fingers of both hands and, at the start, touching the fingertips together, palpate the area just above the symphysis pubis. Note whether the hands diverge with downward pressure or stay together. This tells you whether or not the presenting part of the fetus, head or buttocks, is descending into the pelvic inlet.

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ABDOMEN

THIRD MANEUVER

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ABDOMEN

Fourth Maneuver (Confirmation of the Presenting Part).

With your dominant hand grasp the part of the fetus in the lower pole, and with your nondominant hand, the part of the fetus in the upper pole. With this maneuver, you may be able to distinguish between the head and the buttocks.

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ABDOMEN

FOURTH MANEUVER

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Source:

B A T E S ’ G U I D E T O P H Y S I C A L E X A M I N A T I O N A N D H I S T O R Y T A K I NG

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END

PREPARED BY: EMIL ANTHONY LUCAS, R.N.

GAYLE BERONGOY, R.N.

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DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE

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Blood tests are ordered initially. Common blood tests include

complete blood count (CBC), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), liver function tests, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides. Test findings may reveal alterations in basal metabolic function and may indicate the severity of a disorder

BLOOD WORKS

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SPECIAL PREPARATIONCONFIRM THE DOCTORS ORDERINSTRUCT THE PATIENT FOR THE

PROCEDURE ( NOTHING PER OREM FOR HOW

MANY HOURS DEPENDING ON THE KIND OF BLOOD WORKS e.g 8 hours, 10 or 12 hours )

BLOOD WORKS

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COMPLETE BLOOD COUNTNumber of white blood cells (WBC) Total amount of hemoglobin in the blood (Hgb).Fraction of blood composed of red blood cells (Hct).Volume of Hgb in each RBC (MCV [mean corpuscularvolume]).Weight of the Hgb in each RBC (MCH [mean corpuscularhemoglobin]). Proportion of Hgb contained in each RBC (MCHC [meancorpuscular hemoglobin concentration]).Number of platelets, which are critical to clot formation

BLOOD WORKS

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BLOOD WORKS

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LIVER FUNCTION TESTA panel of tests used to evaluate liver

function. Includes:◆ Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)◆ Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)◆ Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)◆ Bilirubin◆ Albumin◆ Total protein

BLOOD WORKS

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■ Used in the evaluation of symptoms associated with liver disease (jaundice, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea; loss of appetite; ascites, hematemesis, melena; fatigue or loss of stamina; history of alcohol or drug abuse

BLOOD WORKS

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Fecal Occult Blood (FOB, Stool for Occult Blood)

(Negative)Stool sampleUsed to detect microscopic bleeding into the

GI tract.Routine screening test for patients over 50

years old.Positive in ulcers, polyps, hemorrhoids,

tumors, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, and other disorders of the GI tract.

FECAL ANALYSIS

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Stool Culture (Stool for C&S, Stool for Ova

and Parasites [O&P])Normal intestinal floraSmall amount of stool specimen in a sterile

container with a screw-top lid.Evaluate cause of diarrhea.

FECAL ANALYSIS

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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONENSURE CLEANLINESS OF THE

SPECIMEN CUPALWAYS USE GLOVES IN COLLECTING

THE SPECIMENSEND IT IMMEDIATELY TO THE

LABORATORY AFTER GETTING THE SPECIMEN

NOTE FOR THE DIET OF THE APTIENT FOR THE PAST 24 HOURS

FECAL ANALYSIS

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RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIES

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Imaging studies include x-ray and contrast studies, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and scintigraphy (radionuclide imaging).

RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIES

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Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Study

X-rays can delineate the entire GI tract after the introduction of a contrast agent. A radiopaque liquid (eg, barium sulfate) is commonly used. The patient ingests this tasteless, odorless, nongranular, and completely insoluble (hence, not absorbable) powder in the form of a thick or thin aqueous suspension for the purpose of studying the upper GI tract

RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIES

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NURSING INTERVENTIONSThe patient may need to maintain a low-residue

diet for several days before the test. He or she should receive nothing by mouth after

midnight before the test.The physician may prescribe a laxative to clean

out the intestinal tract. Because smoking can stimulate gastric motility,

the nurse discourages the patient from smoking on the morning before the examination.

In addition, the nurse withholds all medications.

RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIES

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Lower Gastrointestinal Tract StudyWhen barium is instilled rectally to

visualize the lower GI tract, the procedure is called a barium enema. The purpose of a barium enema is to detect the presence of polyps, tumors, and other lesions of the large intestine and to demonstrate any abnormal anatomy or malfunction of the bowel

RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIES

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RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIESComputed TomographyCT provides cross-sectional

images of abdominal organs and structures. Multiple x-ray images are taken from many different angles, digitized in the computer, reconstructed, and then viewed on a computer monitor. Indications for abdominal CT scanning are diseases of the liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, and pelvic organs.

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RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIES

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NURSING INTERVENTIONSThe patient should not eat or drink

for 6 to 8 hours before the test.The practitioner may prescribe an

intravenous or oral contrast agent. Therefore, the nurse should question

the patient about contrast dye allergies.

RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIES

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

It is a noninvasive technique that uses magnetic fields and radiowaves to produce an image of the area being studied. The use of oral contrast agents to enhance the image has increased the application of this technique for the diagnosis of GI diseases. It is useful in evaluating abdominal soft tissues as well as blood vessels, abscesses, fistulas, neoplasms, and other sources of bleeding.

RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIES

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NURSING INTERVENTIONSThe patient should not eat or drink

for 6 to 8 hours before the test.Before the test, the patient must

remove all jewelry and other metals. It is important to warn patients that

the close-fitting scanners used in many MRI facilities may induce feelings of claustrophobia

RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIES

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ULTRASOUND

A NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE THAT USE HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND THAT CAN ESTABLISH THE STRUCTURE, SIZE OF ORGAN OF THE ABDOMEN

NURSING INTERVENTIONSWIPE OF THE EXCESS LUBRICANT

OVER THE EXAMINED AREA

RADIOLOGIC STUDIES/ IMAGING STUDIES

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Endoscopic procedures used in GI tract assessment include fibroscopy/ esophagogastroduodenoscopy, anoscopy, proctoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, small-bowel enteroscopy, and endoscopy through ostomy.

ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURES

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Upper Gastrointestinal Fibroscopy/EsophagogastroduodenoscopyFIBROSCOPY of the upper GI tract allows direct visualizationof the esophageal, gastric, and duodenal mucosa through alighted endoscope.ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPY (EGD), is especially

valuablewhen esophageal, gastric, or duodenal abnormalities or

inflammatory,neoplastic, or infectious processes are suspected.This procedure also can be used to evaluate esophageal and

gastricmotility and to collect secretions and tissue specimens for furtheranalysis.

ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURES

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ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURES

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Anoscopy, Proctoscopy, and Sigmoidoscopy

The lower portion of the colon also can be viewed directly toevaluate rectal bleeding, acute or chronic diarrhea, or change in bowel patterns and to observe for ulceration, fissures,abscesses, tumors, polyps, or other pathologic processes

ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURES

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ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURES

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ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURESFiberoptic

ColonoscopyDirect visual

inspection of the colon to the cecum is possible by means of a flexible fiberoptic colonoscope

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PARACENTESIS procedure of draining fluid from a cavity

inside the body using a hollow needle, either for diagnostic purposes or because the fluid is harmful. Also called tapping

Biopsythe process of taking a small piece of living

tissue for examination and diagnosis The biopsy of the tissue from the growth showed that it was benign

SURGICAL DIADNOSTICS PROCEDURE

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SURGICAL DIADNOSTICS PROCEDURE