Made by:Made by:
Copyright Cmassengale
Roan Hope A. Ocaban and
Eullene E. Domingo
Made for: Mr. Jonathan Gareza (Jong2)
What Is ATP?What Is ATP?
Energy used by all CellsEnergy used by all Cells
Adenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bondshigh-energy Phosphate bonds
Copyright Cmassengale
Chemical Structure of Chemical Structure of ATPATP
3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar
Adenine Base
Copyright Cmassengale
What Does ATP Do for What Does ATP Do for You?You?
It supplies YOU withIt supplies YOU with ENERGY!ENERGY!
Copyright Cmassengale
How Do We Get Energy How Do We Get Energy From ATP?From ATP?
By breaking By breaking the high- the high- energy energy bonds bonds between between the the last two last two phosphates phosphates in ATPin ATP
Copyright Cmassengale
What is the Process What is the Process Called?Called?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding HHYDROLYSIS (Adding H22O)O)
H2O
Copyright Cmassengale
How is ATP Re-Made?How is ATP Re-Made?
The reverse of the previous The reverse of the previous process occurs.process occurs.
Another Another Enzyme is Enzyme is used!used!ATP ATP SynthetaseSynthetase
Copyright Cmassengale
The ADP-ATP CycleThe ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP-ATP-asease
ATP ATP SynthetaSynthetasese
Copyright Cmassengale
When is ATP Made in When is ATP Made in the Body?the Body?
During a During a Process Process called called Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration that takes that takes place in both place in both Plants & Plants & AnimalsAnimals
Copyright Cmassengale
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration Includes pathways that Includes pathways that
require oxygenrequire oxygen Glucose is Glucose is oxidizedoxidized and O and O22 is is
reducedreduced Glucose breakdown is Glucose breakdown is
therefore an therefore an oxidation-oxidation-reductionreduction reaction reaction
Breakdown of one glucose Breakdown of one glucose results in results in 36 to 38 ATP36 to 38 ATP molecules molecules Copyright Cmassengale
Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + e0 + e-- + 36- + 36-
3838ATP’sATP’s
CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O22
YIELDSYIELDS
Copyright Cmassengale
What Type of Process is What Type of Process is Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?
An Oxidation-Reduction An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX ReactionProcess or REDOX Reaction
Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> COCO22 + H + H22O O (e(e-- removed from removed from CC66HH1212OO66))
Reduction OReduction O22 to H to H22O O (e(e-- passed to Opassed to O22))
Copyright Cmassengale
What Carries the What Carries the Electrons?Electrons?
NADNAD++ (nicotinadenine (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts dinucleotide) acts as the energy as the energy carriercarrier
NADNAD++ is a is a coenzymecoenzyme
It’s It’s ReducedReduced to to NADHNADH when it when it picks up two picks up two electrons and one electrons and one hydrogen ionhydrogen ion
Copyright Cmassengale
Are There Any Other Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?Electron Carriers?
YES! Another YES! Another Coenzyme!Coenzyme!
FAD+FAD+ (Flavin (Flavin adenine adenine dinucleotide)dinucleotide)
ReducedReduced to to FADHFADH22
Copyright Cmassengale
Other Cellular Other Cellular Respiration FactsRespiration Facts
Metabolic PathwayMetabolic Pathway that breaks that breaks down carbohydratesdown carbohydrates
Process is Process is ExergonicExergonic as High- as High-energy Glucose is broken into energy Glucose is broken into COCO22 and H and H22OO
Process is also Process is also CatabolicCatabolic because larger Glucose breaks because larger Glucose breaks into smaller moleculesinto smaller molecules
Copyright Cmassengale
What are the Stages of What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?
GlycolysisGlycolysisThe Krebs CycleThe Krebs CycleThe Electron Transport ChainThe Electron Transport Chain
Copyright Cmassengale
Where Does Cellular Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?Respiration Take Place?
It actually It actually takes place takes place in two parts in two parts of the cell:of the cell:
Glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the occurs in the CytoplasmCytoplasmKrebs Cycle & Krebs Cycle & ETC TakeETC Take place place in the in the MitochondriaMitochondria
Copyright Cmassengale
Review of Mitochondria Review of Mitochondria StructureStructure
SmoothSmooth outer outer MembraneMembrane
FoldedFolded inner inner membranemembrane
Folds called Folds called CristaeCristae
Space inside Space inside cristae called cristae called the the MatrixMatrix
Copyright Cmassengale
Diagram of the Diagram of the ProcessProcess
Occurs in
Cytoplasm Occurs
in Matrix
Occurs across Cristae
Copyright Cmassengale
Glycolysis Glycolysis SummarySummary
Takes place in the Takes place in the CytoplasmCytoplasm
Anaerobic Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)Oxygen)Requires input of Requires input of 2 ATP2 ATP
Glucose split into two Glucose split into two molecules of molecules of PyruvatePyruvate or or Pyruvic AcidPyruvic AcidCopyright Cmassengale
Glycolysis Glycolysis SummarySummary
• Also produces Also produces 2 NADH and 4 2 NADH and 4 ATPATP
• Pyruvate is oxidized to Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl Acetyl CoACoA and and COCO22 is removed is removed
Copyright Cmassengale
FermentationFermentation
Occurs when OOccurs when O22 NOT present NOT present (anaerobic)(anaerobic)
Called Called Lactic AcidLactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells fermentation in muscle cells (makes (makes muscles tiredmuscles tired))
Called Called Alcoholic fermentationAlcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces in yeast (produces ethanolethanol))
Nets only Nets only 2 ATP2 ATPCopyright Cmassengale
A Little Krebs Cycle A Little Krebs Cycle HistoryHistory
Discovered by Discovered by Hans KrebsHans Krebs in in 19371937
He received the He received the Nobel PrizeNobel Prize in in physiology or physiology or medicine in medicine in 1953 for his 1953 for his discoverydiscovery
Forced to leave Forced to leave Germany prior Germany prior to WWII because to WWII because he was Jewishhe was JewishCopyright Cmassengale
Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle SummarySummary
Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)Cyclical series of oxidation Cyclical series of oxidation
reactions that give off reactions that give off COCO22 and and produce produce one ATP per cycleone ATP per cycle
Turns Turns twicetwice per glucose molecule per glucose moleculeProduces Produces two ATPtwo ATP Takes place in Takes place in matrix of matrix of
mitochondriamitochondria
Copyright Cmassengale
Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle SummarySummary
Each turn of the Krebs Cycle Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces also produces 3NADH, 3NADH, 1FADH1FADH22, and 2CO, and 2CO22
Therefore, For Therefore, For each Glucoseeach Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces produces 6NADH, 2FADH6NADH, 2FADH22, , 4CO4CO22, and 2ATP, and 2ATP
Copyright Cmassengale
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADHNETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH22, & 2CO, & 2CO22
Copyright Cmassengale
Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain SummarySummary
34 ATP34 ATP Produced ProducedHH22OO Produced ProducedOccurs Across Occurs Across Inner Inner
Mitochondrial membraneMitochondrial membraneUses coenzymes Uses coenzymes NAD+ and NAD+ and
FAD+ to accept e- from glucoseFAD+ to accept e- from glucoseNADH = 3 ATP’sNADH = 3 ATP’sFADHFADH22 = 2 ATP’s = 2 ATP’s
Copyright Cmassengale
Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration
Copyright Cmassengale
Aerobic respiration (red arrows) is the main means by which both plants and animals utilize energy in the form of organic compounds that were previously created through photosynthesis (green arrow).Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP).
Although carbohydrates, fats, Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be and proteins can all be
processed and consumed as processed and consumed as reactant, it is the preferred reactant, it is the preferred
method method of pyruvate breakdown of pyruvate breakdown
in glycolysis and requires that in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter pyruvate enter
themitochondrion in order to themitochondrion in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs be fully oxidized by the Krebs
cycle.cycle.Copyright Cmassengale
The product of this process The product of this process is energy in the form of is energy in the form of
ATP (Adenosine ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), triphosphate),
by substrate-level by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH anphosphorylation, NADH an
d FADHd FADH22..
Copyright Cmassengale
Simplified reaction:Simplified reaction:CC66HH1212OO66 (aq) + 6 O (aq) + 6 O22 (g) → 6 (g) → 6
COCO22 (g) + 6 H (g) + 6 H22O (l)O (l)ΔG = -2880 kJ per mole of ΔG = -2880 kJ per mole of
CC66HH1212OO66
**The negative ΔG indicates The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can that the reaction can
happen spontaneouslyhappen spontaneouslyCopyright Cmassengale
The reducing potential of NADH The reducing potential of NADH and FADHand FADH22 is converted to is converted to
more ATP through an electron more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as transport chain with oxygen as
the "terminal electron the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP acceptor". Most of the ATP
produced by aerobic cellular produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made respiration is made
by oxidative phosphorylation. by oxidative phosphorylation. Copyright Cmassengale
This works by the energy This works by the energy released in the consumption released in the consumption
of pyruvate being used to of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic create a chemiosmotic
potential by potential by pumping protons across a pumping protons across a
membrane. This potential is membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP then used to drive ATP
synthase and produce ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate from ADP and a phosphate
group.group.Copyright Cmassengale
However, this maximum However, this maximum yield is never quite reached yield is never quite reached
due to losses (leaky due to losses (leaky membranes) as well as the membranes) as well as the
cost of moving pyruvate and cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial ADP into the mitochondrial
matrix and current estimates matrix and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP range around 29 to 30 ATP
per glucose.per glucose.Copyright Cmassengale
Aerobic metabolism is 19 times Aerobic metabolism is 19 times more efficient than anaerobic more efficient than anaerobic
metabolism (which yields 2 mol metabolism (which yields 2 mol ATP per 1 mol glucose). They ATP per 1 mol glucose). They
share the initial pathway share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic of glycolysis but aerobic
metabolism continues with the metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post phosphorylation. The post
glycolytic reactions take place in glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic the mitochondria in eukaryotic
cells, and in cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.Copyright Cmassengale
Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration
Copyright Cmassengale
Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate or pyruvate derivative (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor (for example, Sulfur) is used.
““Happy Teachers Day Happy Teachers Day Sir!”Sir!”
Copyright Cmassengale
.thank you xah pag’agwanta xmun nga kagahudun kg pagkasalawayun!
.thank you man kai dmu gid kme n’learn xmu, especially ang “BOTANY”!.it’s a pleasure to have you as a
teahcer!
..thank you man kay ..thank you man kay gna’try mu gd ang best mo gna’try mu gd ang best mo nga ma share man xmun nga ma share man xmun
ang nbal’an mu..ang nbal’an mu...pru sir, nd man gd pag’ .pru sir, nd man gd pag’
englisha tnan ai! englisha tnan ai! Nosebleed kme ia! heheNosebleed kme ia! hehe
Copyright Cmassengale
Vote! PUERTO GAREZA!!
Top Related