8/2/2019 9780080464138
1/14
superseries
Motivating toPerform in the
WorkplaceFIFTH EDITION
Published for the
Institute of Leadership &Management
Institute of Leadership
& Management
AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD
PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
Pergamon Flexible Learning is an imprint of Elsevier
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page i
8/2/2019 9780080464138
2/14
Pergamon Flexible Learning is an imprint of ElsevierLinacre House, Jordan Hill,Oxford OX2 8DP, UK30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400,Burlington, MA 01803,USA
First edition 1986Second edition 1991Third edition 1997Fourth edition 2003Fifth edition 2007
Copyright 1986,1991, 1997, 2003,2007 ILM.Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Editor: David Pardey
Based on material in previous editions of this work
The views expressed in this work are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect those of the Institute of Leadership &Management or of the publisher
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in anyform or by any means electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise without the
prior written permission of the publisher
Permissions may be sought directly from Elseviers Science & Technology Rights Department inOxford,UK: phone (44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier website athttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material
NoticeNo responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons orproperty as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise,or from any use or operationof any methods,products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-0-08-046413-8
For information on all Pergamon Flexible Learning publicationsvisit our website at http://books.elsevier.com
Institute of Leadership & ManagementRegistered Office1 Giltspur StreetLondonEC1A 9DDTelephone:020 7294 2470www.i-l-m.comILM is part of the City & Guilds Group
Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company),Chennai, India
www.charontec.comPrinted and bound in Great Britain
07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page ii
8/2/2019 9780080464138
3/14
Contents
Series preface viiUnit specification ix
Workbook introduction xi1 ILM Super Series study links xi
2 Links to ILM qualifications xi
3 Links to S/NVQs in management xi
4 Workbook objectives xii
5 Activity planner xiii
Session A The aims and objectives of appraisal 11 Introduction 12 Defining performance appraisal 2
3 The benefits of performance appraisal 3
4 Resistance to performance appraisal 4
5 The purpose of performance appraisal 7
6 Aims and objectives of performance appraisal 9
7 Summary 18
Session B The appraisal process 191 Introduction 19
2 Planning and preparation 20
3 Assessing performance 22
4 Before the interview 29
5 At the start of the appraisal interview 32
6 During the interview 35
7 Agreeing future performance 44
8 After the interview 50
9 Summary 53
iii
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page iii
8/2/2019 9780080464138
4/14
Session C Assessment reports and records 551 Introduction 55
2 Recording systems 563 Who should have access to appraisal records? 62
4 Summary 64
Session D What is motivation? 651 Introduction 65
2 Definitions 66
3 Values and attitudes 70
4 The right atmosphere 73
5 Clear objectives 746 Summary 78
Session E Understanding behaviour at work 791 Introduction 79
2 Maslow: needs theory 80
3 McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y 84
4 Herzberg: the two-factor theory 87
5 Hackman and Oldham: internal motivation 98
6 Summary 103
Session F Giving and receiving feedback 1051 Introduction 105
2 The role of feedback in communication 106
3 Giving feedback to improve performance 110
4 Feedback in less formal situations 111
5 Receiving feedback 116
6 Summary 119
Performance checks 1211 Quick quiz 121
2 Workbook assessment 124
3 Work-based assignment 125
Contents
iv
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page iv
8/2/2019 9780080464138
5/14
v
Contents
Reflect and review 1271 Reflect and review 127
2 Action plan 1323 Extensions 134
4 Answers to self-assessment questions 135
5 Answers to activities 140
6 Answers to the quick quiz 141
7 Certificate 142
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page v
8/2/2019 9780080464138
6/14
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page vi
8/2/2019 9780080464138
7/14
vii
Series preface
Whether you are a tutor/trainer or studying management development
to further your career, Super Series provides an exciting and flexible resource
to help you to achieve your goals. The fifth edition is completely new and
up-to-date, and has been structured to perfectly match the Institute of
Leadership & Management (ILM)s new unit-based qualifications for first line
managers. It also harmonizes with the 2004 national occupational standardsin management and leadership, providing an invaluable resource for S/NVQs
at Level 3 in Management.
Super Series is equally valuable for anyone tutoring or studying any management
programmes at this level,whether leading to a qualification or not. Individual
workbooks also support short programmes,which may be recognized by ILM
as Endorsed or Development Awards, or provide the ideal way to undertake
CPD activities.
For learners,coping with all the pressures of todays world,Super Series offers
you the flexibility to study at your own pace to fit around your professional
and other commitments. You dont need a PC or to attend classes at a specifictime choose when and where to study to suit yourself! And you will always
have the complete workbook as a quick reference just when you need it.
For tutors/trainers, Super Series provides an invaluable guide to what needs
to be covered,and in what depth. It also allows learners who miss occasional
sessions to catch up by dipping into the series.
Super Series provides unrivalled support for all those involved in first line
management and supervision.
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page vii
8/2/2019 9780080464138
8/14
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page viii
8/2/2019 9780080464138
9/14
ix
Title: Motivating to perform in the workplace Unit Ref: M3.12
Level: 3
Credit value: 2
Learning outcomes Assessment criteria
The learnerwill The learnercan (in an organization with which the learner is familiar)
1. Understand the 1.1 Explain the value of formal and informal performance assessment
value of assessing in the workplace
performance to 1.2 Identify ways that could ensure fair and objective formal assessment
meet organizational
and individual
needs
2. Know how to 2.1 Outline the factors that influence how people behave at work
motivate the team 2.2 Explain how to apply one basic recognized theory of motivation
to improve to team members
permormance inthe workplace
3. Understand the 3.1 Explain the importance of feedback to improve communication
value of feedback and performance
in the workplace 3.2 Compare the effectiveness of different types of feedback
Unit specification
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page ix
8/2/2019 9780080464138
10/14
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page x
8/2/2019 9780080464138
11/14
Workbookintroduction
1 ILM Super Series study links
This workbook addresses the issues ofMotivating to Perform in the Workplace.
Should you wish to extend your study to other Super Series workbooks cov-
ering related or different subject areas, you will find a comprehensive list at the
back of this book.
2 Links to ILM qualifications
This workbook relates to the learning outcomes of Unit M3.12 Motivating to
perform in the workplace from the ILM Level 3 Award, Certificate and
Diploma in First Line Management.
3 Links to S/NVQs in management
This workbook relates to the following Units of the Management Standards
which are used in S/NVQs in Management, as well as a range of other S/NVQs:
D6. Allocate and monitor the progress and quality of work in your area of
responsibility
xi
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page xi
8/2/2019 9780080464138
12/14
Workbook introduction
xii
4 Workbook objectives
All organizations need information on how their employees are performing
and developing so that the future human resource planning and budgeting
needs of the organization can be met. It is also important to individuals that
they are given some feedback about the work they carry out. They need to
know what they do well. This motivates them and helps them to realize that
their value is appreciated. They also need to know where their performance
needs to be improved. If they dont know this then they cannot improve.
Appraisal systems provide the information that both organizations and individ-
uals need to know about performance. However, the type of system and the
techniques used vary considerably from one organization to the next. Indeedsome organizations may have no formal performance appraisal system at all.
This workbook will also assist you to contribute effectively to the perform-
ance appraisal system used in your own organization. It will also assist you in
assessing the effectiveness of your existing systems and perhaps making some
recommendations for ways in which both systems and documentation could
be improved.
But appraising performance is of no value if it doesnt lead to improvements
in performance,and at the heart of this is the need to motivate people to per-
form more effectively. The workbook reviews classical theory about motiva-
tion, some of it going back over 50 years. The subject is treated from severalpoints of view: the needs of human beings (Maslow); an examination of the
attitudes managers have towards employees (McGregor); motivation and
maintenance factors (Herzberg); the links between rewards and motivation;
internal motivation (Hackman and Oldham). All this theory may seem
daunting, but you should not find it too difficult to follow. The intention is that
by the end of the session you will have a good grasp of a number of principles
that can be applied in the workplace.
Finally, we shall look at how you can use feedback to help people recognize
the need to improve and also to acknowledge when performance meets or
surpasses the standard expected.
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page xii
8/2/2019 9780080464138
13/14
4.1 Objectives
When you have worked through this workbook you will be better able to:
define performance appraisal,and plan and prepare for a performance appraisal
interview;
agree performance objectives and monitor performance against objectives;
ask appropriate interview questions and listen to employees during inter-
views;
select appropriate methods to improve performance where necessary;
draw up action plans and complete appraisal documentation;
understand what motivates people at work;
apply appropriate motivational techniques for teams and individuals;
give and receive feedback as a means of improving performance.
5 Activity planner
The following Activities need some planning and you may want to look at
them now.
Activity 17 asks you to complete a Personal Qualities Appraisal Formfor one of your work team.
Activity 18 requires you to record some details about an informal or
formal observation on your work team carrying out a task.
Activity 19 asks you to give some information about two occasions
when you have had to examine the work of your work team.
Activity 25 questions you about any occasion when you have given a
member of your work team the opportunity to assess his or her
own work.
Activity 33 requires you to complete an action plan showing a devel-
opment area for a member of your work team.
Activity 35 requires you to discuss with a member of your work
team and agree performance ratings on the three objectives set in
Activity 17.
xiii
Workbook introduction
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page xiii
8/2/2019 9780080464138
14/14
Activity 37 suggests that you rate the telephone behaviour of a
member of your work team.
Activity 38 advises you to complete a narrative appraisal report forone of your work team.
Some or all of these Activities may provide the basis of evidence for your
S/NVQ portfolio. All Portfolio Activities and the Work-based assignment are
signposted with this icon.
The icon states the unit to which the Portfolio Activities and Work-based
assignment relate.
The Work-based assignment (on page 125) asks you to select a job you feel
would benefit from job enrichment,and to develop a plan to achieve this. This
can also be used for your portfolio of evidence and should be useful in help-ing to demonstrate your competence in ensuring that such a plan:
is consistent with team objectives and organizational values;
reflects the identified training and development needs of all personnel for
whom you have responsibility;
is clear, relevant, realistic and takes account of team and organizational con-
straints;
is agreed with individual team members and takes account of their work
activities, learning ability and personal circumstances.
In this Work-based assignment is being considered as part of the assessment
for the ILM Level 3 S/NVQ in Management, this must be agreed in advance
with your ILM Centre and external verifier. This is to ensure that the require-
ments of the qualification are met appropriately and that suitable assessment
criteria are provided to you by your ILM Centre.
Workbook introduction
xiv
Prelims-I046413.qxd 3/19/07 1:04 PM Page xiv