7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
1/50
Ocean Water Chemistry
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
2/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
3/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
4/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
5/50
http://www.nhptv.org/
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
6/50
Distribution of Earths Water
Oceans 97.2 %
Ice Caps and Glaciers 2.15 %
Atmosphere 0.001 % Rivers and Lakes 0.009 %
Inland Seas 0.008 %
Groundwater 0.625 %
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
7/50
Ocean Water is SALTY
Salinity: Total amount of dissolved solids Units: o/oo = 1/1000
Range: 33 37 o/oo
Increase in salinity: Increase in Density Decrease in Freezing Point Decrease in Vapor Pressure Increase in Osmotic Pressure
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
8/50
Origin of Salts in Oceans
Rivers(largest transport of chemicals to ocean)
Rain + CO2 H2CO3 Si, Al, Na, K, Mg
Volcanoes Cl, S, CO2
Dust / Rain Fe, Si
Anthropogenic CO2, P
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
9/50
Example Geochemical Cycle
Concept of Steady State
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
10/50
Example 2 Geochemical Cycle
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
11/50
Residence Time(T = Ocean amount/Output rate)
Concentration of elements in seawater isdetermined by their removal rate
Conservative elements:
Major Elements: Cl, Na, SO4, Mg, Ca, K- Minor Elements: Br, Sr, B, C, F
Non Conservative Elements
Nutrients: N, P, Si Dissolved gases: O2, CO2, N2 Trace Elements: Fe, Al, Mn Organic Compounds
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
12/50
Residence Time - Concentration
Element Res. Time (yrs)
Na 60 000 000
Cl 80 000 000Mg 10 000 000
K 6 000 000
SO4 9 000 000Ca 1 000 000
Mn 7 000
Fe 100
ConcentrationCrust (%) Ocean (mg/l)
2.4 10 770
0.013 19 5002.3 1 290
2.1 380
0.026 9054.1 412
0.5 0.0002
2.4 0.002
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
13/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
14/50
Dissolved Gases
Gas Solubility:Decreases with Temp. and Salinity
Increases with Pressure
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
15/50
Gases in Atmosphere & Oceans
Percent Gas Phase by Volume
Gas Atmosphere Surface Ocean Total Ocean
N2 79% 48% 11%
O2 21% 36% 6%
CO2 0.04% 15% 83%
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
16/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
17/50
Seawater pH
Pure water pH = 7
Seawater pH = 7.5 8.1
Seawater is very well buffered!
CO2(gas)+H2OH2CO3H++HCO32H
++CO32
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
18/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
19/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
20/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
21/50
H2O: Universal Polar Solvent
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
22/50
H20: Temperature and Density
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
23/50
H2O: Frozen & Liquid density
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
24/50
H2O: Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity: heat needed to changethe temperature of a substance
Water has higher heat capacity than:
All solids All liquids, except liquid ammonia
Latent heat of Vaporization: heatneeded to evaporate a liquid Water has the highest of all substances
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
25/50
Seawater: Temperature and Density
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
26/50
Seawater: Temperature and salinity
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
27/50
Seawater: Ice Formation
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
28/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
29/50
Electromagnetic wave penetration
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
30/50
Open water(low productivity)
Coastal and Estuarine waters
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
31/50
Coastal and Estuarine waters(high productivity)
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
32/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
33/50
Nuclear Missile Submarine
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
34/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
35/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
36/50
http://www.nhptv.org/
H d m s li ht p n t ti n?
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
37/50
How do we measure light penetration?
Secchi Disc
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
38/50
Water Refraction
Eschrichtius robustus
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
39/50
Sound Velocity
Influenced by Salinity, Temperatureand Pressure Increases with Salinity
Increases with Temperature Increases with Pressure
Concept of Midwater Sound Channel
Study in Detail Fig 5-19!
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
40/50
Sound Channel
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
41/50
H b k Wh l
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
42/50
Humpback WhalesMegaptera novaeangliae
G Wh l & S P s l
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
43/50
Gray Whale & Sonar Proposal
Eschrichtius robustus
G Wh l Mi i
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
44/50
Gray Whale Migration
A i P ll i
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
45/50
Acoustic Pollution
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
46/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
47/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
48/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
49/50
7/31/2019 7_Ocean Water Chemistry
50/50
Top Related