7.2 Population Growth
iGCSE Economics
Learning Outcomes
• describe the factors that affect population growth (birth rate, death rate, fertility rate, net migration) and
• discuss reasons for the different rates of growth in different countries
• analyse the problems and consequences of these population changes for countries at different stages of development
• describe the effects of changing size and structure of population on an economy
2
The world population reached 1 billion in around 1804 and 2 billion by 1927
By 2010 the world population had reached almost 7 billion and is expected to grow to 9 billion by 2050. Around 90% of all these people will live in countries currently considered as developing
Population Growth
4
Let’s see what Hans has to say….
• Watch the video “Population growth box by box’
• Summarise the key points he is making
5
What are the main factors that will affect the size of the population within a particular country?
Now let’s see what National Geographic have to say….
• Watch the video‘7 billion National
Geographic’
Key Questions…..• What are they key world trends with regards to population?• What are the key causes of population growth?• Within a country, what factors will affect the following Birth Rates
– Death Rates– Fertility Rates– Net Migration
• What are the benefits of population growth?• What problems can rapid population growth cause in an economy?• How will Developed Economies and Less Developed Economies differ in terms of
the structure of their population including:– Age Distribution– Dependency Ratios – Geographical Distribution– Occupational Distribution
• What problems can an aging population have for an economy?• What factors may cause a gender imbalance in population?• What can be done to reduce population growth?
Video
• Watch the BBC documentary ‘Overpopulated’
• Answer as many of the questions as you can
8
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SIZE OF THE POPULATION
9
Births
Deaths
Net Migration
Video
• ‘7 million – How did we get so big so fast?’
10
births - deaths = natural rate of population growth
What causes population growth?
BIRTH RATES
12
Birth rate = births per 1,000 people in a population
Highest birth rates(40 or more births
per 1,000)
Niger, Uganda, Mali, Zambia, Burkino Faso, Ethiopia,
Angola, Somalia, Burundi
Lowest birth rates(Less than 9 births
per 1,000)
Czech Republic, Austria,
South Korea, Singapore, Germany,
Hong Kong, Japan, Monaco
Birth Rates
World average
= 19
Why do birth rates tend to be lower in developed countries and higher in developing countries?
What has caused birth rates to fall in many developed and rapidly developing countries?
• Living standards are rising
•Rising living costs
•Falling fertility rates
• There is increased use of contraception
• There is increased female employment
• People are marrying later in life
Why are birth rates high in many less-developed countries?
• Living standards are poor
• There are high child mortality rates
• Custom, religion and lack of education prevent contraception
DEATH RATES
15
Death rate = deaths per 1,000 people in a population
Lowest death rates(Less than 3 deaths
per 1,000)
Sint Maarten, Jordan, Turks and
Caicos Islands, Bahrain, Qatar,
Kuwait, United Arab Emirates
Highest death rates(15 or more deaths
per 1,000)
Angola, Afghanistan, South Africa, Nigeria,
Russia, Ukraine, Chad, Guinea-
Bissou, Lesotho, Central African
Republic
Death Rates
World average
= 9
What affects the death rate within a country?
Factors that affect death rates are:
• living standards
• quality and availability of health care
• natural disasters and wars
17
NET MIGRATION
What is the difference between Emigration and Immigration?
18
Net Migration
immigration
emigration
Net inward
migration
Net outward
migration
Why do people choose to migrate?What are the benefits/drawbacks of net inward migrationWhat are the benefits/drawbacks of net inward migration
Net inward migration Net outward migration
immigration
emigration
Most cross-border migration involves people of working age seeking employment, higher wages and improved living standards in other countries
• increases working population
• increases demand for housing, schools, health care and other public services
• increases pressure on resources
• reduces working population
• means loss of most skilled and productive labour and entrepreneurs
• causes fall in output and economic growth
Net Migration
Age and sex distribution Occupational distribution
Geographic distribution
STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION
People in work and who are economically active produce goods and services for those who are not
The dependent population of a country includes the very young, schoolchildren, students, housewives and old-age pensioners
The higher the dependency ratio, the greater the burden on the working population and on scarce resources to support people who are not economically active
Dependency ratios are rising:
•There are high birth rates in less-developed countries
•The school leaving age is being raised in many economies
•There are low death rates and growing numbers of old people in developed economies
Dependency ratio =dependent population
working population
The Dependent Population
In 2010, 11% of the world population was over 60. It is expected to reach 22%, or 2 billion people, by 2050. One in every three people in developed countries will be over 65 by this time.
High death rate
High birth rate and falling child mortality
as health care improves
Low death rate
Low birth rate
Dependency ratios rising due to ageing population
Dependency ratios rising due to increasing numbers of children
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Age and Sex Distribution
The world’s oldest and youngest
Gender imbalance, an excess of males or females, has been observed in a number of countries. Why? Possibly because of:
•wars resulting in many deaths among young males
•violence towards females, driving them from some societies
•Difference in life expectancies between men and women
•sex selection by parents through abortion
•gender-based infanticide (selective killing of children of one sex) •sex-specific inward migration, e.g by male guest workers brought in to work in construction and other heavy industries
NORMAL SEX RATIO
1:1
SEX RATIO AT 85 YEARS
1:1.5
CHINA: SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
1.2:1
Gender Imbalance?
Around half the world’s population currently live in urban areas
This is expected to rise to around 60%, or 5 billion people, by 2030
Rapid growth of cities is depleting resources, and increasing congestion and pollution
Most densely populated Macau peninsula
18,524 people per km2
Least densely populated Greenland
0.026 people per km2
Most densely populated city
Manila, Philippines43,000 people per km2
Population Density
Developed Developing Less-developed
% employment by main industrial sector
More than 80% employed in services
Andorra, Antigua & Barbuda, Gaza, Israel, Luxembourg, UAE, UK, USA
More than 90% employed in agriculture
Angola, Burkino Faso, Burundi, Chad, Lesotho, Niger, Rwanda
Occupational Distribution
HANDLING POPULATION GROWTH
What can governments do if they are concerned about the problems associated with population growth?
29
Video
• India – Coping with Population growth
30
Research Task• Pick a countryUsing this website….. Do a bit of researchhttp://www.geohive.com/default.aspxResearch and add the following information:• Size of the country’s population from 1950 – 2050• Urbanity of countries from 1950 -2050• HDI index from 1980-2011Current data for:• Gender balance• Occupational distribution by industry sector (Use wikipedia)• Age Structure (if available)• Population Density• Life Expectancy• Children Born per Woman
Then……
• Comment on each of the pieces of data that you have researched
You could include:• Key trends• Whether they were what you expected• What you think are the causes
32
Top Related