2. Introduction Iron is one of the most important elements in
nutrition of fundamental importance in life Inadequate intake of
iron leads to IDA IDA is a problem of serious PHS, given its IDA is
a problem of serious PHS, given its importance on psychological and
physical development, behavior and work performance. It is the most
prevalent nutritional problem in the world today, affecting more
than 800 million people.
3. Functions: The body of an adult man contains 3-4gm of iron,
of which >2/3 is present in hgb constituent of Hgb, myoglobin,
the cytochromes, catalase, peroxidase, and certain other
enzymescatalase, peroxidase, and certain other enzymes Important in
oxygen transport Cellular respiration & tissue oxidation
4. Physiology Takes place in the stomach and through out the
small intestine; however, the greatest absorption occurs in the
upper part of Small intestineintestine Only 10% of the iron present
in cereals, vegs, and pulses is absorbed 30% from meat; 20% from
soyabean; and 15% from fish
5. Causes: The immediate causes are inadequate intake of iron
and infection other conditions that lead to iron deficiency are
depicted in figure 1.are depicted in figure 1. Infection is the
commonest cause and congenital abnormalities (hemolytic diseases)
do rarely cause public health importance
6. REQUIREMENT Age Amount required 0-6 months 6-12 months 1-3
years 40mcg 50mcg 70mcg1-3 years 4-6 years 7-10 years 11+ years
Pregnant Lactating 70mcg 90mcg 120mcg 150mcg 375mcg 200mcg 6
7. Causes cont
8. Consequences Infants and children Impaired motor development
and coordination Impaired language development and scholastic
achievement Psychological and behavioral effects, fatigue
insecurity etc. Decreased physical activity Decreased physical
activity In adults of both sexes Decreased physical work and
earning capacity Decreased resistance to fatigue In pregnant women
Increased maternal morbidity and mortality Increased fatal
morbidity and mortality Increased risk of low birth weight
10. Type of food iron: Heme: organic, efficiently absorbed
Non-heme: inorganic. Less bioavailable
11. Risk groups: Primary School children, and Women of
reproductive age (pregnant & lactating)
12. Determinates of Iron Absorption Dietary factor: Enhancers:
Ascorbic acid, low ph, poultry and other sea food Inhibitors:
Phytates, and poly phenols Inhibitors: Phytates, and poly phenols
Host factor: Iron status Health status (infection,
mal-absorption)
13. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM (GLOBAL) ID is considerably more
prevalent in the developing world and in the industrialized world
(36% VS 3) Except for adult males, the estimated prevalence of
anemia in all groups is more thanprevalence of anemia in all groups
is more than 40% in both regions and is as high as 65% in pregnant
women in South Asia in Latin America the prevalence of anemia is
lower, ranging from 13% in adult males to 30% in pregnant women. In
Asia prevalence ranges from 11% in adult males to 22% in school
age
14. Cont Young children and pregnant women are the most
affected with an estimated prevalence of 43% and 51% respectively.
Anemia prevalence among school age children is 37%, non pregnant
women 35% and adultis 37%, non pregnant women 35% and adult males
18%.
15. Affected 5% 2% 14% 1% 3% Africa America S.East Asia 3% 25%
50% S.East Asia Europe E.Mediterranean W. Pacific Total Population
affected by IDA, WHO 1993Population affected by IDA, WHO 1993
16. National status Nutritional anemia in Ethiopia has not yet
been studied in the general population However experience from
certain hospitals in the country indicated IDA to be prevailingthe
country indicated IDA to be prevailing According to the assessment
of IDA among pregnant and lactating mothers carried out in the
rural parts of the nation, the following was reported;
17. The national report Study Period Indicators (hgb & SF)
1999-nationwide Mean=18.4% among PLW 2000-work done in urban slum
communities, AA (21.2%) among lactating2000-work done in urban slum
communities, AA (21.2%) among lactating mothers 2005
survey-nationwide 18.1 2005 EDHS nationwide (anemia ) Women -30.4
based on hgb Children -54.0based on hgb
18. Severity of IDA and their public health importance Low Hgb
for age Severity of IDA Action suggested 40% Severe Intervene using
medicinal tablets
19. Methods of assessments - Clinical sign and symptoms of
anemia - Biochemical
20. Control and prevention of IDA Treatment of cases The
treatment of IDA is technically quite simple, requiring only the
administration of medicinal Iron. Prevention: Is somewhat more
complexPrevention: Is somewhat more complex however; the simpler
ones can be applied through primary health care Iron
supplementation De-worming Dietary modification and fortification
Nutrition education Control of direct causes such as malaria