CMPDI
Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of Open Cast Coal Mines Less than 5 million Cu. m. (OB +Coal) of Western Coalfield Limited based on Satellite Data for the Year 2011
Gondegaon OCP
Submitted to
Western Coalfield Limited
CMPDI
Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of Open Cast
Coal Mines less than 5 million Cu.m. (OB+Coal) of Western Coalfields Limited based on Satellite Data for the Year 2011
March-2012
Remote Sensing Cell Geomatics Division
CMPDI, Ranchi
jobNo.56440828(WCL) i
CMPDI
CONTENTS Executive Summary iv-vi
1.0 Background 1
2.0 Objective 2
3.0 Methodology 2 4.0 Land Reclamation in Western Coalfield Limited 6
List of Tables
Table – 1 Project wise Land Reclamation Status vi
Table – 2 Land use / reclamation status in Opencast Project of WCL
7
List of Plates
Plate -1 Land Use/Cover map of Kolegaon OCP 8
Plate -2 Land Use/Cover map of Naigaon OCP 9
Plate -3 Land Use/Cover map of Ghonsa OCP 10
Plate -4 Land Use/Cover map of Ballarpur OCP 11
Plate -5 Land Use/Cover map of Junad OCP 12
Plate -6 Land Use/Cover map of UrdhanOCP 13
Plate -7 Land Use/Cover map of Telwasa OCP 14
Plate -8 Land Use/Cover map of Gouri –I&II OCP 15
Plate -9 Land Use/Cover map of Bhatadi OCP 16
Plate -10 Land Use/Cover map of Gondegaon OCP 17
Plate -11 Land Use/Cover map of Kolar-Pimpri OCP 18
Plate -12 Land Use/Cover map of Chhinda OCP 19
Plate -13 Land Use/Cover map of Gouri Deep OCP 20
Plate -14 Land Use/Cover map of Juna-Kunada OCP 21
Job No.564408028(WCL) ii
CMPDI List of Bar Chart Figures Figures
Job No. 564408028(WCL) iii
Fig – 1 Status of Land Reclamation in KolegaonOCP 22
Fig – 2 Status of Land Reclamation in Naigaon OCP
22
Fig – 3 Status of Land Reclamation in Ghonsa OCP 23
Fig – 4 Status of Land Reclamation in Ballarpur OCP 23 Fig – 5 Fig - 6 Fig - 7 Fig - 8 Fig - 9 Fig- 10 Fig- 11 Fig - 12 Fig- 13 Fig - 14
Status of Land Reclamation in Junad OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Urdhan OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Telwasa OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Gouri I&II OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Bhatadi OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Gondegaon OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Gouri Deep OCP Land Use/Cover map of Kolar- Pimpri OCP Land Use/Cover map of Gouri Deep OCP Land Use/Cover map of Juna-Kunada OCP
24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28
CMPDI
Executive Summary
1.0 Project Land restoration / reclamation monitoring of fourteen opencast coal mines of Western Coalfield Limited. (WCL) producing less than 5 million cu.m. (Coal+OB) per year, based on satellite data on regular basis at an interval of three years.
2.0 Objective Objective of the land restoration / reclamation
monitoring is to assess the area of backfilled, plantation, social forestry, active mining area, water bodies, and distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest in the leasehold area of the project. This will help in assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and to take up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection.
3.0 Salient Finding
• Out of the total mine leasehold area of 5176.66 Ha. Of the 14 opencast projects of SECL viz.Kolegaon, Naigaon, Ghonsa, Ballarpur, Junad, Urdhan, Telwasa, Gouri-I&II, Bhatadi ,Gondegaon, Kolar-Pimpri Chhinda Gouri Deep and Juna-Kunada considered for monitoring during year 2011-12; total excavated area is 2345.17Ha (45.30%) of which 643.68Ha. area (27.45%) has been planted, 1078.30 Ha. area (45.98%) has been backfilled and 623.19Ha. area (26.57%) is under active mining. Project wise details are given in Table-1 & Fig-1
JobNo.564408028 (WCL) iv
CMPDI
Projectwise Land Reclamation Status in Opencast Project of WCL
< 5 Million Cu.M of coal + OB) based on Satellite Data of the year 2011 (% Calculated in terms of Total Excavated Area) in Ha
Area inHa Leashold Plantation Backfilled Active
Mining Total
Excavated Area
Total Reclaimed
area
i ii iii iv ii+iii+iv ii+iii
Sl. No.
Project Name
in (Ha) 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011
38.18 66.35 42.20 146.73 104.53 1 Kolegaon 349.00
26.02 45.22 28.76 71.24 27.30 80.37 57.00 164.67 107.67
2 Naigaon 398.66 16.58 48.81 34.61 65.39 0.56 59.50 45.20 105.26 60.06
3 Ghonsa 293.64 0.53 40.37 30.66 57.06 58.82 47.28 22.79 128.89 106.10
4 Ballarpur 242.64 55.93 29.74 14.33 82.32 17.98 71.25 30.52 119.75 89.23
5 Junad 163.64 15.01 55.15 23.62 74.51 0.00 55.66 8.35 64.01 55.66
6 Urdhan 315.00 0 30.82 4.62 86.96
29.23 77.61 70.81 177.65 106.84 7 Telwasa 266.00
16.45 43.69 33.52 60.14 232.88 256.44 65.7 555.02 489.32
8 Gouri I&II (Amalgamated)
676.53 41.96 46.20 11.84 88.16 11.74 98.15 54.96 164.85 109.89
9 Bhatadi 398.66 7.12 59.54 33.34 66.66 105.57 117.44 87.61 310.62 223.01
10 Gondegaon 917.00 33.99 37.81 28.20 71.80 89.02 125.09 121.81 335.92 214.11
11 Kolar‐Pimpri 508.23 26.50 37.24 36.26 63.74 22.53 21.76 16.24 60.53 44.29
12 Chhinda 106.68 37.22 35.95 26.83 73.17 0 0 0 0 0.00
13 Gouri Deep 356.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 9.87 1.40 0 11.27 11.27
14 Juna Kunada 184.87 87.58 12.42 0 100.00
Total (WCL) 5176.66 643.68 1078.30 623.19 2345.17 1721.98 27.45 45.98 26.57 45.30 73.43
JobNo.564408028(WCL) V
CMPDI
CMPDI
Fig.1: Bar Chart showing Land reclamation status in OC projects of WCL in the year-2011
JobNo.564408028(WCL) vi
CMPDI
Job No 564408028/(WCL) 1
1.0 Background
1.1 Land is the most important natural resource which embodies soil, water, flora, fauna and
total ecosystem. All human activities are based on the land which is the most scarce
natural resource in our country. Mining is a site specific industry and it could not be shifted
anywhere else from the location where mineral occurs. It is a fact that surface mining
activities do effect the land environment due to ground breaking. Therefore, there is an
urgent need to reclaim and restore the mined out land for its productive use for sustainable
development of mining. This will not only mitigate environmental degradation, but would
also help in creating a more congenial environment for land acquisition by coal companies
in future.
1.2 Keeping above in view, Coal India Ltd. (CIL) issued a work order vide letter no.
CIL/WBP/Env/2009/2428 dated 29.12.2009 to Central Mine Planning & Design Institute
(CMPDI), Ranchi, for monitoring land reclamation. status of all the opencast coal mines
having production of more than 5 million m3 per annum (coal + OB) taken together per
annum) based on remote sensing satellite data, regularly on annual basis for sustainable
development of mining. Further, another work order vide letter no.
CIL/WBP/ENV./2011/3687dated23/08/11 was issued by CIL for monitoring of less than 5
million m3 per annum capacity (Coal +OB) projects from the year 2011 at interval of three
years. The result of land reclamation status of all such mines to be put on the website of
CIL, (www.coalindia.in), CMPDI (www.cmpdi.co.in) and the concerned coal companies in
public domain. Detail report to be submitted to Coal India and respective subsidiaries.
1.3 Land reclamation monitoring of all opencast coal mining projects would also comply the
statutory requirements of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF).Such monitoring would not
only facilitate in taking timely mitigation measures against environmental degradation but would
also enable coal companies to utilize the reclaimed land for larger socio-economic benefits in a
planned way.
CMPDI
Job No 564408028/(WCL) 2
1.4 Present report is embodying the finding of the study based on satellite data of the year 2011
carried out for fourteen OC projects producing less than 5million cu.m. (coal+OB) of Western
Coalfield Ltd.
2.0 Objective Objective of the land reclamation/restoration monitoring is to assess the area of backfilled,
plantation, OB dumps, social forestry, active mining area, settlements and water bodies,
distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest land in the leasehold area of the
project. This is an important step taken up for assessing the progressive status of mined
land reclamation and for taking up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental
protection.
3.0 Methodology
There are number of steps involved between raw satellite data procurement and
preparation of final map. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad, being the
nodal agency for satellite data supply in India, provides only raw digital satellite data, which
needs further digital image processing for extracting the information and map preparation
before uploading the same in the website. Methodology for land reclamation monitoring is
given in given in Fig 2. Following steps are involved in land reclamation /restoration
monitoring
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Job No 564408028/(WCL) 3
3.1 Data Procurement: After browsing the data quality and date of pass on internet, supply
order for data is placed to NRSC. Secondary data like leasehold boundary, topo sheets are
procured for creation of vector database.
3.2 Satellite Data Processing: Satellite data are processed using PCI GEOMATICA /
ERDAS IMAGINE digital image processing s/w. Methodology involves the following major
steps.
Rectification & Geo-referencing:Inaccuracies in digital imagery may occur due to
systematic errors’ attributed to earth curvature and rotation as well as ‘non-
systematic errors’ attributed to satellite receiving station itself. Raw digital images
contain geometric distortions, which make them unusable as maps. Therefore,
CMPDI
Job No 564408028/(WCL) 4
geo- referencing is required for correction of image data using ground control
points (GCP) to make it compatible to SoI topo sheet.
• Image enhancement:
To improve the interpretability of the raw data, image enhancement is necessary.
Local operations modify the value of each pixel based on brightness value of
neighbouring pixels using PCI Geomatica / ERDAS IMAGINE 9.3 s/w. and enhance
the image quality for interpretation.
• Training set selection
Training set requires to be selected, so that software can classify the image data
accurately. The image data are analysed based on the interpretation keys. These
keys are evolved from certain fundamental image-elements such as tone/colour,
size, shape, texture, pattern, location, association and shadow. Based on the image-
elements and other geo-technical elements like land form, drainage pattern and
physiography; training sets were selected/identified for each land use/cover class.
Field survey was carried out by taking selective traverses in order to collect the
ground information (or reference data) so that training sets are selected accurately in
the image. This was intended to serve as an aid for classification.
• Classification and Accuracy Assessment
Image classification is carried out using the maximum l ikelihood algorithm.The classification proceeds through the following steps: (a )calculation ofstatistics [i.e. signature generation] for the identified training areas, and(b) the decision boundary of maximum probability based on the mean vector, variance, covariance and correlation matrix of the pixels. After evaluating the statistical parameters of the training sets, reliability test of training sets is conducted by measuring the statistical separation between the classes that resulted from computing divergence matrix. The overall accuracy of the classification was finally assessed with reference to ground truth data.
CMPDI
Job No 564408028/(WCL) 5
• Area calculation
The area of each land use class in the leasehold is determined using PCI Geomatica
v10.1 / ERDAS IMAGINE v. 9.3 software.
• Overlay of Vector data base
Vector data base created based on secondary data. Vector layer like drainage,
railway line, leasehold boundary, forest boundary etc. are superimposed on the
image as vector layer in the Arc GIS database.
• Pre-field map preparation
Pre-field map is prepared for validation of the classification result
3.3 Ground Truthing:
Selective ground verification of the land use classes are carried out in the field and
necessary corrections if required, are incorporated before map finalization.
3.4 Land reclamation database on GIS:
Land reclamation database is created on GIS platform to identify the temporal changes identified from satellite data of different cut-off dates for these proj
CMPDI
Job No 564408028/(WCL) 6
4.0 Land Reclamation Status in Western Coalfield Limited
4.1 Following Fourteen opencast projects of WCL producing less than 5 million cubic m.
(Coal+OB) together, were taken up for land reclamation monitoring during the year 2011.
Kolagaon
Naigaon
Ghonsa
Ballarpur
Junad
Urdhan
Telwasa
Gouri I &II (Amalgamated)
Bhatadi
Gondegaon
Kolar-Pimpri
Chhinda
Gouri Deep
Juna Kunada
4.2 Area statistics of different land use class present in the mine leasehold of the above projects
for the year 2011 are shown in the Table - 1. Land use maps derived from satellite data are
shown in Plate 1-14. Different land use classes based on satellite data are depicted in Bar
Charts in Fig.3-16
4.3 Study reveals that out of total 2345.17 Ha. excavated area; 1721.98 Ha. area (73.43%) has
already been reclaimed out of which 643.68 Ha. (27.45%) area has been revegitated
(biologically reclaimed) and 1078.30 Ha. (45.98%) area is backfilled (technically reclaimed)
4.4 This study will again will be carried out after an interval of three years to assess the land
reclamation status in the above projects.
CMPDI
Job No 564408028/(WCL) 7
Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area %
Dense Forest 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.01
Open Forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.90 15.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.90 0.93
Total Forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.27 15.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.27 0.94
Scrubs 82.61 23.67 44.49 11.16 42.14 14.35 30.11 12.41 9.45 5.78 68.30 21.68 33.60 12.63 29.71 4.39 40.39 10.13 162.08 17.67 48.07 9.46 9.11 8.54 96.73 27.17 16.83 9.11 713.62 13.79
Social Forestry 30.78 8.82 11.07 2.78 0.56 0.19 1.96 0.81 4.99 3.05 0.00 0.00 22.08 8.30 112.71 16.66 11.74 2.94 65.36 7.13 8.09 1.59 3.04 2.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 272.38 5.26
Plantation on OB Dump 7.40 2.12 10.03 2.52 0.00 0.00 49.97 20.59 12.99 7.94 0.00 0.00 4.70 1.77 113.29 16.75 0.00 0.00 40.21 4.38 80.93 15.92 19.49 18.27 0.00 0.00 9.87 5.34 348.88 6.74
Plantation on Backfill 0.00 0.00 6.20 1.56 0.00 0.00 6.89 2.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.45 0.92 6.88 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.42 0.43
Total Plantation (Biological Reclamation) 38.18 10.94 27.30 6.86 0.56 0.19 58.82 24.24 17.98 10.99 0.00 0.00 29.23 10.99 232.88 34.43 11.74 2.94 105.57 11.51 89.02 17.51 22.53 21.12 0.00 0.00 9.87 5.34 643.68 12.43Total Vegetation 120.79 34.61 71.79 18.03 42.70 14.54 88.93 36.65 27.43 16.77 116.57 37.01 62.83 23.62 262.59 38.82 52.13 13.07 267.65 29.18 137.09 26.97 31.64 29.66 96.73 27.17 26.70 14.45 1405.57 27.16
Coal Quarry 34.10 9.77 56.44 14.15 42.22 14.38 13.96 5.76 27.45 16.77 8.35 2.65 57.07 21.46 59.71 8.82 45.75 11.48 80.95 8.83 77.54 15.25 14.90 13.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 518.44 10.01
Coal Dump 2.95 0.85 0.56 0.14 2.00 0.68 1.53 0.63 1.40 0.86 0.00 0.00 5.41 2.03 4.36 0.64 2.13 0.53 1.87 0.20 2.38 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.59 0.48
Advance Quarry Site 4.10 1.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.07 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.63 0.24 4.68 1.17 0.00 0.00 12.18 2.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.66 0.52
Quarry Filled With Water 1.05 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.34 3.23 1.33 1.67 1.02 0.00 0.00 8.33 3.13 0.00 0.00 2.40 0.60 4.79 0.52 29.71 5.85 1.34 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.50 1.03
Total Area under Active Mining 42.20 12.09 57.00 14.29 45.20 15.40 22.79 9.40 30.52 18.65 8.35 2.65 70.81 26.62 65.70 9.70 54.96 13.78 87.61 9.55 121.81 23.97 16.24 15.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 623.19 12.04
Barren OB Dump 66.35 19.01 28.58 7.17 59.50 20.26 29.72 12.25 67.52 41.26 55.66 17.67 60.94 22.91 163.50 24.17 98.15 24.62 100.87 11.00 105.59 20.78 21.76 20.40 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.75 859.54 16.60
Barren Backfilled Area 0.00 0.00 51.79 12.98 0.00 0.00 17.56 7.24 3.73 2.28 0.00 0.00 16.67 6.27 92.94 13.74 0.00 0.00 16.57 1.81 19.50 3.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 218.76 4.23
Total Area under Technical Reclamation 66.35 19.01 80.37 20.15 59.50 20.26 47.28 19.49 71.25 43.54 55.66 17.67 77.61 29.18 256.44 37.91 98.15 24.62 117.44 12.81 125.09 24.62 21.76 20.40 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.75 1078.30 20.83Total Area Under Mine Operation 108.55 31.10 137.37 34.44 104.70 35.66 70.07 28.89 101.77 62.19 64.01 20.32 148.42 55.80 322.14 47.61 153.11 38.40 205.05 22.36 246.90 48.59 38.00 35.62 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.75 1701.49 32.87
Waste Lands 51.63 14.79 16.43 4.12 13.54 4.61 1.43 0.59 3.11 1.90 34.80 11.05 32.03 12.04 32.60 4.82 30.32 7.61 46.26 5.05 10.05 1.98 1.17 1.10 7.41 2.07 0.00 0.00 280.78 5.42
Fly Ash Pond / Sand Body 4.11 1.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.92 2.03 0.17 0.10 0.05 0.02 1.73 0.65 16.37 2.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.25 3.03 0.85 1.72 0.93 32.37 0.63
Total Wasteland 55.74 15.97 16.43 4.12 13.54 4.61 6.35 2.62 3.28 2.00 34.85 11.07 33.76 12.69 48.97 7.24 30.32 7.61 46.26 5.05 10.05 1.98 1.44 1.35 10.44 2.92 1.72 0.93 313.15 6.05
Reservoir, nallah, ponds 1.00 0.29 0.37 0.09 0.00 0.00 36.57 15.05 0.17 0.10 0.03 0.01 0.72 0.27 10.10 1.50 0.88 0.22 0.00 0.00 1.21 0.24 1.82 1.71 0.59 0.17 0.00 0.00 53.46 1.03
Total Waterbodies 1.00 0.29 0.37 0.09 0.00 0.00 36.57 15.05 0.17 0.1 0.03 0.01 0.72 0.27 10.10 1.50 0.88 0.22 0.00 0.00 1.21 0.24 1.82 1.71 0.59 0.17 0 0 53.46 1.03
Crop Lands 22.89 6.56 69.90 17.53 65.39 22.27 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.30 0.00 0.00 2.07 0.78 0.97 0.14 7.51 1.89 200.16 21.83 7.15 1.41 0.31 0.29 60.86 17.09 52.59 28.45 490.29 9.47
Fallow Lands 39.44 11.30 102.62 25.74 66.01 22.48 40.34 16.63 29.99 18.33 98.09 31.13 14.16 5.32 29.02 4.29 150.09 37.65 186.80 20.37 101.77 20.02 31.61 29.63 187.49 52.65 102.46 55.42 1179.89 22.79
Total Agriculture 62.33 17.86 172.52 43.27 131.40 44.75 40.34 16.63 30.48 18.63 98.09 31.13 16.23 6.10 29.99 4.43 157.60 39.54 386.96 42.20 108.92 21.43 31.92 29.92 248.35 69.74 155.05 83.87 1670.18 32.26
Urban Settlement 0.30 0.09 0.07 0.02 1.30 0.44 0.20 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 2.85 1.07 0.61 0.09 3.35 0.84 4.33 0.43 0.23 0.04 0.32 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.66 0.26
Rural Settlement 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.05 0.00 0.00 1.45 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.04 0.00 0.00 5.03 0.55 3.57 0.70 1.54 1.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.99 0.23
Industrial Settlement 0.29 0.08 0.11 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.41 0.26 0.00 0.00 1.19 0.45 1.85 0.27 1.27 0.32 1.71 0.19 0.26 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.15 0.14
Total Settlement 0.59 0.17 0.18 0.05 1.30 0.44 0.38 0.16 0.51 0.31 1.45 0.46 4.04 1.52 2.74 0.40 4.62 1.16 11.07 1.17 4.06 0.79 1.86 1.74 0 0 0 0 32.80 0.63Grand Total 349.00 100.00 398.66 100.00 293.64 100.00 242.64 100.00 163.64 100.00 315.00 100.00 266.00 100.00 676.53 100.00 398.66 100.00 917.00 100.00 508.23 100.00 106.68 100.00 356.11 100.00 184.87 100.00 5176.65 100.00
Bhatadi Gondegaon Kolar‐Pimpri Chhinda Gouri DeepKolagaon Naigaon Ghonsa TotalBallarpur Junad Urdhan Telwasa Gouri ‐I&II Juna Kunada
Table 2
Land Use / Reclamation Status in opencast projects of WCL producing ,< than 5 mcm of (Coal + OB)
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PLATE- 1
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PLATE- 2
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PLATE- 3
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PLATE-4
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PLAT E -5
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PLATE -6
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PLATE-7
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PLAT E-8 PLATE-8
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PLATE-9
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PLAT E -10
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PLAT E- 11
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PLAT E- 12
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PLAT E -13
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PLAT E -14
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Fig – 3
Fig – 4
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Fig – 5
Fig – 6
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Fig-7
Fig-8
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Fig-9
Fig-10
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Fig -11 Fig-12
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Fig-13 Fig-14
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Fig-15
Fig-16
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Photograph -1: Plantation on OB dump in Naigaon Opencast Project
Photograph- 2: Plantation on OB Dump in Ballarpur Opencast Project
JobNo564408028(WCL) 29
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Photograph- 3: Plantation on OB Dump in Kolegaon Opencast Project
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