PROCEEDINGS
31st International
Symposium on
Ballistics
Edited by
Dr. V. K. SaraswatMember NITI Aayog, Government ofIndia
Dr. G. Satheesh ReddySecretary Department ofDefence (R&D), Chairman DRDO, Government ofIndia,
Chairman AeSI Hyderabad Branch
Clive WoodleyImperial College, UK
Hyderabad, India
4-8 November 2019
Organised by The Aeronautical Society of India, Hyderabad Branch
with the cooperation ofthe International Ballistics Society (IBS)
VOLUME 2
TERMINAL BALLISTIC*,,
EXPLOSION MECHANICS'VULNERABILITY AND SURVIVABILITY
nDEStech Publications, Inc.
Table ofContents xix
VOLUME 2
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
Oblique Penetration of Metal Plates by 25MM APDS-T
Projectile—Modelingand Verification 1225
MOSHE RAVID, ALON WEISS, ASAF BORENSTEIN,
VADIM FAVORSKY and NIMROD SHAPIRA
Analysis of the Effect on the Shock Initiation Performance
for Booster Charge Structures Parameters 1235
BIN LIANG, JIEQUN ZHOU, XIAOHAI SHI, CHUNXIANG YU
and YUNSHAN BAI
Investigation on the Penetration Performance and Penetration
Mechanism of 93W Alloys Fragments 1247
JIANAN HE, GUANGYAN HUANG, XINYU CUI
and SHUNSHAN FENG
XX Table ofContents
Influence of Intermediate Layers in Reactive Armour Modules
on the Protection Capability 1260
EWA LIDEN, ANDREAS HELTE and JONAS LUNDGREN
Numerical and Experimental Study on the Deformation Behavior
of 9-MM Parabellum Bullet Impact to the Concrete Target 1272
FANGDONG DONG, BIN CUI, WEI WEI, SHU WANG
and GUANGHUAWANG
Effect of Resin on Laminate Ballistic Performance Subjected to
Small and Large Calibre Projectiles 1285
P. RAMA SUBBA REDDY, T. SREEKANTHA REDDY and V. MADHU
Blast Mitigation Study in Composite Materials 1293
INDERPAL SINGH SANDHU, ANKUSH SHARMA,MEENAKSHI BHATT KALA, PRASHANT S. ALEGAONKAR,
MANPREET SINGH, RAMA ARORA and D. R. SAROHA
Damage Evaluation and Debris Plume Analysis for Spaced TargetUnder High Velocity Impact Conditions 1305
RAJNISH GOYAL and V. VENKATARAMAN
Bumper Efficacy Against Hypervelocity Impact of Projectiles in a
Shot Line with Temporal Spacing at High Obliquity 1312
K. D. DHOTE, DEEP KAMAL SACHAN, T. HARTMANN
and E. ROTTENKOLBER
Design of an Anti-Impact Structure in a Certain Fuze 1321
MENGMENG HAN, HE YANG, DONGJIE LI, WEI LIU and JUN Ql
A Comparison on Ballistic Performance of Alumina Segments with
Alumina Tiles Using DOP Test Method 1329
S. G. SAVIO and V. MADHU
Ballistic Performance of High Strength Steel and Aluminum Plates
Against Spherical Tungsten Fragments 1341
G. S. WANG, P. APPELGREN, M. INGVARSSON, URBAN WIDING
and P. LUNDBERG
Comparing Numerical Penetration Modeling of a Monobloc
Projectile Into Class B Armor to Empirical Results 1353
TRAVIS G. CHEWNING-KULICK, STEPHEN S. RECCHIA,
NATHAN OKUN and DONALD E. CARLUCCI
BulletPenetration intoMediumDensityFibreboard Targets 1363
L. KOENE and F.R. BROEKHUIS
Table ofContents xxi
Possibility of Increase in Penetration Depth into Soil and Rocky
Targets of Composite Projectiles with the Tail Part Thrown Back
During Penetration 1374
V. A. VELDANOV, S. V. FEDOROV and M. YU. SOTSKIY
Assessing the Service Life of Aged Body Amour Products
(Helmet-Vest-Insert) 1384
R. RATROUT, H. AL-TA'AMNEH, S.AL MAJALI, I. RAWASHDEH,A. AL SARDYAH, A. ALDARADKEH and S. OBEIDAT
Numerical Simulation on the Penetration Efficiency of
Non-Circular Rods 1393
LEI GUO, YONG HE, XUCHAO PAN, XUN HE, YUAN HE
and CHUANTING WANG
Experimentation Using Hot and Cold Steel Plate Targets Against7.62 x 54RMM B32 API Ammunition 1400
C. GIRDLESTONE, P. PITCHER, A. COOK, N. J. LYNCH
and D. PATTEN
Ballistic and Blast Performance ofBrick Masonry Walls 1407
STANISLAV ROLC, JAROSLAV BUCHAR, JAN KRESTAN,
RADEK RIDKY and PAVEL CALKOVSKY
Numerical Simulation of Ballistic Impact on Different Types of
Helmets 1417
STANISLAV ROLC, JAROSLAV BUCHAR, JAN KRESTAN,RADEK RIDKY and IRENA BERANKOVA
Using of Fluoropolymer Materials to Defeat Lightly Armored
and Easily Vulnerable Targets 1427
ZAVODOVA TAT IANA EVGENIEVNA,KHMELNIKOV EVGENYALEXANDROVICH
and SMAGIN KONSTANTIN VLADIMIRIVICH
Experimental Study on the Performance of Projectiles PenetratingMultilayer Laminated Glass 1439
YANG WU, YONGJIE QU, BIN QIN, SHU WANG
and PENGXIANG CHEN
Research on the Penetration Law of Jet to High-Speed Thick-Wall
Ammunition 1447
XIN JIA, ZHENGXIANG HUANG, MENGWEN XU, JIANHAO DOU,MING XIA, QIANGQIANG XIAO, XUDONG ZU and BIN MA
Dynamic Back Face Deformation of a Combat Helmet UponOblique Impact of a 7.62X39 MM PS Projectile 1458
MARINA SEIDL, NORBERT FADERL and MARVIN BECKER
xxii Table ofContents
Comparative Analysis of Arbitrary Lagrange in Eulerian (ALE)and Adaptive Smooth Particles Hydrodynamic (SPH) Simulation
of Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG) on Armors 1470
VENKATESH BABU and MADANMOHAN VUNNAM
Research on Bearing Ball Impact on Flat Glass 1489
HAITAO LU, YONGXI JIN, SHU WANG, JINMING LI
and FANGDONG DONG
Resistance of Steel-Elastomer Laminate Armors to Impacts of
Small-Caliber Projectiles 1499
TERESA FRAS, JANIS KARL and NORBERT FADERL
Defeating EFP Threats by Metallic Plates—A Parametric Study
Through Numerical Simulations 1507
LEONID GLIKIN and ZVI ROSENBERG
Explosive Induced Shock Attenuation in Teflon—
An Experimental Investigation 1518
S. HARIKRISHNAN, KUMAR KAMLESH, S. PREMKUMAR,
K. M. RAJAN and MISRAAJAY
Perforation of Medium Thickness Metal Plate by Flat-Nosed
Projectile 1523
SIMIN CHEN, ZHENGXIANG HUANG, XUDONG ZU,QIANGQIANG XIAO, XIN JIAand BIN MA
Jet Formation Theory of Hyper-Cumulation Charge with
Additional Body 1535
MENG-WEN XU, ZHENG-XIANG HUANG, XU-DONG ZU,QIANG-QIANG XIAO, XIN JIAand BIN MA
A Simulation Model for Computation of Safety Distances of
Artillery Guns Based on Casualty Criteria 1545
ANUPAM ANAND and ROHIT KHANNA
Ballistic Impact Analysis of Combat Helmet on a Human Head
Surrogate Using 3D-DIC 1557
YAOKE WEN, GUANGYU CUI, JUNBIN ZHANG, CHENG XU
and XUEYING HUANG
Mechanism of Multi-Layered Fragment Separation Due to High
Explosive Loading 1564
AZIZUDDIN IMTIAZ, DHARMA TEJA KAMBAM
and MAHESH M. SUCHEENDRAN
Impact Response of A 50 MM Thick Rolled Homogeneous
Armour Against 40MM Armour Piercing Shots: An Experimental
Study 1574
TRILOCHAN SAHOO and H. S. PANDA
Table ofContents xxiii
Estimating Primary Fragment Characteristics DuringHypervelocity Impact of Spherical Fragment on Thin
Plate Using Artificial Neural Network 1584
GAURI NAIK and SATISH CHINCHANIKAR
Ignition and Breakup Behavior of Fuel Tank by Reactive
Material Fragment 1594
YUANFENG ZHENG, CHENGHAI SU, HAIFU WANG, CHAO GE
and GUANCHENG LU
Numerical Simulation of Anti-Penetration Performance of LiquidComposite Armor to Shaped Charge Jet 1603
YOU-ER CAI, ZHENGXIANG HUANG, YAPING TAN,
XIAOJUN SHEN, XIN JIAand XUDONG ZU
Controlled Fragmentation Warhead for UAVApplications 1614
H. N. BEHERA, SARBJITSING, R. K. SHARMAand RASHPAL KAUR
Numerical Investigation on the Impact Response of Rolled
Homogeneous Armor (RHA) with Spall Liners 1622
MANEDHAR R. BUSUPALLY and VENKATA R. VETUKURI
High Strain Rate Behavior of Steel Material Typically Used in
Armour Applications 1632A. BANERJEE, S. DHAR, S. ACHARYYA, D. DATTA, N. NAYAK
and D. K. JOSHI
Ballistic Impact Damage and Fragmentation in Different Types of
Glass and Glass Ceramic 1639
ELMAR STRASSBURGER and PARIMAL P. PATEL
Study on the Forming Performance of Central Perforated EFPWarhead 1651
WENYU NIU, FANG WANG and ZHANDONG WANG
Empirical Equation for the V50 Velocity of Small Arms Armour
Piercing Rounds Onto Armour Steel 1659DENNIS B. RAHBEK
Hypervelocity Oblique Impact of Spherical Projectile on Thin
Walled Targets 1669
DHARMATEJA KAMBAM, AZIZUDDIN IMTIAZ and M. S. MAHESH
Study of Polyurea Application in Ceramic Armour Module
Against Long Rod Projectile 1680
W. L. GOH, B. LUO and J. YUAN
A Unified Formula of Critical Penetration Velocity for Natural
and Preformed Fragments Penetrating Into Steel Target 1687YU ZHENG and ZHONGWEI GUAN
xxiv Table ofContents
Ricochet and Fragmentation Analysis of Projectile from Impacton Steel Plate and Soil UsingNumerical Simulation 1693
DAVID TOUATI, I LAN AZULAY, NOAM GADOR
and MULUGETA HAILU
Analysis ofthe Impact Velocity Effect on the Parameters of the
Brownian Motion Based Approach for Ballistic Resistance
Estimation 1703
BEYATAHENTI, FREDERIK COGHE and RACHID
An Investigation ofArmorBolt FailureDue toBallistic Events 1714
SIDNEY CHOCRON, ALEXANDER J. CARPENTER
and SHAWN C. KLANN
Experimental Study on the Effect of Head Cone Angle on the Low
Velocity Oblique Inlet Process ofProjectile 1724
YUCHUAN LUO, ZHENGUI HUANG, ZHIHUA CHEN, YU HOU
and ZEQINGGUO
Modeling on the Shock Wave in Spheres Hypervelocity Impacton Flat Plates 1736
K. WEN and X. W. CHEN
Target Flow Fields and Penetration Resistance for Pointed
Projectiles 1749
JAMES D. WALKER
Firm Embedding Behavior of Annular Grooved Projectiles
Impacting Ductile Metal Targets 1759
Q. HUANG, S. S. FENG, X. K. LAN, C. N. CHEN, Y. X. DONG
and T. ZHOU
Thin Flyer Impact Initiation Study of Ultrafine CL-20/HMX
Co-Crystal Explosive by Varying Barrel Diameter 1763
SHALLU GUPTA, PAL DINESH KUMAR BALKISHAN,
DEEPIKA JINDAL, GOKUL SINGH, SANDEEP SHARMA,
PUSHPA GUPTA, ARUN AGARWAL and PREM LATA
Re-Visiting the Mass-Flux Model for Explosive Reactive Armor
and the Effect ofPlate Thickness 1774
M. MAYSELESS, S. FRILING and L. MISIUK
High Strain Rate Deformation Behavior of Materials: Effect of
Crystal Structure, Grain Size, Microstructure and Texture 1779
BIDYAPATI MISHRA, B. RAMAKRISHNA, K. SIVA KUMAR
and V. MADHU
Simulation Study on Dynamic Response Characteristics of
Projectile-Borne Recorder Under Impact Loading 1785
HUI ZHAO, XIANGLI CHENG and LINCHUAN LI
Table ofContents XXV
Effectiveness of Different Shear Thickening Fluids in ReducingBack Face Signature (BFS) of Body Armor Against Bullet
Impact 1795
SANJEEV K. VERMA, GURSIMRAN KAUR, IPSITA BISWAS
and DEBARATI BHATACHARJEE
Trajectory and Loads for Oblique Penetration Into Concrete
Targets by Rigid Projectile 1807
XUDONG GAO and Q. M. LI
Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Liquid SpurtCaused by Hydrodynamic Ram 1819
AN RAN CHEN, XIANGDONG LI, LANWEI ZHOU and YANGZIYI Jl
Effects of Structure Characteristics of Projectile on Trajectoryand Loads for Oblique Penetration Into Concrete 1830
XUDONG GAO and Q. M. LI
Research on Technology of Launching Projectiles with Preset
Attack Angle Using an Artillery 1842
WEILIANG GAO, GUIJUAN SUN, DONGLIANG JIN,JIANCHAO YANG, XIANG HE and BIAO WU
Effect of Various Backing Materials on BABT in Ballistic
Evaluation of Body Armour 1850
PREETI JAIN, SONU KAUR, DEBARATI BHATACHARJEE
and IPSITA BISWAS
A Practical Ballistic Yaw Sensor 1862
NICHOLAS SHEWCHENKO, TIM BAYNE, ED FOURNIER
and STEPHANE MAGNAN
EXPLOSION MECHANICS
Accuracy of Empirical Predictions of an Explosives Adiabatic
Exponent 1875
PAULM. LOCKING
Study on Detonation Loading and Dispersal Properties ofDiscrete Rod 1888
JIFENG WEI, LIANG ZHANG, ZHIQUAN WANG and JIN WEI
Simulation Study on EFP with Stable Tail Fins Formed byPolygonal Shaped Charge Liner 1899
WEN-BIN LI, XIAO-LIANG DONG, XIAO-JUN SHEN, PING SONG
and WEN-XU XU
xxvi Table ofContents
Effect of Detonation Wave Profile on Formation of ExplosivelyFormed Projectile (EFP) 1909
MUKESH KUMAR, YASHPAL SINGH and PRAVENDRA KUMAR
Study on the Influence of Wave-Shaper on the Damage Elements
Formation ofPELE/EFP Mode Conversion Warhead 1916
JIANPING YIN, ZHIXIN SHI and XUEFEI WANG
Test to Determine the Response Level of Heterogeneous Explosiveby Fragment Shock Initiation 1931
YI-MING LI, WEN-BIN LI, XIAO-MING WANG, JUN-HAO LIU
and PING SONG
Numerical Study on the Axial Initial Velocity Distribution
Characteristics ofPreformed Fragment 1940
WEI SHANG, ZHENG-XIANG HUANG, XU-DONG ZU,
CHANG-SHENG ZHOU, JIAN-HUI WANG and LIN-MEI LV
Dynamic Response Analysis ofWarhead UnderDropping 1949
MIN JIAO, QINGHE WU, XIANG CHEN, JIANFENG KOU
and WEI ZHOU
Thin Flyer Impact Initiation Threshold Comparison of HNS-IV,CL-20, CL-20/HMX Co-Crystal in Slapper Detonator 1955
PAL DINESH KUMAR BALKISHAN, SHALLU GUPTA,
DEEPIKA JINDAL, PUSHPA GUPTA, SANDEEP SHARMA
and ARUN AGARWAL
Underwater Demolition ofSteelRods by ContactExplosions 1964
L. KOENE and A.J.M. SCHMETS
Deformation, Fragmentation and Acceleration of a Controlled
Fragmentation Charge Casing 1974
ANDREAS HELTE, OLOF ANDERSSON and PATRIK LUNDBERG
Research on the EFP/PELE Multi-Mode Conversion
Warhead Technology Based on the VESF Initiation System 1978
YAKUN LIU, JIANPING YIN, ZHIJUN WANG and GUANGJIAN Bl
Effect of HE Grain Size on Shaped Charge Jets 1993
WERNER ARNOLD, THOMAS HARTMANN
and ERNST ROTTENKOLBER
Effect of Phase Distribution on Reaction Behaviors of PTFE/AL
Reactive Materials 2005
SONG ZHANG, JINXU LIU, SHUKUI LI, CHUAN HE
and XINYA FENG
Table ofContents xxvii
Fragmentation from Detonations and Less Violent Munition
Responses 2014
ERNEST L. BAKER, MARTIJN VAN DER VOORT
and CHRISTELLE COLLET
Effect of Geometric Out of Planar Gap on Jet Formation in
Multi-Pallet Type Charge Mass of Shaped Charge Warheads 2025
GAURAV N. ARGADE, B. R. RAO and V. K. DIXIT
Simulation Study on Low-Density Jets Formability and DamageCharacteristics ofDifferent Charge Structures 2036
YANGYANG HAN, JIANPING YIN, ZHIXIN SHI, YONGJIE XU
and FANGDONG DONG
Defeating UAVs Through Novel HPEM Effectors 2053
MARKUS GRASWALD, RAPHAEL GUTSER, FLORIAN GRABNER,BENEDIKT MEYER, CHRISTIAN WINTER and ANDREA OELERICH
Shock Wave Propagation and Coupling Characteristics of
Dual-Source Underwater Explosion 2063
YUYU MA, MEI LI, LIPING XI and JIANWEI JIANG
Numerical Study of Air Frame Behaviour on FragmentationPattern in Multi Layered Pre-F'ormed Fragment Type Warheadof Modern Rockets 2075
GAURAV N. ARGADE, B. R. RAO and V. K. DIXIT
The Effect of Current Waveform on Shaped Liner Driven byElectromagnetic Energy 2086
JIANHAO DOU, XIN JIA, ZHENGXIANG HUANG, MING XIA,BIN MA, QIANGQIANG XIAO and XUDONG ZU
Influence of Structural Characteristics on EFP Formation Under
Different Liner Materials 2094YA-JUN WANG, WEI-BING LI, WEN-BIN LI, XIAO-MING WANG
and HE-YANG XU
The Influence of Eccentric Wave-Shaper on Shaped Charge JetPerformance 2106
SHUYOU WANG, SHENGJIE SUN, LIGANG QIAO
and JIANWEI JIANG
Effect of Fragmenting Buried High Explosive Projectile(152MMHEFRAG OF-540) on Military Ground Vehicles 2117
VENKATESH BABU, SANJAY KANKANALAPALLI
and MADANMOHAN VUNNAM
XXX Table of Contents
Research on the Application of Insensitive Explosives in HighExplosive Warhead 2298
LONG Jl, RUI YU, YOULIANG WANG, GONGCHEN WANG
and GUANYING LI
Study on Shock Initiation of Covered Composition B by MultipleFragment Impacts 2308
CHUN GUO, JIAN-PING QIAN, WEN-BIN GU and YAO YU
Study on Forming and Penetration Performance of
Multi-Functional Warhead 2318
LIUQI Jl and XIANGDONG LI
VULNERABILITYAND SURVIVABILITY
Capability to Absorb Projectile Kinetic Energy by Structures
Made in Additive Manufacturing Technology 2329
ADAM WISNIEWSKI and SEBASTIAN SZALKOWSKI
Ballistic Efficiency of Lightweight Cage Armor Systems 2339
FREDERIK COGHE
Comparison of Mine Blast in Water Pit Vs. Sandy Gravel Pit
(AEP-55 Soil) 2350
ZVIASAF, DMITRY NARODITSKY ITZIK KUCHUK KATALAN,
MOSHE RAVID and NIMI SHAPIRA
Parametric Study ofActive Counter Impulse RocketSystem 2362
DMITRY NARODITSKY, ZVI ASAF, ROGER SLOMAN,BRIAN COAKER, MOSHE RAVID, NIMI SHAPIRA
and MARIO MARKO
Ballistic Factors of Behind Helmet Blunt Trauma Skull
Fracture 2373
ERIKAA. MATHEIS, ASHLEY E. EIDSMORE
and KARIN A. RAFAELS
A Blockade Effectiveness Assessment Model for Large Navy Ship 2383
ZHANDONG WANG, FANG WANG and WENYU NIU
Blast Overpressure Effects ofPE4 on a Simplified Rigid Torso 2395
THANYANI PANDELANI, ZELLDRA SCHUTTE, RAYEESA AHMED
and DAVID REINECKE
Multi-Hit Impact Analysisof Ceramic Composite Armours 2406
DEVON DOWNES and MANOUCHEHR NEJAD ENSAN
Table ofContents xxxi
Safety Analysis of PBX Filled Munitions Under Moderate
Mechanical Loading 2417
N. HEiDER, V. DENEFELD, H. AURICH and M. KOCH
Analysis of Global Momentum Transfer Due to Buried Mine
Detonation 2430
N. HEIDER, V. DENEFELD and H. AURICH
Experimental Study on Ballistic Performance of Armored
Vehicles Against Small Caliber High-Power Projectiles 2434
R. RATROUT, H. AL-TA'AMNEH, S. AL MAJALI, I. RAWASHDEH,
A. AL SARDYAH, A. ALDARADKEH and S. OBEIDAT
EffectofBlast Wave on High Velocity orHigh Energy Projectiles 2444
P. VASUNDHRA, K. SOOSAIMUTHU, T. SRINIVASAN
and R. MURUGESAN
Criteria for Selecting Less Sensitive High Explosives to MitigateFragment Impact Response 2452
N. AL-SHEHAB, N. PETERSON, J. SWEITZER, P. SAMUELS,
S. DEFISHER, E. LYND and K. MIERS
Preliminary Study for Implementing Head Trauma Risk
Assessment into Ballistic Helmets Test Procedures 2463
MARCIN KROL and WOJCIECH KOPERSKI
Comparison of Selected Operational Characteristics of Classic
and Bull-Pup Rifles 2471
PRZEMYStAW KUPIDURA, RYSZARD WOZNIAK
and MIROSLAW ZAHOR
Study on Energy Absorption Properties of High Impact EpoxyResin/HGB Composites Encapsulating Materials 2479
XUEXING WU, HE YANG, BO LIU and HAIFU YE
Integrated Assessment of Ballistic Backface Deflections on
Combat Helmets and Prediction of Injury Risks 2484
RAUL ARANDA, STEFFEN GROBERT, HEINER GEDON,STEFFEN PELDSCHUS, REMY WILLINGER and OLIVER PESCHEL
Terminal Ballistics Application of X-Ray Computed Tomography(XCT) for the Quantitative In-Situ Analysis of FragmentsEmbedded in Collection Media 2497
UTA GABRIEL, GILLES PAGEAU, MATHIEU DES ROCHES,SIMON OUELLET, YVES BAILLARGEON, PIERRE FRANCUS
and NICHOLAS SHEWCHENKO
A Preliminary Study into the Effects of 10% Gelatin on RBK
Skin Simulant and the Search for a New Zealand Alternative 2509
AMY PULLEN and DAVID KIESER
xxxii Table ofContents
Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment (HIRA) for HypersonicShock Tunnel and Shock Tube Test Facilities
S. THALAPATHI RAJ, INDERPAL SINGH SANDHU, S. L. SILAN
and JAIRPRAKASH KAMAL
Crush Structures for Attenuating Impact Induced Accelerations..
T. J. REDDY, V. NARAYANAMURTHY and Y. V. D. RAO
Occupant Injury Simulation Using Human Surrogate DuringVehicle Underbody Mine Blast LoadingA. PRASANNA, SATISHKUMAR SANGASURI, SHIVRAJ YARANAL,
G. K. KANNAN and U. K. SINGH
Optimization of Parameters for Blast Inflicted Deflection on
Kinetic Energy ProjectileP. K. PANDEY, A. K. VISHWAKARMA, P. C. RAO,
SANDEEP KAUR and K. P. S. MURTHY
New Generation Surface Treatment Techniques for Enhanced
Adhesively Bonded Ceramic-Based Composite Armour Systems...SALEEMANOORMOHAMMED, CHUN LI,
GENEVIEVE TOUSSAINT and JOSHUA ILSE
Numerical Simulation Study on the Refrigeration Effect of Air
Conditioning in a 155MM Gun
NAZHAO, YUWEI WANG, WENFANG ZHU and Ql LIU
Author Index
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