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Topics
1. Introduction
2.Energy and thermodynamics
3.Feeding and digestion
4. Ionic gradient, electrical potential
5.Electrical signals and neurons
6.Cytoskeletons, motor proteins and muscle
7.Heat production and body temperature
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Teaching is transmission of knowledge
to students
Instruction Paradigm
Versus
Teaching is facilitation of studentslearning
Learning Paradigm
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Be an Active Listener
People speak at 100 to 175 words per minute,but they can listen intelligently at up to 300 words
per minute.
Mind-driftthinking about other things whilelistening to someone.
Listen with a purpose (gain info, obtain
directions, understand others, solve problems,share interests, show support)
Try repeating words mentally as they say it
control mind drift.
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Topics
1. Introduction
2.Energy and thermodynamics
3.Feeding and digestion
4. Ionic gradient, electrical potential
5.Electrical signals and neurons
6.Cytoskeletons, motor proteins and muscle
7.Heat production and body temperature
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Reading assignment
1. Visit the Open Door website on how animals feed:http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0014.html
2. Visit the website on mad cow disease:
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505EED7103BF9
35A35751C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1
3. Visit the website on space travel:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01581/SpaceTravelEnglish/lifesupport/in
dex.html
4. Visit the website on eating disorder (and aestivation in lungfish)
http://www.swedauk.org/disorders/aes.htm
http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0014.htmlhttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505EED7103BF935A35751C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505EED7103BF935A35751C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01581/SpaceTravelEnglish/lifesupport/index.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01581/SpaceTravelEnglish/lifesupport/index.htmlhttp://www.swedauk.org/disorders/aes.htmhttp://www.swedauk.org/disorders/aes.htmhttp://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01581/SpaceTravelEnglish/lifesupport/index.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01581/SpaceTravelEnglish/lifesupport/index.htmlhttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505EED7103BF935A35751C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505EED7103BF935A35751C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0014.html7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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Solar energy/light
Chemical potential energy e.g. Na+ or K+ gradient
Chemical energy, ATP
Chemical energy, e.g. carbohydrate
Electrical energy, e.g. membrane potential
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
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Acquiring Energy: Feeding
Surface absorption
Filter feeding,
Fluid feeding and
seizing of prey
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Feeding Methods
Sessile animals: bottom
dwelling species commonly
resort to surface absorption,
filter feeding ortrapping
Mobile animals: follow a more
active sequence which in the
extreme case of many
carnivores includes searching,stalking, pouncing, capturing
and killing
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Surface Absorption
Food absorption from the surrounding environment
through exterior body surface
Many protozoans, endoparasites and aquatic
invertebrates
Take up nutrients e.g. amino acids by transportmechanisms
Take up large molecules by endocytosis
Endocytosis includes phagocytosis (extend outwards
and envelop relatively larger nutrient particles) or
pinocytosis (fold inwards and usually take up smaller
particles)
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TrypanosomiasisAfrican Sleeping sickness
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Tsetse flyGlossina sp.
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Surface absorption of
many substance
including tyrosin,tryptophan, and
phenylalanine, leading
to reduction in
transmitter substances
in the brain.
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Hepatosplenomegaly
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Beef tapewormTaeniasaginata
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Learning
Doing (experience)
Thinking
(reflection)
Information
Changes in
knowledge, skills,
attitude, value,
belief, etc.
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Solar energy/light
Chemical potential energy e.g. Na+ or K+ gradient
Chemical energy, ATP
Chemical energy, e.g. carbohydrate
Electrical energy, e.g. membrane potential
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
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Topics
1. Introduction
2.Energy and thermodynamics
3.Feeding and digestion
4. Ionic gradient, electrical potential
5.Electrical signals and neurons
6.Cytoskeletons, motor proteins and muscle
7.Heat production and body temperature
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Acquiring Energy: Feeding
Surface absorption
Filter feeding,
Fluid feeding and
seizing of prey
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Filter Feeding
Also called suspension feeding Use by many aquatic animals to capture food
especially phytoplanktons orzooplanktons
Most marine filter feeders are small sessile animals
e.g. sponges, brachiopods, bivalve mollusks, andtunicates
Food items are carried along on water current
(occur naturally or generated by the animal
movement or its external or internal flagella or cilia)
Tunicates
Sponges
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Filter feeding in sponges Water flow is generated by the activity of
flagellated choanocytes that line the flagellated chambers. Also flow is
brought about by the reduction in hydrostatic pressure at the osculum
due to the Bernoulli effect (a drop in fluid pressure as fluid velocity
increases).
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Food particles are phagocytosed by the flagellated
choanocyte and the amoebocyte
Digestion occurs in endocytic vacuoles
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Bivalve mollusks employ ciliary feeding
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The largest filter feeders is the
Baleen whales
Horny baleen plates in the mouth
bear a fringe of parallel filaments
of hair-like keratin that hangdown from the upper and lower
jaws and act as strainers
Whales swim with jaws open into
schools of crustaceans such as
krills, engulfing vast numberssuspended in tons of water.
As the jaw close, the water is
squeezed back out through the
baleen strainers with the help of
large tongue, and the
crustaceans left behind are
swallowed
Birds such as flamingos also use
filter feeding to capture small
animals found in the muddy
bottoms
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Acquiring Energy: Feeding
Surface absorption
Filter feeding,
Fluid feeding and
seizing of prey
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Fluid Feeding
Piercing and sucking occurs among platyhelminths,
nematodes, annelids and arthropods
Leeches are true bloodsuckers using an anticoagulant in their
saliva to prevent their preys blood from clotting
Arthropods that feed by piercing and sucking includes the
mosquitoes, fleas, bedbugs, and lice
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Fluid Feeding
Cutting and licking are used by numerous
invertebrates and a few vertebrates. The blackfly and related biting flies have mouthparts
with a sharpened mandible for cutting and a large,
spongelike labium for transferring the body fluid
(usually blood) to the esophagus. The cyclostomes (e.g. hagfishes and lampreys) use
rasplike mouths to make large, circular flesh wounds
on their hosts.
Vampire bats use their teeth to make puncturewounds in cattle from which they lick oozing blood.
Their saliva contain an analgesic to prevent the host
from feeling the effects of the bite.
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HookwormAncylostoma duodenale
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yhli5Otg8Q8&p=76AAA91627AA9A57
&playnext=1&index=1
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Starfish
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Tube feethttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IRF-pKVtuU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IRF-pKVtuU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IRF-pKVtuU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IRF-pKVtuU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IRF-pKVtuU&feature=related7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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Starfish eating a clam
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE8l-KFQlhY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE8l-KFQlhYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE8l-KFQlhYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE8l-KFQlhYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE8l-KFQlhY7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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Vampire bat
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A i i E F di
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Acquiring Energy: Feeding
Surface absorption
Filter feeding,
Fluid feeding and
seizing of prey
Siezing of Prey by Bulk Feeders
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Siezing of Prey by Bulk Feeders
Predators use various types
of mouthparts (jaws, teethand beaks) and other
appendages to capture and
process food.
Some use toxins toimmobilise the prey.
Their anterior limbs are
modified for prey capture
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Snake eating an egg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLk4rsCNFFU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLk4rsCNFFUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLk4rsCNFFU7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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Teeth of non-mammalian
vertebrates are usually non-
differentiated a single
tooth type is found
throughout the mouth
However, for the poisonous
snakes such as vipers,cobras and rattlesnakes
they have modified teeth
called fangs used for
injecting venoms.
Non-striking position (a) and striking position (b) of the
jaws of a rattlesnake
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For piercing and
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For gnawing in
rodents and rabbits
Modified into a pair oftusks in elephants
p g
tearing food by
carnivores,
insectivores and
primates Elongated as
tusks for prying
and fighting in
wild pigs and
walruses
Used for grinding
Molars of herbivores are coated intough enamels to resist wear
Alternatively, some herbivores
(rodents) have continuously
growing rootless teeth
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJyd1htGZhE&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJyd1htGZhE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJyd1htGZhE&feature=related7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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Instead of teeth, birds have horny beaks, in a
multitude of shapes and sizes, adapted to
each species unique food sources andmethods of obtaining them.
Toxins
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Toxins Use to subdue preys or
fend off predators
Most toxins act at the
synapses in the nervous
system
The coelenterates fore.g. use nematocysts
Nematocysts are
stinging cells found on
the tentacles whichinject paralytic toxins
into prey and immobilise
it while the tentacles
carry it to the mouth
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Toxins
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Toxins Venoms are also used by annelids, gastropod molluscs and
cephalopods.
E.g. Blue-ringed octopus of the Indo-Pacific region, a tinycreature that kills a number of human every year.
Among the arthropods, scorpions and spiders are most
notorious for their toxins e.g in the case of scorpion, it
injects the poison containing a neurotoxin that interferes with
the proper firing of nerve impluses.
Spider poisons also contain neurotoxin e.g. the black widow
spider venom induces massive release of neurotransmitter at
the motor endplate of the victims muscles.
They must be carefully stored before administration toprevent self-poisoning.
They are generally proteins that are rendered harmless by
the proteolytic enzymes of the predators digestive system
when it ingests its poisoned prey.
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Topics
1. Introduction
2.Energy and thermodynamics
3.Feeding and digestion4. Ionic gradient, electrical potential
5.Electrical signals and neurons
6.Cytoskeletons, motor proteins and muscle
7.Heat production and body temperature
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The alimentary system
and Digestion
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Digestive or alimentary systems
Play an essential role in nutrition by
digesting and absorbing food andremoving indigestible materials andtoxic by-products of digestion fromthe body.
Most primitive type is the plasmamembrane of unicellular organismswhich engulfs food particles byendocytosis. The food particles then
undergo intracellular digestion byenzymes or acids in food vacuolesbefore being absorbed into thecytoplasm.
Di ti li t t
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More complex multicellularorganisms rely primarily onextracellular digestion carried bytrue digestive system.
Can be categorised based onhow they process food.
Digestive or alimentary systems
1 Batched reactors
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blind tubes or cavities that
receive food and eliminatewastes in a pulsed fashion
i.e. one batch is processed
and eliminated before the
next one is brought in
E.g. of such type is found
in the coelenterates which
have a blind tube or cavity
called the coelenteron,
which opens only at a
mouth that serves double
duty as an anus for the
expulsion of undigested
waste.
1. Batched reactors
2 Contin o s flo stirred tank reactors
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2. Continuous-flow stirred tank reactors
A hollow tubular cavity that
open at both ends
Processing of food goes on
continuously rather than in
pulses with new food ingested
while older food is still beingprocessed
E.g. is the fore-stomach of
ruminants
3 Plug-Flow reactor
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3. Plug-Flow reactor
A bolus (a discrete plug) of
food is progressively digestedas it winds its way through a
long tube-like digestive
reactor
In contrast to the stirred tankreactor, the composition of the
food varies according to its
position along the reactor tube
E.g. Midgut or intestine ofvertebrate
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The alimentary canals of many animals
combine features of both continuous-flowand plug-flow reactors
In many animals, chemical digestion begins
in the stomach as a continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactorthen continues in the small
intestines as a plug-flow reactor
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Breakdown of cellulose in ruminants
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Breakdown of cellulose in ruminants Ruminants have multi-chambered digastric stomachs
Symbiotic microorganisms in the first division (rumen and
reticulum) of the stomach carry out fermentation
Partially digested food is regurgitated for remastication This
allows the ruminant to swallow food hastily and then chewed
it more thoroughly later when at rest in a place of relative
safety from predators
After the regurgitation, food is
chewed and swallowed again
Then it passes to the second
division where further
digestion takes place with the
help of digestive enzymes
secreted by the stomach
lining
Ruminant Stomach
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Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ruminant - Stomach
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The second division comprises the omasum and abomasum
(true stomach)
Rumen and reticulum fermentation
End-Products of fermentation accept for the gases are
absorbed together with some peptides, amino acids and
short chained fatty acids into the blood stream
The undigested material
then pass on to the omasum
and then the abomasum
Only the abomasum
secretes digestive enzymes
Cows and global warming
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Cows and global warming
http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1890646,00.html
http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1890646,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1890646,00.html7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/GITFigures/ElephantAfricanGIT%2520F5_17f.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/WWWEdStevensMammalElephant.html&usg=__sXQWicIaaU_9TL0n88sXtaxAidA=&h=324&w=252&sz=7&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=DTdiXfAcvCIiVM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Delephant%2Bdigestive%2Bsystem%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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B k d f ll l i hi d t f t
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Break down of cellulose in hindgut fermenters
The colon acts as a modified plug-flowreactorin most large animals (e.g. horses,
zebras, tapirs, elephants etc)
In smaller animals (rabbits, many rodents,howler monkeys, koalas etc), the
tremendously enlarged caecum acts as a
continuous flow, stirred tank reactor
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Quality of food greatly influences the time required for
digestion in a continuous-flow digestive reactor
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Transit time (mean retention time) of ingested material through
the vertebrate alimentary canal varies with body mass
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Transit time (mean retention time) of ingested material through
the vertebrate alimentary canal varies with body temperature
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Can animals live without food?
1.Symbiosis
2.Suspended animation
a. hibernation
b. aestivation
Life deep in the bottom of the sea the
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Life deep in the bottom of the seathe
hydrothermal vent
http://www.ocean.udel.edu/extreme2004/geology/hydrothermalvents/index.ht
ml#
A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface
from which geothermally heated water issues.
Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near
volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates aremoving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.
(Mars?)
http://www.ocean.udel.edu/extreme2004/geology/hydrothermalvents/index.htmlhttp://www.ocean.udel.edu/extreme2004/geology/hydrothermalvents/index.htmlhttp://www.ocean.udel.edu/extreme2004/geology/hydrothermalvents/index.htmlhttp://www.ocean.udel.edu/extreme2004/geology/hydrothermalvents/index.html7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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ALVIN, an ONR-research submersible (a small submarine) operated by
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, made an amazing discover in
1977. While diving nearly 8,000 feet (2,400 meters) on the East Pacific
Rise near the Pacific Ocean's Galapagos Islands, the submersible and
its three passengers happened upon a hydrothermal vent, the first ever
seen by humans! Completely isolated from the world of light, wholecommunities oforganisms (creatures) live in places where warm water
flows from chimneys in the ocean floor. These vents are found in some
of the deepest places in the ocean, far beyond the reach of normal
submarines or divers.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69hGvCsWgA
http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/vessels/submersibles1.htmhttp://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/vessels/submersibles1.htmhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69hGvCsWgAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69hGvCsWgA7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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Communities
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Some have biomass
1000 fold higher thannon-seep benthic
communities at same depth
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Molluscs
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Bathymodiolus thermophilus
methanotrophic bacteria
Calyptogena magnifica
thiotrophic bacteria
Hydrothermal vent mollusc bacterial symbiosis
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e.g. Calyptogena
Light-Enhanced Calcification in the Giant
Cl T id
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Clam, Tridacna squamosa
Found in inter-tidal zone.
Symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic zooxanthellae.
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Lack of food, hypoxia, desiccation
and temperature extremes
a. Hibernation
b. Aestivation
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Hibernation-Low temperature,
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fasting (disuse muscle atrophy???)
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African lungfish
Aestivation-high temperature, arid, fasting
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g p g
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUsARF-CBcI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUsARF-CBcIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUsARF-CBcIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUsARF-CBcIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUsARF-CBcI7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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Suspended animation--Application to
7/28/2019 3 Food_ Feeding and Digestion Jan 2013
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space travel?
Suspended animation--Application to
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space travel?
Space Station astronauts share a
meal of canned goods during a recent
crew exchange aboard the ISS.
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The end
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