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BILL OF QUANTITIES
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
Faculty Of Engineering
KNS 3333 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
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BILL OF QUANTITIES
What IsBQ?
BQ Format,Description,
Content
BQ in
Engineering
BQPreparation
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Traditional Method (Building Works)
Traditional General Contracting (TGC)
Client engages architect or engineer toprepare design.
Upon completion of design, the QS
prepares a Bill of Quantities based ondrawings and specification.
Contractors are invited to price the bill.
Contractor submitting the lowest tenderusually will be awarded the contract.
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Design
Construction
Sequential
Client engages Architectand Engineers to design
Contractor constructs
TRADITIONAL METHODS
QS prepares BQ & Compiles Tender Document
Tender Exercise
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What Is A Tender ?
A tender or a bid is an offer made by acontractor to do certain work for a price,stated in the form of tender and given
in detail in a priced Bill of Quantities.
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Tender exercise is a process of sending out
drawings and other tender documents to contractorsfor them to prepare a tender price in competitionwith each other and to be submitted at a fixed date.
Tenders submitted are later opened on a set dateand evaluated before the contract can be awardedto the most suitable contractor.
What Is Tender Exercise ?
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What Is BQ?
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What is Bill of Quantities (BQ) ?
A document produced by Quantity Surveyors (QS).
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Who is a Quantity Surveyor?
A person who calculates the quantity ofmaterials needed for constructing
buildings, etc. and how much they will cost.
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Bill of Quantities (BQ)
Translate drawings, schedules and specificationby Architect and Engineers into a documentfully describing and accurately representing
the quantity and quality of the works.
Quantity Quality
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Why produce Bills of Quantities?
BQ enables all Contractors tenderingfor a contract to price exactly
on the same information
Provides a basis for valuation ofvariations or changes to the works
Can be used by the Contractor to assistin ordering of building materials and
for assessing his labour requirements
Provides good basis for cost analysis for useon future contracts in Cost Planning Works,
e.g. approximate estimating and settingcost targets for budgeting purposes.
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BQ Preparation
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4 Stages Of BQ Preparation (Traditional)
Taking Off / Squaring / Abstracting / Billing
Taking OffTaking off is a process of transferring the dimension scaled orread from the drawings to a specially ruled paper called thedimension paper.
SquaringSquaring is a process of getting the total quantity whether innumber, length, area or volume for each set of measurement inthe dimension paper.
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4 Stages Of BQ Preparation (Traditional)
AbstractingAbstracting is a process of transferring the squared dimensionsto the abstract where they are written in a recognised orderunder the appropriate work section headings and subsequentlytotaled and converted to the required units or billing as stated in
the Standard Method of Measurement.
BillingBilling is a process of re-writing all the items including their
quantities taken from the abstract for the whole project, into thebilling papers in a recognised format of a Bill of Quantities.
Taking Off / Squaring / Abstracting / Billing
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BQ Preparation - Development
Taking Off
Working Up
Squaring
AbstractingProcess is verylengthy and tedious
Various ways of simplifying the process have been developed
Bill direct i.e. by transferring the items directly from the dimensionsheet to the bill, eliminating the need for an abstract.
Further methods: cut and shuffle and computers systems were developed.
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BQ Preparation - Development
DRAWINGS DIMENSIONPAPER
BILLINGPAPER
BILL OFQUANTITIES
(BQ)
Taking Off
Measurement of quantities
Squaring
DirectBilling
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BQ Format, Descriptions,Content
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Measured work needs to be arranged in a sequencethat is recognised by the industry and can be easilyunderstood and priced by the contractor
BQ Format
Elemental Bills
Annotated Bills
Trade Bills
Operational BillsMost Common
Activity Bills
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Elemental Bills
BQ Format
Widely used in Malaysia in private consultancy firm andgovernment departments.
BQ can be abstracted easily and quickly, as measurementis already grouped in the elemental format.
Under each element, the order of works generally followstrade or construction sequence.
Terms of element used as per standard classificationspublished by Institution of Surveyors Malaysia (ISM).
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Elemental Bills
1. Piling works2. Work below lowest floor3. Frame4. Upper Floors
5. Roof6. Staircases7. External Walls8. Windows and External Doors
8. Internal Walls and Partitions9. Internal Doors10. Internal Wall Finishes11. Internal Floor Finishes12. Internal Ceiling Finishes
13. External Finishes14. Fittings and Furnishings15. Sanitary Appliances16. Plumbing Installation
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Elemental Bills
17. Refuse Disposal18. Air Conditioning and Ventilation System19. Electrical Installation20. Fire Protection Installation
21. Lift and Conveyor Installation22. Communication Installation23. Specialised Installation24. Profit and Attendance on Services
25. Builders Work in Connection with Services26. Site Work27. Drainage28. External Services29. Ancillary Buildings
30. Recreational Facilities
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Trade Bills
BQ Format
Works measured in trade formats not popular assubsequent preparation of bills of quantities is difficult if theformat is not in trade formats.
Under each type of trade, the works is broken down intovarious items.
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Trade Bills
1. Excavator2. Concretor3. Bricklayer4. Drainlayer
5. Asphalter6. Pavior7. Mason8. Roofer
9. Carpenter10. Joiner11. Steel and Ironworker12. Plasterer13. Plumber
14. Heating and Ventilating Engineer15. Electrician16. Glazier17. Painter
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BQ DescriptionsA good and concise description is essential for proper pricing.
The essential ingredients of a good description are as follows:
Must include all information which estimator will require tobuild up a realistic price;
First few words should indicate clearly nature of works. Order of stating dimensions shall be consistent and
generally in sequence of length, width and height. Where sequence is not appropriate or where ambiguity
could arise, dimensions shall be specifically identified. If an item of work cannot be accurately or fully described,
proper reference shall be made to drawn information orproduct details for construction, manufacture orassembly of work.
Description must be concise and not too lengthy, can beshortened by references to specification.
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BQ ContentBill of quantities must contain the basic information presented
in format that is easily understood
Preliminaries
Explains type and scope of works, clients needs, temporary sitefacilities and other items affecting the implementation of the works.
IItems involved need not be measured but need to be described in
details and the contractor will have to price the items that will affectthe cost of the works in a lump sum figure. Items in this section will
not be incorporated into the works but are essential for thecompletion of the works.
Specifications
Describe the quality of materials and workmanship of the works,
usually not practical to be presented in the drawings; including otherinformation necessary for the contractor to price the BQ.
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BQ ContentMeasured Quantities
Measured quantities are produced from the measurement of all theworks measurable based on the approved Standard Method ofMeasurement document. These quantities shall be measured as
accurately as possible so that no parties will make a loss during theimplementation of works.
Provisional QuantitiesProvisional quantities are produced similarly as above but it is for
works which cannot be accurately measured at the time ofpreparation of bill of quantities. This situation happens due toincomplete information of work or in cases whereby the extent of
work cannot be fully determined until the work is completed. Suchwork will be subjected to remeasurement after the works has been
carried out.
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BQ ContentPrime Cost Sum
Prime cost sum is included for work or services to be executed by anominated sub-contractor, a government or a statutory authority orfor material or goods to be supplied by a nominated supplier. Such
sum excludes the profit and attendance of the main contractor, ofwhich provision are made in the document for such inclusion by the
contractor.
Provisional Sum
Provisional sum is included for work or for costs that cannot beentirely defined or detailed at the time the bill of quantities areprepared.
Contingency Sum
Contingency sum is a sum allocated for any unforeseen work thatcannot be determined at the time of bill of quantities preparation. Itwill be a saving to the client if such contingency sum is not expendeddue to no unforeseen work.
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BQ In Engineering
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Standard Method Of Measurement
(SMM)
Provides a uniform basis for measurement
Act as a standardise reference
Embodies the essentials of a good practice
SMM 2 = SMM for Building Works
CESMM = SMM for Civil Engineering Works
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Malaysian Standard Method Of Measurement
Unnecessary disputes
Loss of productivity
Delays
Ad-hoc, randomuncontrolled practices
Uniform basis,standardise references,
embodies good practices
Efficient
Competitive
Productive
SMM 2CESMM
Non-specificreference
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BQ In Engineering
Rare for a civil engineering project to befully designed and detailed during the pre-tender stage due to its nature.
The most common type of contract used isa remeasurement type.
BQ has a different role in civil engineering:
(a) Basis for comparison of tenders;(b) Provide schedule of rates for
remeasurement;(c) Tool for continued cost monitoring and
financial control.
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BQ In Engineering
Codifications
Method Related Charges
Work Classifications
Main Differences Between CESMM And SMM2
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