Renewable and distributed energy for a
local and sustainable development
Lorenzo Mattarolo Program Manager UNESCO Chair, Energy for Sustainable Development Ingegneria senza Frontiere - MI 26th March 2013
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Technologies and Appropriateness
NEW APPROACH Importance of local resources and local human capital Supported by Schumacher – “Small is Beautiful, Economics as if People Mattered” (1973) Identification of technologies 1. small-scale 2. labour-intensive 3. energy efficient 4. environmental friendly 5. locally controlled
STARTING POINT - THE CONTEXT Over reliance on colonial administration Top-down approach to economic development Low technological capacity development
TOP DOWN
BOTTOM UP
NEW CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT Technology that fits in the country's infrastructure, affordable, easy to properly maintain, not destructive to the environment. (Kaplan, 1994)
SUSTAINABILITY
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Technology characterized by technical, social, economic and environmental peculiarities permitting a sustainable development
Social Sustainability
Economic Sustainability Environmental Sustainability
AT
Appropriate & sustainable
FEASIBILITY is precondition for sustainability
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Importance of boundary conditions • flexibility to adapt to local conditions • not related to a defined technology mix • scaled to the context • tailored to the needed services • accounting the local culture
Appropriate technologies
Economic feasibility • business model enhancing sustainability • counting the coverage and cost
The ‘space pen’ example!
Ownership/commitment • involvement of final users • end-users requirements • installation, management and maintenance • enhancing job creation • strengthening of research institutions to support
local production
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Replicability • Increase access to new technologies of scale • Innovative models to scale up technologies • Preserving the environment
Functionality • availability of local materials • impact on human capacity • final user ownership
Appropriate technologies
Impact • Access to modern energy services and electricity necessarily need to be linked to
other social or economic strategy. • The implementation of energy programmes have to be measured over socio-
economic indicators such as: quality of life, education, health, information, agriculture, transport, promotion of small enterprises.
(Asociación Argentina de Energía Eólica )
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Energy • Electricity or Thermal Energy
Services • Education , Health, ICT….
• Access to resources: food, water,
Development • Human promotion >> individual
• Sustainable Growth >> society
OUTPUT
OUTCOME
IMPACT
The GOAL is not to bring kWh
Strategies for access to energy
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
• Step 1: Deep analysis of current and forecast local Needs • Step 2: Accurate Assessment of local Resources • Step 3: Optimize the cost/efficiency of the match Need – Resources • Step 4: Choice of the technologies
An integrated
system of
appropriate
technologies
NeedsResources
Electric Energy
Other Supply
End Use
/Services
Ex post evaluation
GasEx ante evaluation
Whatever Technologies or ensemble of technologies
Some TECHNICAL elements should be included in the strategy
Strategies for access to energy
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Step 1
Needs Assessment
Basic Living Condition
• Cooking: substitution of firewood, agricultural waste, cattle dung
• Lighting: public/street lighting and households
• Drinking water: purification, desalination, pumping
• Health: hot waters, distilled water, sterilization
• Education: schools
Strong dependency on the LOCAL CONTEST
Agricultural Productivity
• Irrigation: Most important productive application requiring power
Small Scale Industries
• Industry: flour mills , oil extraction plants, chilling center, artisanal activities…
Transportation
• Transport substitution of human and animal power
Strategies for access to energy
In terms of
social perspective
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Wind Map Solar Irradiation Hydrogeological situation Biomass availability Geothermal conditions
For the security of the supply • electric grid in the neighborhood • fossil fuel availability • storage systems
Step 2 Resources Assessment
Strategies for access to energy
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Step 3 Need / Resources Efficiency
Whenever you have Hydro And no competition with fresh water exists, USED it
Whenever you have Biomass And no cultural limitations exists, USED it for
Whenever you have Wind And no specific problem for transportation USED it
You have almost always SUN lowest cost/efficiency solutions, USED it only when nothing else is available
Strategies for access to energy
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Step 4 Energy Conversion Technologies Selections Wind • mechanical conversion for water pumps and mills • electric conversion for electricity distribution Solar • collectors for hot water supplying, stills for potable water, crop driers • direct conversion with photovoltaic arrays Hydro • Water wheels for mechanical shaft power • Micro – Mini hydro power plant for electricity Biomass • Organic wastes anaerobic fermentation for biogas • Fermentation of biomass for alcohols production • Biomass pyrolysis
Appropriate Storage Systems Selections
• Water tanks • Storage batteries
• “Smart” Idea of Grid: • Gas pipeline, Hot water pipe line
Appropriate Distribution Systems Selections
Strategies for access to energy
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Step 5: Evaluate the impact on local Development
Physical Capital better use and management of resources & infrastructures
Environmental Capital conservation of the environment indoor quality
Economic Capital decreasing the dependence on imported fuels improving the balance of payment developing green economies
Social Capital improving the human living environment mitigation of mass migration and creation workplaces
Human Capital local capacity and attitude to research and innovation Participatory approach
Importance of monitoring and evaluation
Strategies for access to energy
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Renewable & Decentralized Energy
• Biomass
• PV Solar
• Thermal Solar
• Hydro
• Wind
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Biomass Energy
Biomass
means the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste
Dir 2009/28/EC, art. 2
Holistic approach
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Biomass Energy – Supply Chains
Materials of different origin with high variability
Animal fats Lignin-cellulosic crops
Sugar/starch based biomass Vegetable oils
Waste cooking oils
Forest residues Woody manufacturing waste
Agricultural waste Municipal waste Industrial waste
Manure Sewage Waste
Energy crops
SOLID BIOMASS BIOFUEL BIOGAS
Three supply chains
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Biomass Energy – Sources
SOLID BIOMASS
BIOFUEL
RICE
HULLS
WINE
POMACE
OLIVE
POMACE
FRUITS
NUTS
CHIPS PELLET
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Biomass Energy – Impact
Transport Locally used biomass International traded biomass
(Source – REN21, 2012)
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Biomass Energy – Impact
Transport Locally used biomass
Deforestation Deforestation consists in the reduction of forestry areas, due to an exploitation of the land which is not compensated by the same re-growth rate.
Deforestation is taking place in developing countries with high forest concentration (Amazon region, Indonesia, Congo, South Africa, Nigeria).
According to FAO, between 2000 and 2010 almost 13 Mha of forests disappeared.
International traded biomass
(Biomass Energy Report, 2010)
Energy-food competition Price of soy oil
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Biomass Energy – Impact
Policies
• Minimize the trade-offs between biomass for food and biomass for fuel
• Encourage the use of biomass residues
• Encourage sustainable and productive feedstocks and efficient conversion processes
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Distributed generation – Biogas
Biogas anaerobic digesters in Rural Areas of Developing Countries
Floating-drum Fixed Dome Tubular type
Range of digester volume [m3] 5-70 6-91 5-20
Daily output [m3 biogas/m3 DV] 0,3-0,6 0,2-0,5 0,3-0,8
Lifespan [years] 12-15 15-20 2-5
Cost / Cost Tubular Type 1,5 - 3 1,5 – 2,5 1
Biogas research areas for Developing Countries:
Analysis of the available substrates and assessment of potential biogas yield Digestion of multiple substrate (sewage, municipal and industrial) Small-scale plants which digest alternative substrates to animal manure Solar-powered digester heating and water saving devices for dissemination
Bond et al. 2011, Nzila et al. 2012, Mshandete et al. 2009
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
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The solar resource
Technology trends: PV
Technology trends: Thermal Solar
Technology trends: Thermodynamic Solar
Solar Energy
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
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The dominant material for creating PV panels is the silicon wafer, which can be manufactured in three forms:
• Monocrystalline (silicon based)
• Multicrystalline (silicon based)
• Amorphous (new semi-conductor)
Solar Energy: PV
PVGIS (Photovoltaic Geographical Information System) is a research, demonstration and policy-support instrument for geographical assessment of the solar energy resource in the context of integrated management of distributed energy generation. http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
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Design of PV systems Solar power is characterized by its intermittence, making it necessary either to provide a grid connection or a storage system (not connected to the grid).
Solar Energy: PV
Interfacing with the grid Stand-alone installation
(www.roofsolarpanels.biz)
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Distributed Generation – PV ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (lights, radio, mobile charger, fan, refrigerator, TV, pump)
Type Size
[households, W] Service Characteristics Cost [€]
Pico-PV
system 1, ≤10
Lighting (LED),
external devices 60-240lm
Lead Acid,
NiMH, LiMg
25-80
Solar Home
System 1, 10-200
Lighting (LED, CFL),
radio, TV, other devices 150-600lm 80-250
Multi-user
System 2-400, 200-5000
Research areas for Developing Countries:
•Adaptability to characteristics of the local context (social acceptance) •Reliability and resilience (dust, rain, irregular charging) •Extension of operating hours
Muggenburg et al. 2012, GIZ 2010, Mahapatra 2009
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Innovative Supply Chain for PV
Importation of panels, charge controller, battery, inverter
Distributor / Sales Installation Maintenance & Service
Current supply chain for solar energy in DCs
Importation of cells and
components
Training in Distributors / Sales Local assembly
Installation & Maintenance
Training in design of solar system
Innovative supply chain for solar energy in DCs
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Innovative Supply Chain for PV
Solar panel component works Locally assembled solar panels
Production of charge controllers Assembling of solar street light Installation
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
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Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. They may be used to heat domestic hot water, for space heating, etc..
These systems are composed of solar thermal collectors, a storage tank and a circulation loop.
The three basic classifications of solar water heaters:
• Batch systems which consist of a tank that is directly heated by sunlight (oldest and simplest designs, may be vulnerable to cooldown).
• Active systems with pumps to circulate water or a heat transfer fluid.
• Passive systems with circulating water or a heat transfer fluid by natural circulation.
Solar Thermal Energy
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Absorber • metal • High conductivity • High absorbivity • Low emissivity
Copper/Steel with covered with chromo,
alumina-nickel, Tinox
Insulating systems • Low Thermal Conductivity • Resistant to high temperature
Rock wool, polyurethane foam, polystyrene ...
Transparent coverage
• to reduce heat losses • to maximize the efficiency of the collector
Tubi di circolazione
Circulating tubes • metal with good conductivity
Solar Thermal Energy
Solar collector
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Solar thermal: applications
Self-build approach
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Solar thermal: applications
Cooking System
(www.home.ix.netcom.com) (www.builditsolar.com) (www.solarcooking.org)
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
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With the wind impacting the blades a slow down of the velocity occurs: kinetic energy is transformed in energy over the rotor, then (possibly) in the generator converted into electricity
Wind Energy
Two categories of aerogenerator:
• horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines)
• vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT Vertical Axis Wind Turbines)
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Distributed Generation – Small Wind MECHANICAL POWER FOR WATER PUMPING (Wind pumps)
Water
supply
Head [m] [m3/day]
Typical rotor
diameter [m] < 3 3-10 10-30 >30
Domestic X X 1-3 (small farm) 1.5 to 2.5
Cattle X X 20 (500 head) 1.5 to 4.5
Irrigation X X 40-100 (1 ha) 2.5 to 5.5
Diameter [m] Power [kW] cP [$/W] MWh/year
Average 4,09 3.32 2,5 5,8
Minimum 1,95 1.30 1,0 0,4
Maximum 5,8 6.00 5,5 16
Self-constructed wind generator: Three wood blades 2,4m / 1,2m wind-rotor with tail vane Permanent magnet alternator (12 or 24 or 48V) Built in AC-DC converter Max power output 0,5kW Furling tail system for preventing overload
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES Small wind
Smulders 1996, Harries 2002
Simic 2012, Piggot 2007
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
2
1
5
3
4
Hydro energy
Hydropower is the conversion of the energy of moving water to electricity. Especially in remote areas small scale hydro or micro-hydro power has been increasingly used as an alternative energy source where other power sources are not viable Small scale hydro power systems • can be installed in small rivers or streams with little or no discernible environmental
effect on things such as fish migration or ‘environmental flow’ • is the cheapest and most proven renewable technology for rural electrification
1. Power group (powerhouse): turbine, generator, control system
2. Weir and intake
3. Channel
4. Forebay
5. Penstock group
Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Distributed Generation – MiniHydro ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
Pico-hydro
Lahimer et al. 2012
Plant size [W]
60-5.000
Inv. cost [US$/kW]
~ 3.000
LCOE [cUS$/kWh]
10-20
Research areas for Developing Countries: • Improvement in electronic equipment for power quality improvement • Integration with other RE for extending life span and reduce O&M costs • New turbine concept for low-head site and pipe loss analysis • Standardization
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