Cherchez La FederationCherchez La Federationor
H d i f d i ?How do we motivate federation?
Paul Mockapetris ([email protected], [email protected])
Serge Fdida (serge fdida@lip6 fr)Serge Fdida ([email protected])
Panayotis Antoniadis ([email protected])
A simple definition for FederationA simple definition for Federation
Federation occurs when two or moreFederation occurs when two or more organizations agree to each allocate some of their resources to implement asome of their resources to implement a common service.
Org OrgA B
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Federation ExamplesFederation Examples
I t t Internet– Share connectivity and multiple levels of protocol
BGP– Share routing information
DNS– Distribute configurationg
Carter phone DecisionCreate interface for communication devices– Create interface for communication devices
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Qui Bono?Qui Bono?
Th f f d ti lThe reasons for federation revolve around mutual benefit, but in practice are
it diff t f diff t t fquite different for different types of organizations.
Corollary: a particular federation orCorollary: a particular federation or federation technology can be attractive or unattractive to different organizationsunattractive to different organizations.
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GovernmentsGovernments
G lGoals:– Maximize overall economy– Maximize overall user satisfaction– Minimize risk
Methods:– Regulate monopolies; encourage competitiveness;
smaller and more numerous markets– Encourage best of breed solution finding
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EnterprisesEnterprises
G lGoals– Persistent competitive advantage– Leverage strategic advantages to new
markets– Reduce risk
MethodsMethods– Own monopolies or near monopolies
C di i i– Commodity inputs; proprietary outputs6
UsersUsers
G lGoals– Best technology– Best Price– Ease of use / Least investment in learningg
MethodsP h i h i– Purchasing choices
– Influence on Government
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ResearchersResearchers
G lGoals– Innovation– Freedom to explore alternatives
MethodsMethods– Joint efforts to aggregate scarce resources
E b di ti i k– Embrace disruptive risk
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Federating Clouds (Researchers)
M k i t f hMakes eminent sense for researchers– Scale of all academic resources less than
that of production systems by orders of magnitude
• E.g. PlanetLab, OneLab• Use individual’s phones as distributed sensor net,
or intermittently connected testbedor intermittently connected testbed
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Federating Clouds(Enterprise Providers)
Littl d t t d f Cl d idLittle advantage today for Cloud providers– Makes their output a commodity– Scale isn’t an issue– Coverage isn’t an issue (yet?)g (y )
Perhaps federate lower levels?(f d t diti t di i i t )– (federate commodities, not discriminators)
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Federating Clouds(Enterprise users)
C f d ti t d i k?Can we use federation to reduce risk?– Avoid cloud lock in– Handle demand surge
Connect different cloud appsConnect different cloud apps– Inevitable once separate cloud-based apps
get important enough?get important enough?
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Federating Clouds(Governments)
G t bi t iGovernments as big enterprises– Lots of resources to share & save– Lots of data to make available, internally and
externally– Load moves around (e.g. IRS in April?)
Governments as regulatorsGovernments as regulators– Policy?
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ConclusionsConclusions
L t f f k i t f d tiLots of forces work against federationWill happen first inpp
– Research worldGovernments– Governments
We want to make consolidation happen b t th ’ i b fsooner but there’s a growing base of
legacy inertia.
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QuestionsQuestions
H t h d i ff t th tHow to shape academic efforts so that they will be relevant to the other worlds?
– E.g. Agenda and participation in NSF workshop
Is it the same as networks before the Internet?
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Today vs.1983?y(ARPAnet extinction; start of the Internet age)
Si il itiSimilarities– Lots of production proprietary inertia
DifferencesEase of experimentation with multiple open– Ease of experimentation with multiple open standard OSes, etc.Cheap hardware– Cheap hardware
– End of the hourglass model
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End of the hourglass?End of the hourglass?
IP i th t f th N t k j t th th IP is the center of the Network just as the earth is the center of the universe.
’ f f f It’s still the most important frame of reference, but not the only one.
E.g.– Ethernet may be the way to port servers in
datacenters– Custom content based networks need not be IP
basedbased.
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The Gravitational modelThe Gravitational model
W h l d ti ( ) f t iWe have large adoption (mass) of certain standard protocols, uses and interfaces.
IP i b– IP, users, movies, web, games, …
There’s a huge attraction to finding a better th b t t f th ( lpath between any two of these (so long as you
don’t fall into another gravitational well)
This leads to multiple paths between the biggest masses, or a polymorphic net.
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