EFFICACY AND TIMING OF FUNGICIDES,BACTERICIDES, AND BIOLOGICALS
FORDECIDUOUS TREE FRUIT, NUT CROPS,
AND GRAPEVINES
2005(Updated April, 2005)
ALMOND PEACHAPPLE AND PEAR PISTACHIO
APRICOT PLUMCHERRY PRUNEGRAPE WALNUT
Jim Adaskaveg, Associate ProfessorUniversity of California, Riverside
Brent Holtz, Farm AdvisorUniversity of California Cooperative Extension, Madera County
Themis Michailides, ProfessorUniversity of California, Davis/Kearney Agricultural Center
Doug Gubler, Extension Plant PathologistUniversity of California Davis
Web Site AddressesUC Davis, Dept. of Plant Pathology UC Kearney Agricultural Centerwww.plpnem.ucdavis.edu www.uckac.edu/plantpath
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—2004, Revised 1 February 2004University of California -- 2
Statewide IPM Program www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Properties and efficacy of registered and experimental fungicides .....................................2Properties and efficacy of registered and experimental antibiotics, biologicals, oils, etc .3Efficacy for tree crops .................................................................................................................3Efficacy for grapevines................................................................................................................4Disease and pathogen names.....................................................................................................5Fungicides .............................................................................................................................. 6-10
AlmondFungicide efficacy.............................................................................................................11Treatment timing.............................................................................................................12
Apple and PearFungicide and bactericide efficacy .....................................................................................13Treatment timing.............................................................................................................14
ApricotFungicide efficacy.............................................................................................................15Treatment timing.............................................................................................................16
CherryFungicide efficacy.............................................................................................................17Treatment timing.............................................................................................................18
GrapevinesFungicide efficacy.............................................................................................................19Treatment timing.............................................................................................................20
Peach and NectarineFungicide efficacy.............................................................................................................21Treatment timing.............................................................................................................22
PistachioFungicide efficacy.............................................................................................................23Treatment timing.............................................................................................................23
PlumFungicide efficacy.............................................................................................................24Treatment timing.............................................................................................................25
PruneFungicide efficacy.............................................................................................................26Treatment timing.............................................................................................................27
WalnutBactericide Efficacy..........................................................................................................28Treatment timing.............................................................................................................29
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 2
General Properties and Efficacy of Registered and Experimental Fungicides Used onDeciduous Tree Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines in California
Trade name Fungicide ClassSystemicaction Mode of action
Resistancepotential
various copper Inorganic No Multi-site Lowvarious sulfur Inorganic No Multi-site LowManeb maneb Carbamate (EBDC)a No Multi-site LowManexThiram
manebthiram
Carbamate (EBDC)a
Carbamate (DMDC)bNoNo
Multi-siteMulti-site
LowLow
Ziram ziram Carbamate (DMDC)b No Multi-site LowRovral iprodione Dicarboximide Yes Multi-site LowScala* pyrimethanil Anilinopyrimidine Yes Single-site HighVangard cyprodinil Anilinopyrimidine Yes Single-site HighBotranAllisanc
Dichlorandichloran
Aromatic hydrocarbonAromatic hydrocarbon
SlightSlight
Single-siteSingle-site
HighHigh
Bravo chlorothalonil Aromatic nitrile No Multi-site LowEcho chlorothalonil Aromatic nitrile No Multi-site LowBenlate** benomyl Benzimidazole Yes Single-site Very highTopsin-M thioph.-methyl Benzimidazole Yes Single-site Very highEndura* boscalid Carboxyanilide Yes? Multi-site LowSyllit*** dodine Guanidine Yes Few to multi-site MediumElevateJudge*c
fenhexamidfenhexamid
HydroxyanilideHydroxyanilide
NoNo
Single-siteSingle-site
HighHigh
Captan captan Phthalamide No Multi-site Low
Quintec* quinoxyfen Quinoline No Single-site Medium
Scholarc fludioxonil Phenylpyrrole Contact Few to multi LowBayleton triadimefon DMId-Triazole Yes? Single-site HighElite tebuconazole DMI-Triazole Yes? Single-site HighEminent* tetraconazole DMI-Triazole Yes? Single-site HighFunginex** triforine DMI-Piperazine Yes? Single-site HighIndar fenbuconazole DMI-Triazole Yes? Single-site HighOrbit (Bumper)Bumper
Propiconazolepropiconazole
DMI-TriazoleDMI-Triazole
Yes?Yes?
Single-siteSingle-site
HighHigh
Procure triflumizole DMI-Imidazole Yes? Single-site HighRally/Laredo myclobutanil DMI-Triazole Yes? Single-site HighRubigan fenarimol DMI-Pyrimidine Yes? Single-site HighAbound azoxystrobin Strobilurin Yes? Single-site HighCabrio pyraclostrobin Strobilurin Yes? Single-site HighFlint trifloxystrobin Strobilurin Yes? Single-site HighSovran kresoxymethyl Strobilurin Yes? Single-site HighPristine pyraclostrobin +
boscalidStrobilurin +Carboxyanilide
Yes?Yes?
Single-siteMulti-site
MediumLow
Switch fludioxonil +cyprodinil
Phenylpyrrole +Anilinopyrimidine
ContactYes
Single-siteSingle-site
MediumHigh
* Experimental; registration pending** Label withdrawn*** Registered on pears in Californiaa EBDC = ethylene bisdithiocarbamateb DMDC = dimethyl dithiocarbamatec Postharvest use onlyd DMI = demethylation (sterol) inhibitor? = not confirmed on stone fruit and nut crops using radioactive labeled compounds
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 3
General Properties and Efficacy of Registered and Experimental Antibiotics, Biologicals,Oils, and Natural Products Used on Deciduous Tree Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines
in California
Trade name Treatment ClassSystemicaction Mode of action
Resistancepotential
Agrimycin streptomycin antibiotic Yes Protein Synthesis HighMycoshield
AQ-10**BlightBanBloomtimeBiologicalFD*Plant Shield****SerenadeSonata*
Messenger
terramycin
Ampelomyces quisqualisPseudomonas fluorescens A506Pantoea agglomerans E/325Trichoderma harzianumBacillus subtilisBacillus pumilis
harpin
antibiotic
biologicalbiologicalbiologicalbiologicalbiologicalbiological
SAR - Protein***
Yes
NoNoNoNoNoNo
Yes
Protein Synthesis
variousvariousvariousvariousvariousvarious
Host resistance
High
LowLowLowLowLowLow
Unknown
JMS Stylet oilOmni SupremeTimorex
ArmicarbKaligreenPrev-amVigorCalVigorK
low range oillow range oilnatural oil
sodium bicarbonatesodium bicarbonatesodium tetraborohydratecalcium metalosatepotassium metalosate
oiloiloil
inorganic saltinorganic saltinorganic saltinorganic saltinorganic salt
NoNoNo
NoNoNoNono
VariousVariousVarious
VariousVariousVariousVariousvarious
LowLowLow
LowLowLowLowlow
CinnacureQuiponin
cinnamaldehydeQuillaja saponaria
natural productnatural product
NoNo
VariousVarious
LowLow
*Experimental; registration pending**Label withdrawn***SAR – Systemic acquired resistance induced in host.****Not registered
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 4
EFFICACY: TREE CROPSFungicide Brown Jacket rot Shot Powdery Rust Scab Anthracnose Alternaria
rot (Botrytis) hole mildew Almond Apple/pear
Abounda ++ ---- +++ ++ +++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++
Benlateb +++c +++ ---- +++ ++ +++ +++ ---- ----
Botran ++ +++ ND NR NR NR NR NR NR
Bravo/Echo ++ ++ +++ ---- ++ +++ NR ++++ ++
Cabrioe ++ ---- NR ++ NR NR NR NR NR
Captan ++ ++ +++ ---- + +++ ++ ++ -----
Copper + + ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- +
Elevate +++ ++++ + + ND ND ND ND ND
Elite ++++ ++ +/- +++ +++ +/- NR +++ ++
Eminent e ++ ---- ND ND ND ND ND + ND
Flint ++ ---- +++ ++ ID ++++ ++++ ++++ +++
Funginexc +++ ---- ---- ++ + ---- +++ ND ND
Indar +++ ---- + ND ND +++ ---- + ----
Laredo +++ ---- ++ ++++ ++ ---- NR ++ ----
ManebManex
+ +
+ +
++ ++
---- ----
++++++
++ ++
++ ++
++ ++
+ +
Orbit (Bumper) +++ ---- +/- +++ +++ NR NR +++ -----
Pristine ++++ +++ ++++ +++ ND d ++++ ND +++ +++
Procure ++ ---- +/- +++ ND ND ++++ ND ND
Quintece ---- ---- ---- ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Rally ++ ---- +/- ++++ ++ ---- ++++ ++ ----
Rovral +++ +++ +++ ---- ---- ---- NR ---- +++
Rovral + oil ++++ ++++ +++ + ++ ---- NR ---- +++
Rubigan +++ ---- ---- ++++ ++ NR ++++ ND ND
Sovrane ND ND ND +++ ++ ND +++ ND ND
Scala (NR)e ++ h,i +++ ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Scholarf ++++ ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
SulfurSwitche
+ ND
+ +++
---- ND
+++ ND
+++ ND
++ ND
++ ND
+ ND
----- +++
Thiram + + ND ---- ---- NR ++ ND ND
Topsin M +++g +++ ---- +++ ++ +++ +++ ---- ----
Vangard ++++ h,i ++++ ++ ND ND ---- +++ ND +++
Ziram + + +++ ---- ---- +++ ++ +++ +
Rating: ++++ = excellent; +++ = very good; ++ = good; + = fair; +/- = minimal or often ineffective; - =ineffective; NR = not registered; ND = no dataa Causes severe phytotoxicity on some apple cultivars.b Label withdrawn.c No active label for tree or vine crops.d Strobilurin fungicides generally have very good to excellent efficacy against rust diseasese Registration pending (Eminent and Scala). Cabrio and Quintec are registered only on cherry, Switch is only
registered on pistachio, and Sovran only on pome fruit crops.f Postharvest use only.g Resistant populations of target organisms occur in California.h High summer temperatures and relative humidity reduce efficacy.i Phytotoxicity reported on cherry.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 5
EFFICACY: GRAPEVINES
Fungicide Powdery Downy Bunch rot Phomopsis Eutypa
mildew mildew Botrytis Summer
CONVENTIONAL FUNGICIDESAbound ++++ ++++ + ---- +++ ----
Bayleton ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Captan ---- + +++ +++ +++ ----
Elevate ++ ---- ++++ +++ ---- ----
Elite ++++ ---- ++ ++ ---- ----
Flinta ++++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ----
JMS Stylet Oilb ++++ ---- +++ ++ ---- ----
Maneb ---- ---- ++ ---- +++ ----
Pristine ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ +++ ----
Procure ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Quintec ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Rally ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Ridomil Gold ---- ++++ ---- ---- ---- ----
Rovral ---- ---- ++++ ---- ---- ----
Rovral + oil +++ ---- ++++ ---- ---- ----
Rubigan ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Sovran ++++ ++++ ++ ++ ++++ ----
Vangard ++ ---- ++++ ++ ---- ----
Ziram ---- ---- ++ ---- ++ ----
BIOLOGICALS, NATURAL COMPOUNDS, SARsAQ10c ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Armicarb +++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Copper ++ +++ ++ +++ + ----
Cinnacure +++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Kaligreen +++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Messenger +++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Prev-am ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Serenade +++ ---- + + ---- ----
Sonata +++ ---- ++ + ---- ----
Sulfur ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Timorex ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
VigorCal ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
VigorK ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Rating: ++++ = excellent; +++ = very good; ++ = good; + = fair; +/- = slight; ---- = ineffectivea Causes severe phytotoxicity on Concord grapevines.b Phytotoxic if used within 2 weeks of Captan or sulfur.c Label withdrawn.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 6
DISEASE AND PATHOGEN NAMES
Disease Pathogen(s) Host(s)
Alternaria late blight Alternaria alternata complex Pistachio
Alternaria leaf spot Alternaria alternata complex Almond
Anthracnose Colletotrichum acutatum Almond, peach
Botryosphaeria panicleblight
Botryosphaeria dothidea Pistachio
Botrytis shoot blight Botrytis cinerea Pistachio
Brown rot Monilinia fructicola Stone fruits
Brown rot Monilinia laxa Almond, apricot, prune
Bunch rot Botrytis cinerea Grapevine
Downy mildew Plasmopora viticola Grapevine
Eutypa dieback Eutypa lata Apricot, Grapevine
Fireblight Erwinia amylovora (bacterium) Pome fruit (apple, pear, quince, etc.)
Jacket rot Botrytis cinereaMonilinia laxaMonilinia fructicolaSclerotinia sclerotiorum
All stone fruits
Leaf blight Seimatosporium lichenicola Almond
Leaf spot Blumeriella jaapii Cherry
Leaf curl Taphrina deformans Peach, nectarine
Phomopsis dieback Phomopsis viticola Grapevine
Phomopsis blight Phomopsis sp. Pistachio
Phomopsis fruit rot Phomopsis amygdali Almond
Powdery mildew Podosphaera leucotrichaPodosphaera clandestinaPodosphaera tridactylaSphaerotheca pannosaUncinula necator
Apple, peach, nectarineCherryApricot, plum, prune, (peach)*Apricot, peach, nectarine, plumGrapevine
Russet scab Abiotic (rain during bloom) Prune
Rust Tranzschelia discolor Almond, nectarine, peach, prune, plum
Scab Cladosporium carpophilum Almond, nectarine, peach
Scab Venturia inaequalis Apple
Scab Venturia pirina Pear
Sclerotinia blight Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Almond, apricot, nectarine, peach, prune, pistachio
Shot hole Wilsonomyces carpophilus Almond, apricot, peach, nectarine
Walnut blight Xanthomonas juglandis(bacterium)
Walnut
* On peach in southern California.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 7
MISCELLANEOUS FUNGICIDES
ANTIBIOTICSTrade name Common name Company ActivityAgri-MycinAgricultural Streptomycin
StreptomycinStreptomycin
NuFarmFarmSaver
systemicsystemic
Mycoshield Terramycin NuFarm systemic
Mode of action: Both are protein synthesis inhibitorsResistance risk: HighGrowth effects: Inhibits protein production and growth.
BIOLOGICALSTrade name Common name Company ActivityAQ10*BlightBan
Ampelomyces quisqualisPseudomonas fluorescensA506
Ecogen Inc.J.R. Simplot/PlantHealth Tech.
contactcontact
BloomtimeBiologicalFD** Pantoea agglomerans E/325 Northwest Ag Prod. contactPlant Shield*** Trichoderma harzianum Circle One Organics contactSerenade Bacillus subtilis AgraQuest Inc. contactSonata** Bacillus pumilis AgraQuest Inc. contact
* label withdrawn**label pending***not registeredMode of action: antagonism, mycoparasitism, and/or site exclusion (no antibiosis)Resistance risk: lowGrowth effects: growth inhibition of pathogen by antagonism or mycoparasitism
NATURAL COMPOUNDS/OILSTrade name Common name Company ActivityArmicarbCinnacure
sodium bicarbonatecinnamaldehyde
Helena ChemicalProGuard Inc
contactcontact
JMS Stylet Oil low range oil JMS Flower Farms contactKaligreen sodium bicarbonate Toagosei contactOmni Supreme low range oil Helena Chemical contactPrev-am sodium tetraborohyrate ORO Agri. Inc. contactQuiponin Quillaja saponaria Nor-Natur AP-S contactTimorex natural oil Biomor contactTrilogy neem oil Certis USA contactVigorCal calcium metalosate Agro-K contactVigorK potassium metalosate Agro-K contact
Mode of action: variousResistance risk: lowGrowth effects: various
MINERALSTrade name Common name Company ActivityCopper and sulfur various various contact
Mode of action: Both are multi-site inhibitors
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 8
Copper inactivates numerous enzyme systemsSulfur inhibits respiration
Resistance risk: LowGrowth effects: Inhibits spore germination: Sulfur also inhibits mycelial growth of powdery
mildewsSporulation: No effect
SAR*Trade name Common name Company ActivityMessenger harpin Eden Bioscience systemic
*Systemic Acquired ResistanceMode of action: host resistanceResistance risk: unknownGrowth effects:
SYNTHETIC FUNGICIDES
ANILINOPYRIMIDINETrade name Common name Company ActivityScala* pyrimethanil Bayer CropScience not systemicVangard (see also Switch) cyprodinil Syngenta not systemic (on most crops)
* Registration pendingMode of action: single-site, methionine inhibitor; has “kick-back” activity against apple andpear scab and stone fruit fungi.Resistance risk: highGrowth effects: inhibits mycelial growth and suppresses spore germination. More effective inspring (lower temperatures) than summer (higher temperatures)Sporulation: no effect
ANILINOPYRIMIDINE AND PHENYLPYRROLETrade name Common name Company ActivitySwitch fludioxonil/cyprodinil Syngenta contact
Mode of action: single-site, interferes with respiration (fludioxonil); methionine inhibitor(cyprodinil)Resistance risk: highGrowth effects: inhibits mycelial growth and germinationSporulation: reduces
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONTrade name Common name Company ActivityBotran dichloran Gowan systemic (local)
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 9
Allisan dichloran Gowan systemic (local)
Mode of action: unclearResistance risk: highGrowth effects: interupts mycelial growthSporulation: little effect
BENZIMIDAZOLETrade name Common name Company ActivityBenlate* benomyl DuPont systemic (local)Topsin-M thiophanate-methyl Cerexagri systemic (local)
*label withdrawnMode of action: single-site inhibitors that interfere with nuclear divisionResistance risk: high; levels of resistant populations do not decline in absence of fungicide useGrowth effects: inhibits mycelial growthSporulation: inhibits
CARBAMATETrade name Common name Company ActivityEthylene bisdithiocarbamates (EBDC)
Dithane mancozeb Dow Agrosciences contactManeb maneb Cerexagri contactManex maneb Griffin contact
Dimethyl dithiocarbamates (DMDC)Thiram thiram Taminco contactZiram ziram Cerexagri contact
Mode of action: multi-site inhibitors that complex with enzymes probably inhibiting respirationResistance risk: very lowGrowth effects: inhibit spore germinationSporulation: no effect
CARBOXYANILIDETrade name Common name Company ActivityEndura(see also Pristine)
boscalid BASF unknown
Mode of action: unknown, probably multi-site; registrant indicates that in general the fungicidedeprives the fungal cell of its energy source and eliminates the availability of chemical buildingblocks for synthesis of essential cellular componentsResistance risk: lowGrowth effects: reduced mycelial growthSporulation: unknown
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 10
DEMETHYLATION (ERGOSTEROL OR STEROL BIOSYNTHESIS) INHIBITORS(“DMI” OR “SBI”)Trade name Common name Sub-class Company ActivityBayleton triadimefon Triazole Taminco systemic (local)Elite tebuconazole Triazole Bayer CropScience systemic (local)Eminent* tetraconazole Triazole Sipcam Agro USA systemic (local)Indar fenbuconazole Triazole Dow Agrosciences systemic (local)OrbitBumper
propiconazolepropiconazole
TriazoleTriazole
SyngentaMakhteshim-Agan
systemic (local)systemic (local)
Procure triflumizole Imidazole Uniroyal systemic (local)Rally (Laredo) myclobutanil Triazole Dow Agrosciences systemic (local)Rubigan fenarimol Pyrimidine Dow Agrosciences systemic (local)* Registration pendingMode of action: single-site inhibitors; inhibit demethylation and other processes in sterolbiosynthesis; most are absorbed quickly and move up but not down in the plant; all have little effecton spore germination, but interfere with other early developmental processes; all inhibit mycelialgrowth and may stop lesions from sporulating; many have “kick-back” activity against brown rot,rust, perhaps scab, and apple and pear scab. Systemic action was determined on leaves of annualplants. The requisite tests using radioactive labeled compounds on flowers, fruit and leaves of treecrops have not been conducted.Resistance risk: highGrowth effects: inhibit mycelial growthSporulation: suppresses
DICARBOXIMIDETrade name Common name Company ActivityRovral iprodione Bayer CropScience systemic (local)
Mode of action: multi-siteResistance risk: low with low frequency of application; none reported in California; whereresistance occurs, no crop losses reported on stone fruits; resistant populations are less fit anddecline in absence of fungicide use.Growth effects: inhibits mycelial growth and to a lesser extent spore germinationSporulation: inhibits
GUANIDINETrade name Common name Company ActivitySyllit dodine Platte Chemical Co. systemic (local)
Mode of action: disrupts membranesResistance risk: high
HYDROXYANILIDETrade name Common name Company ActivityElevateJudge*
fenhexamidfenhexamid
ArvestaArvesta
contactcontact
* Registration pendingMode of action: unknown, probably single-site and related to sterol biosynthesis inhibition.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 11
Resistance risk: highGrowth effects: inhibits spore germination and mycelial growthSporulation: no effect
ISOPHTHALONITRILETrade name Common name Company ActivityBravo chlorothalonil Syngenta contactEcho chlorothalonil Sipcam Agro USA contact
Mode of action: multi-site inhibitor affecting various enzymes and other metabolic processesResistance risk: lowGrowth effects: inhibits spore germinationSporulation: unknown
PHENYLAMIDETrade name Common name Company ActivityRidomil Gold EC mefenoxam Syngenta contact, systemic
Mode of action: interferes with activity of a nuclear RNA polymerase template complexResistance risk: highGrowth effects: inhibits mycelial growth, sporangial development, and zoospore viabilitySporulation: reduces
PHENYLPYRROLETrade name Common name Company ActivityScholarSwitch
fludioxonilfludioxonil/cyprodinil
SyngentaSyngenta
contact (except cherry-systemic)contact
Mode of action: single-site; interferes with respiration (fludioxonil); methionine inhibitor(cyprodinil)Resistance risk: highGrowth effects: inhibits mycelial growth and germinationSporulation: reduces
PHTHALIMIDETrade name Common name Company ActivityCaptan captan various contact
Mode of action: multi-site inhibitor that complexes with enzymes probably inhibiting respiration.Resistance risk: very lowGrowth effects: inhibits spore germinationSporulation: no effect
QUINOLINETrade name Common name Company ActivityQuintec quinoxyfen Dow AgroSciences contact
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 12
Mode of action: probably single-site inhibitor; disrupts early cell signaling eventsResistance risk: mediumGrowth effects: suppresses spore germination, early germ tube development and/orappressorium formationSporulation: no effect
STROBILURINTrade name Common name Company ActivityAboundCabrio
azoxystrobinpyraclostrobin
SyngentaBASF
contact and systemiccontact and systemic
Flint trifloxystrobin Bayer CropScience contact and systemicPristine pyraclostrobin + boscalid BASF contact and systemicSovran kresoxim methyl BASF contact and systemic
Mode of action: single-site; blocks respiration by interfering with cytochrome bResistance risk: highGrowth effects: inhibits spore germination and mycelial growthSporulation: no effect
STROBILURIN + CARBOXYANILIDETrade name Common name Company ActivityPristine pyraclostrobin + boscalid BASF contact and systemic
Mode of action: see above for strobilurin; unknown for carboxyanilideResistance risk: low (combination of different chemistries)Growth effects: see above for strobilurin; unknown for carboxyanilideSporulation: see above for strobilurin; unknown for carboxyanilide
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 13
ALMOND—FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Fungicide Resistancerisk
BrownRot
Jacketrot
Anthrac-nose
Shothole
Scab Rust1 Leafblight
Alternaria Silverleaf
Benlate2 high ++++ ++++ ---- ---- +++ + ++++7 ---- ----Pristine1 medium ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ND +++9 ----Rovral + oil3 low ++++ ++++ ---- +++ +/- ++ ND +++9 ----
Topsin-M2 high ++++ ++++ ---- ---- +++ + +++7 ---- ----Vangard high ++++ ++++ ND ++ ---- ND ND +9 ----
Abound high +++ ---- ++++ +++ ++++ +++ +++ +++11 ----Elevate high +++ ++++ ---- + ND ND ND ND ----Flint high +++ ---- ++++ +++ ++++ +++ +++ +++11 ----Laredo high +++ ---- ++ ++ ---- + +++ ---- ----Rovral low +++ +++ ---- +++ ---- ---- ND +++10 ----
Bravo/Echo4,5 low ++ NR +++ +++ +++ NR NR NR ----Captan5 low ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ ---- +++ ---- ----Maneb low ++ + ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ ---- ----Rally6 high ++ ---- ++ +/- ---- + +++ ---- ----Ziram low ++ + +++ +++ +++ ---- ++ + ----
Copper low +/- +/- ---- + 8 ---- ---- ---- ND NDSulfur5 low +/- +/- ---- ---- ++ ++ ---- ---- ----
PlantShield(NR) low ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- +++Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limited and/or erratic,+/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, NR = not registered, and ND = no data1 Of the materials listed, only sulfur, Abound, and Flint are registered for use in late spring and early summer when treatment isrecommended. Applications of Pristine only at 5 weeks after petal fall will not adequately control late-season diseases. 2 Benlate label withdrawn. Strains of the brown rot fungi Monilinia laxa and M. fructicola resistant to Benlate and Topsin have beenfound in some California almond orchards. Resistant strains of the jacket rot fungus, Botrytis cinerea, have been reported in Californiaon crops other than almond and stone fruits and may have the potential to develop in almonds with overuse of fungicides with similarchemistry. Resistant strains of the scab fungus, Cladosporium carpophilum, have been reported on other crops but not in California. 3 Oil is a “light” summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume. 4 Bravo Ultrex, Bravo Weather Stik, Echo, and Echo Ultimate are currently registered. 5 Do not use in combination with or shortly before or after oil treatment. 6 Efficacy is better in concentrate (80-100 gal/acre) than in dilute sprays. 7 Excellent control obtained with combination of Benlate and Captan; activity of Topsin should be similar to that of Benlate. 8 The low rates necessary to avoid phytotoxicity in spring reduce the efficacy of copper. 9 Not registered for use later than 5 weeks after petal fall. 10 Efficacy reduced at high temperatures and relative humidity; experimental for Alternaria.
11 Field resistance of Alternaria sp. to strobilurin fungicides has been detected in almond orchards.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 14
ALMOND—TREATMENT TIMING
Note: not all indicated timings may be necessary for disease control.
Disease Dormant Bloom Springa Summer
Pinkbud
Fullbloom
Petalfall
2weeks
5weeks
May June
Alternaria ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- +++ +++ +++Anthracnoseb ---- ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++Brown rot ---- ++ +++ + ---- ---- ---- ----Green fruit rot ---- ---- +++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----Leaf blight ---- ---- +++ ++ + ---- ---- ----
Scabc + + + + +++ +++ ++ +
Shot holed +e + ++ +++ +++ ++ ---- ----
Rust ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- +++ +++ +f
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective
a. Two and five weeks after petal fall are general timings to represent early postbloom and thelatest time that most fungicides can be applied. The exact timing is not critical but depends onthe occurrence of rainfall.
b. If anthracnose was damaging in previous years and temperatures are moderate (63°F or higher)
during bloom, make the first application at pink bud. Otherwise treatment can begin at orshortly after petal fall. In all cases, application should be repeated at 7- to 10-day intervals whenrains occur during periods of moderate temperatures. Treatment should, if possible, precede anylate spring and early summer rains. Rotate fungicides, using different fungicide classes, as aresistance management strategy.
c. Early treatments (during bloom) have minimal effect on scab; the 5-week treatment usually is
most effective. Treatments after 5 weeks are useful in northern areas where late spring and earlysummer rains occur. Dormant treatment with liquid lime sulfur improves efficacy of springcontrol programs.
d. If pathogen spores were found during fall leaf monitoring, apply a shot hole fungicide during
bloom, preferably at petal fall or when young leaves first appear. Re-apply when spores arefound on new leaves or if heavy, persistent spring rains occur. If pathogen spores were notpresent the previous fall, shot hole control may be delayed until spores are seen on new leaves inspring.
e. Dormant copper treatment seldom reduces shot hole infection but may be useful in severely
affected orchards and must be followed by a good spring program. f. Treatment in June is important only if late spring and early summer rains occur.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 15
APPLE AND PEAR—FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Resistance Scab Powdery mildewFungicide risk1 Protectant Eradicant (apple only)
Bayleton high ---- ---- +++Benlate2 high +++ +++ +++Flint high ++++ ++++ ++++Procure3 high ++++ ++++ ++++
Rally4 high ++++ ++++ ++++
Rubigan3
Sovranhighhigh
++++ +++
++++ +++
++++ +++
Topsin M high +++ +++ +++Vangard high +++ +++ +++
Captan6 low ++ ---- ----
Maneb6 low ++ ---- ----
Thiram4 low ++ ---- ----
Ziram6 low ++ ---- ----
Copper low ++7 ---- ----
Lime sulfur6,8 low ---- ++++8 +++9
Sulfur6 low ++ ---- ++++
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + =limited and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective.
1. Do not use the same fungicide or fungicides with similar chemistry and high resistance risk morethan twice during a season.
2. Label withdrawn.3. On pear, use only before white bud and after full bloom.4. Labeled on apple but not on pear.5. Labeled on pear but not on apple.6. These are important components of resistance management programs.7. Copper, though effective for scab and blight control, causes fruit scarring.8. “Burns out” scab twig lesions when applied at delayed dormant and disrupts pseudothecial
development when applied to leaves in fall. CAUTION: LIME SULFUR IS INCOMPATIBLEWITH MOST OTHER PESTICIDES. CHECK BEFORE USE.
9. In-season application eradicates powdery mildew.
Resistance FireblightBactericide risk 1 Contact Systemic Phytotoxicity
Agriculturalstreptomycin
high ++++ +++ -
MycoShield5 high +++ +++ -
Copper7 low +++ ---- +Blight Ban low ++ ---- -
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 16
APPLE AND PEAR—TREATMENT TIMING
Note: not all indicated timings may be necessary for disease control.
Disease Fall Delayeddormant
Green tip Pink bud Spring
Scaba ++ b ++ b +++ +++ +++
Powdery mildewc ---- ---- ---- +++ +++
Fireblight ---- ---- ---- +++ +++d
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective
a. Protection of early tissue is important. Additional applications should be made according toinfection periods as determined by the Mills table.
b. Disruption of pseudothecial development (fall) and inactivation of overwintering twig lesions(delayed dormant) occurs; effects of these treatments on disease control uncertain.
c. Early application is most effective; added treatments are made if mildew continues. d. Start management program at the beginning of bloom and continue through bloom including
“rat-tail” bloom through out the spring. Several models are available for forecasting infectionperiods and treatment timing. Models include: Maryblyt, Cougar Blight, etc.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 17
APRICOT—FUNGICIDE EFFICACYDO NOT USE SULFUR AT ANY TIME ON APRICOT TREES
OR USE CAPTAN PREHARVEST ON APRICOT FRUIT
Fungicide Resistance Brown rot1 Jacket rot Powdery Shot
risk1 Blossom Fruit mildew1 hole
Benlate2 high ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ----Indar high ++++ ++++ ---- ND ----Orbit (Bumper) high ++++ ++++ ---- +++ +/-Pristine medium ++++ ++++ +++ +++ ++++Rovral3 + oil4 low ++++ NR ++++ ---- +++
Topsin M2 high ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ----Vangard high ++++ +++ 8 +++ 9 ND ++
Rally high +++ +++ ---- +++ ----Rovral3 low +++ NR +++ ---- +++Elevate high +++ ++ +++ ++ +
Abound high ++ + ---- ND +++Botran high ++ ++ +++ ND NDBravo/Echo5,6 low ++ ++ ++ ---- +++
Captan6,7 low ++ ---- 10 ++ ---- +++
Copper low +/- ---- ---- ---- ++Ziram low +/- ---- + ---- ++++
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limitedand/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, ND = no data, and NR = notregistered.
1. Do not use the same fungicide or fungicides with similar chemistry and high resistance risk morethan twice in one year.
2. Benlate label withdrawn. Strains of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa resistant to Benlate andTopsin have been reported in some California apricot orchards. Resistant strains of the jacketrot fungus, Botrytis cinerea, have been reported in California on crops other than almond andstone fruits and may have the potential to develop in apricots with overuse of fungicides withsimilar chemistry.
3. Blossom blight only; not registered for use after petal fall.
4. The oil is a “light” summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume.
5. Do not use after jacket (shuck) split.
6. Do not use in combination with or shortly before or after oil treatment.
7. Causes fruit browning as a preharvest spray.
8. High summer temperatures and relative humidity reduce efficacy.
9. Has not been tested on apricot but is effective against the jacket rot pathogens.
10. May cause staining on fruit.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 18
APRICOT—TREATMENT TIMING
Note: not all indicated timings may be necessary for disease control.
Disease Dormant Red bud Popcorn Fullbloom
Until pithardening
Preharvest1 to 3 weeks
Brown rota ---- +++ +++ +++ ---- +++Jacket rot ---- ---- ---- +++ ---- ++Powdery mildew ---- ---- ---- +++ +++ c ----
Shot holeb ---- ---- ---- ++ +++ ----
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective
a. Begin at red bud, add one or two more sprays if weather favors disease. b. If pathogen spores were found during fall leaf monitoring, apply a shot hole fungicide during
bloom, preferably at petal fall or when young leaves first appear. Re-apply when spores arefound on new leaves or if heavy persistent spring rains occur. If pathogen spores were notpresent the previous fall, shot hole control may be delayed until spores are seen on newleaves.
c. Repeated treatment at 7- to 14-day intervals may be necessary; earlier treatments are most
effective.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 19
CHERRY--FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Fungicide Resistance Brown rot 1 Botrytis Powdery Shot hole
risk Blossom Fruit mildew 1 Leaf spot 2
Benlate3 high ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ NDElite high ++++ ++++ ++ ++ NDIndar high ++++ +++ ---- +++ NDOrbit (Bumper) high ++++ ++++ ---- +++ NDPristine medium ++++ ++++ +++ +++ NDRovral4 + oil5 low ++++ NR ++++ ++ ND
Topsin M3 high ++++ NR ++++ +++ ND
Abound high +++ + ---- ++ NDCabrio high +++ ++ ---- ++ NDElevate high +++ +++ ++++ + NDRally6 high +++ +++ ---- ++++ ND
Rovral4 low +++ NR +++ ---- NDRubigan high +++ +++ ---- ++++ ND
Botran high ++ ++ +++ ? NDBravo/Echo7,8 low ++ ? ++ ---- ND
Captan8 low ++ ++ ++ ---- ND
Copper low +/- ---- ---- ---- NDSulfur8 low +/- ---- ---- +++ NDZiram low +/- ? ---- ---- ND
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + =limited and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, ND = no data,and NR = not registered.
1. Do not use the same fungicide or fungicides with similar chemistry more than twice in one year.
2. Shot hole and leaf spot occur infrequently on cherry in California; control usually is notnecessary (ND = no data available).
3. Benlate label withdrawn. Strains of Monilinia fructicola resistant to Benlate and Topsin arepresent in some California cherry orchards.
4. Blossom blight only; not registered for use after petal fall.
5. Oil is a “light” summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume.
6. More effective when applied as a concentrate (80-100 gal/acre) than as a dilute spray.
7. Do not use after jacket (shuck) split.
8. Do not use in combination with or shortly before or after oil treatment.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 20
CHERRY—TREATMENT TIMING
Note: not all indicated timings may be necessary for disease control.
Disease Latebudbreak
Popcorn Fullbloom
Petal fall 2-3 weekslater
Preharvest1-10 days a
Botrytis ---- +++ +++ ++ ---- +++Brown rotb ---- +++ +++ ++ ---- +++
Powdery mildewc ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ ----
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective
a. Select broad-spectrum fungicides (or combinations) that have activity against both brown rotand Botrytis fruit rots.
b. Begin at popcorn and repeat every 10 to 14 days through bloom if rains continue. c. Use sulfur at late bud break, other fungicides for later treatment. Treat immediately if mildew
is found on shoots or leaves on inner scaffolds.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 21
GRAPEVINE—FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Fungicide Resistance Powdery Downy Bunch rot Phomopsis Eutypa
risk mildew mildew Botrytis Summer
Abound high ++++ ++++ + ---- +++ ----
Flint 1 high ++++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ----
Elite high ++++ ---- ++ ++ ---- ----
JMS Stylet oil2 low ++++ ---- +++ ++ ---- ----
Pristine high ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ +++
Procure high ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Quintec high ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Rally high ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Rubigan high ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Sovran high ++++ ++++ ++ ++ ++++ ----
Sulfur low ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Topsin-M high ++++ ---- ++ ++ + ++++
Armicarb low +++ -- ---- ---- ---- ----
Kaligreen low +++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Messenger low +++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Rovral + Oil2 low +++ ---- ++++ ---- ---- ----
Serenade low +++ ---- + + ---- ----
Sonata low +++ ---- + + ---- ----
Copper low ++ +++ ++ +++ + ----
Bayleton high ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Elevate high ++ ---- ++++ ++ ---- ----
Vangard high ++ ---- ++++ ++ ---- ----
VigorCal low ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
VigorK low ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Timorex2 low ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Prev-am2 low ++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Captan low ---- + +++ +++ +++ ----
Maneb low ---- ---- ++ ---- +++ ----
Ridomil Gold high ---- ++++ ---- ---- ---- ----
Rovral low ---- ---- +++ ---- ---- ----
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limitedand/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective.
1. Causes severe phytotoxicity on Concord grape.2. Phytotoxic if used within 2 weeks of Captan or sulfur.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 22
GRAPEVINE—TREATMENT TIMING
Note: not all indicated timings may be necessary for disease control.
Disease Dormant Budbreak
Fullbloom
Pre-close Veraison Pre-harvest
Botrytis ---- ---- +++ a +++ a ++ a +++ a
Downy mildew ---- +++ +++ ---- ---- ---- Eutypa +++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Powdery mildew +++ b +++ c +++ c +++ d +++ d ---- Summer rot ---- ---- +++ a +++ a ++ a +++ a
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective a. Apply only if rain is forecast.
b. Use 10 gal lime sulfur per acre in at least 100 gal water.
c. Apply bud break and full bloom treatments every year.
d. Apply as needed (a disease risk assessment model is available to help determine need for spray).
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 23
PEACH AND NECTARINE—FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Fungicide Resistance Brown rot 1 Powdery Scab Rust Leaf Shot
risk1 Blossom Fruit mildew1 curl hole
Benlate2 high ++++ ++++ +++ +++ + ---- ---- Elite high ++++ ++++ +++ ++ +++ ---- +/- Indar high ++++ ++++ +++ +++ ND ---- +/- Orbit (Bumper) high ++++ ++++ +++ ---- +++ ---- +/- Pristine medium ++++ ++++ +++ +++ ND ND ++++ Rovral3+ oil4 low ++++ ++++ + + ++ ---- ++
Topsin-M2 high ++++ ++++ +++ +++ + ---- ---- Vangard high ++++ +++ 7 ND ND ND ---- + Elevate high +++ +++ ND ND ND ND ND Rally high +++ +++ ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- Rovral3 low +++ +++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Abound high ++ + ++ ++++ +++ ---- ++ Botran high ++ + ND ND ND ND ND Bravo/Echo5,6 low ++ ---- ---- +++ + +++ +++
Captan6 low ++ ++ ---- +++ ---- ---- +++ 8
Copper low +/- ---- ---- ---- ---- +++ +++ Sulfur6 low +/- +/- +++ +++ +++ ---- ---- Ziram low +/- ---- ---- +++ ---- ++++ +++ Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + =
limited and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, and ND = nodata.
1. Do not use the same fungicide or fungicides with similar chemistry and high resistance risk morethan twice in one year.
2. Benlate label withdrawn. Strains of Monilinia fructicola resistant to Benlate and Topsin arepresent in some peach and nectarine orchards.
3. Blossom blight only; not registered for use after petal fall.
4. Oil is a “light’ summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume.
5. Do not use after jacket (shuck) split.
6. Do not use in combination with or shortly before or after oil treatment.
7. High summer temperatures and relative humidity reduce efficacy.
8. Not effective if used as a dormant treatment.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 24
PEACH AND NECTARINE—TREATMENT TIMING
Note: not all indicated timings may be necessary for disease control. Disease Dormant Bloom 3-6 weeks Preharvest a
20-40% 80-100% postbloom 3 weeks 1 week Brown rot ---- ++ +++ + ++ +++ Powdery mildew
----/ND ++ +++ +++e ---- ----
Leaf curlb +++ + ---- ---- ---- ---- Rust + c ---- ---- +++ ++ ---- Scab ---- ++ +++ ---- ---- Shot holed +++ + + ++ ---- ---- Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, ---- = ineffective, and ND = no data but needs to be evaluated. a. Timing not exact; weather conditions determine need for treatment. b. Treatment should be made before bud break and preferably before bud swell. c. Dormant treatment with liquid lime sulfur. d. Fall application before winter rains begin is the most important; additional spring sprays are seldom required
but may be needed to protect the fruit if heavy persistent spring rains occur. e. Apply until pit hardening.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 25
PISTACHIO—FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Fungicide Resistance risk 1
Alternaria Botrytis Botryosphaeria
Abound2 high +++ ---- +++ Benlate3 low ---- +++ ++ Bravo low ++ ---- ++ Cabrio high +++ ---- +++ Echo low ++ ---- ++ Elevate high ND ++++ ND Flint high +++ ---- +++ Pristine medium ++++ ++++ ++++ Switch medium +++ +++ ++ Topsin-M4,5 high ---- +++ ++ Copper low + ---- ---- Liquid lime sulfur5,6 low ---- ---- +/- Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + = limited
and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, and ND = no data. 1. Rotate fungicides with different chemistries to reduce risk of resistance development. 2. Field resistance of Alternaria spp. to Abound and to other strobilurin fungicides (Flint and Cabrio) has beendetected in pistachio orchards.3. Benlate label withdrawn. Previously registered for bloom treatment only.4. Label was withdrawn for pistachio due to phytotoxicity.5. Registered for bloom treatment only.6. Dormant treatment only.
PISTACHIO—TREATMENT TIMING
Disease Dormant April Junec Julyc August
Alternariaa ---- ---- +++ +++ ++Botryosphaeriab + ++ +++ +++ ++Botrytis ---- +++ ---- ---- ----
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective
a. Three applications during the season are recommended.b. Treat with Topsin-M once at bloom when the terminals on female trees are 1-2 inches long. Begin summer
applications in late May or early June. Treat at 2-3 week intervals until mid-August. For resistancemanagement, no more than three consecutive applications of any strobilourin (Abound, Flint or Cabrio) areallowed.
c. If only one application is done, the best timing is late June to early July.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 26
PLUM—FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Note: Disease control in spring and pre harvest is not necessary for most plum cultivarsin California.
Fungicide Resistance Brown rot Powdery mildew 2 Shot hole 3
risk Blossom1 Fruit
Benlate4 high ++++ ++++ +++ NDOrbit (Bumper) high ++++ ++++ +++ NDPristine medium ++++ ++++ +++ NDRovral5 + oil6 low ++++ NR ---- NDTopsin-M4 high ++++ ++++ +++ NDVangard high ++++ +++ 9 ND ND
Rally high +++ +++ +++ NDRovral5 low +++ NR ---- ND
Abound high ++ + ND NDBotran high ++ ++ ND NDBravo/Echo7,8 low ++ ++ ---- NDCaptan8 low ++ ++ ---- ND
Copper low +/- ---- ---- NDSulfur8 low +/- +/- +++ ND
Rating: ++++ = excellent and consistent, +++ = good and reliable, ++ = moderate and variable, + =limited and/or erratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, and ND= nodata.
1. Brown rot is seldom observed on most plum cultivars and usually does not require treatmentduring bloom.
2. Powdery mildew seldom is observed on most plum cultivars and control usually is unnecessary.
3. Shot hole disease rarely occurs on plums in California. The small holes often observed on leavesin spring are caused by either a genetic disorder or by other agents including environmentalfactors.
4. Benlate label withdrawn. Strains of the brown rot fungus Monilinia fructicola resistant to Benlateand Topsin are found in other stone fruit orchards in California. Brown rot is so seldom found inplum orchards that the resistance levels in plum orchards have not been assessed.
5. Blossom blight only; not registered for use after petal fall.
6. The oil is a “light” summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume.
7. Do not use after jacket (shuck) split.
8. Do not use in combination with or shortly before or after oil treatment.
9. High summer temperatures and relative humidity reduce efficacy.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 27
PLUM—TREATMENT TIMING
Note: not all indicated timings may be necessary for disease control.
Disease Dormant Green bud Popcorn Full bloom Until pithardening
Preharvest
Brown rota ---- + ++ +++ ---- +Powdery mildew
---- + + +++ +++ ----
Shot holeb ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective
a. One early application should suffice; a second treatment should not be needed. b. No treatment is recommended for shot hole because the shot holes found on plum leaves only
rarely are caused by the shot hole fungus.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 28
PRUNE (OR DRIED PLUM)—FUNGICIDE EFFICACY
Material Resistance Brown rot Russet scab Rust
risk Blossom Fruit
Benlate1 + oil2 high ++++ ++++ ---- ----Orbit (Bumper) high ++++ NR ---- NRPristine medium ++++ ++++ ND NDRovral3 + oil2 low ++++ NR ---- NRTopsin-M1 + oil2 high ++++ ++++ ---- ----Vangard high ++++ +++ 6 ---- ND
Benlate1 high +++ +/- ---- ----Elevate high +++ +++ ND ----Rovral3 low +++ NR ---- NRTopsin1 high +++ +/- ---- ----
Abound high ++ + ---- +++Botran high ++ ++ ND NDBravo/Echo4,5 low ++ ++ ++ ----Captan4 low ++ ++ +++ ----Rally high ++ ++ ---- ----
Sulfur low +/- +/- ---- ++
Rating: ++++= excellent and consistent, +++= good and reliable, ++= moderate and variable, += limited anderratic, +/- = minimal and often ineffective, ---- = ineffective, and ? = insufficient data or unknown.NR=not registered after bloom, ND=no data
1. Benlate label withdrawn. Strains of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa resistant to Benlate and Topsin-M havebeen reported in some California prune orchards. No more than two applications of Benlate and Topsin shouldbe made each year.
2. The oil is “light” summer oil, 1-2% volume/volume. If applied in summer causes fruit to lose bloom and lookred. They dry to normal color.
3. Blossom blight only; not registered for use after petal fall.
4. Do not use in combination with or shortly before or after oil treatment.
5. Do not use after jacket (shuck) split.
6. High summer temperatures and relative humidity reduce efficacy.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 29
PRUNE (OR DRIED PLUM)—TREATMENT TIMING
Note: Timings listed are effective but not all may be required for disease control.
Disease Green bud White bud Full bloom May June July
Brown rota +++ +++ +++ ---- + ++Russet scabb ---- ---- +++ ---- ---- ----Rustc ---- ---- ---- + ++ +++Rating: +++ = most effective, ++ = moderately effective, + = least effective, and ---- = ineffective
Timings used will depend upon orchard history of disease, length of bloom, and weatherconditions each year.
a. Flowers are susceptible beginning with the emergence of the sepals (green bud) until the petalsfall, but are most susceptible when open.
b. A physiological disorder, no pathogens involved.
c. More severe when late spring rains occur.
Fungicide Tables for Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapevines—Edited in 2004University of California -- 30
WALNUT—BACTERICIDE EFFICACY
Material Resistance risk Walnut blight* PhytotoxicityBordeaux low +++ NPFixed coppers medium +++ ++**Copper-maneb low ++++ NPCopper-maneb-surfactant low + NPZinc-Copper Bordeaux low +++ NP
Serenade low + NP
* Rating: ++++= excellent and consistent, +++= good and reliable, ++= moderate andvariable, += limited and erratic, NP = not phytotoxic
** Phytotoxicity of fixed coppers can be reduced with the addition of lime or agricultural oils tothe tank mixture.
WALNUT—TREATMENT TIMING
Note: Timings listed are effective but not all may be required for disease control.*
Disease Catkinemergence
Terminalbud break
1-wk afterbud break
7-10 dayintervalsb
Mayc
Walnut blight + +++ ++ ++b +(on fruit/nuts)a
* Timings used will depend upon orchard history of disease and weather conditions each year.
a. Male and female flowers are susceptible beginning with their emergence.
b. A temperature-leaf wetness model (e.g., XanthoCast) is available for determining optimumtiming of bactericide applications.
c. Late spring rains are less conducive to disease.
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