Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen, Institut für Massivbau, Prof. M. Curbach
2. Types of structures
Dresden, June 4th, 2018
Dr.-Ing. Patricia Garibaldi
TU Dresden, 04.06.2018 Structural Systems
Basic concepts for structures
Buch Leicht Weit, Schlaich J., Bergermann R.Folie 2 von 39
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Basic concepts for structures
• Conventional floating bridge, with joints
• Integral Bridge – (largely) free of joints and bearings
Foto 1: http://en.structurae.de/files/photos/1/imgp/imgp0287.jpg
Foto 2: Just, M.
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“The only good joint is no joint”
Henry Derthick, Tennessee Department of Transportation
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1. Beams
• Simply supported• Simply supported chain
• Continuous beam
• Gerber beam
Buch Vorlesungen über Massivbau, Teil 6b Massivbrücken, Leonhardt F.Folie 5 von 46
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1. Beams
Buch Brücken, David J. Brown, Callway, 2005
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Tarr_Steps_02.jpg
Tare steps, England
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1. Beams
Foto: Just, M.Folie 7 von 46
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1. Beams
Fotos 1-3: Just, M.
Foto 4: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-R5gzvstJAqE/Tb2mVYHdRJI/AAAAAAAAE88/AnJP2F1khK8/s1600/Dresden_Carolabr%25C3%25BCcke_1921.jpg
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2. Truss
http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/ponts2/Dall61.JPG
http://www.geolocation.ws/v/P/37443150/brcke-alberthafen/en
• Single supported
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2. Truss
http://www.karl-gotsch.de/Bilder/Biesenbach2.jpg
• Chain of simply supported fish-belly beams
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2. Truss
http://de.academic.ru/pictures/technik/large/TL020653.jpg
• Continuous beam or Gerber beam
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2. Truss
Foto 1: http://www.karl-gotsch.de/Bilder/Forth_RW1.jpg
Foto 2: http://www.pre-engineering.com/resources/forth/images/Forth-Bridge2.jpg
• Cantilever bridge with suspended beam
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2. Truss
http://www.dresden-schillerplatz.de/Bilder/BlauesWunder.JPGFolie 13 von 46
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2. Truss made of concrete
Foto 1: http://www.efreyssinet-association.com/oeuvre/ouvrages.php
Foto 2: Brückenexkursion 2010
• Eugène Freyssinet
Pont Boutiron sur l’Allier 1913
Pont de Plougastel (Finistère) 1925 – 1930
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2. Truss made of concrete
Foto: http://photos.planete-tp-plus.com/galleries/regards_de_photographes/auvergne/1018597.jpgFolie 15 von 39
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2. Truss made of concrete
Foto: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Mangfallbruecke_Jan_2008.jpgFolie 16 von 39
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3. Framework bridges
• Portal Frame
Schüller, M. - Konzeptionelles Entwerfen und Konstruieren von Integralen Betonbrücken, in Beton- & StahlbetonbauFolie 17 von 46
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3. Framework bridges
• Mulit-span framework
http://v1.cache6.c.bigcache.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/47424648.jpg?redirect_counter=1Folie 18 von 46
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3. Framework bridges
• Semi-integral multi-span framework
http://www.cbing.de/pictures/pruefen/pruefen5.jpgFolie 19 von 46
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4. Arch bridges
• Redevelopment: Bridge over the Priesnitz, Stauffenbergallee, Dresden
Foto 1: http://vigil.antville.org/static/vigil/images/kam35.jpg
Foto 2: http://maps.google.de/maps?hl=de&ll=51.074209,13.762695&spn=0.000779,0.002575&t=h&z=20&vpsrc=6
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4. Arch bridges
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3567/3613941887_d362dab8a1_o.jpg
• Elevated roadway
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4. Arch bridges
http://bilder.augsburger-allgemeine.de/img/15366991-1307095653000/topTeaser_crop_Lechbr-cke.jpg
• Suspended roadway
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4. Arch bridges
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Old_Svinesund_Bridge.jpg
• Roadway carrier and arch go together in the vertex of the arch
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4. Arch bridges
http://www.stahlbau-kaiser.de/referenzen/0043829d5f09d1833/xl001.jpg
• Mixed type (s. also Waldschlösschenbrücke in Dresden)
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5. Suspended and tension stiffend structures
• Cable stayed bridges -> Vorlesung Herr Svensson• Over-or underspanned structures:
• Bending capacity of the beam is increased by outsourced tension members
Foto 1: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/BadSchandau-Strassebruecke2.jpg
Foto 2: http://www.skiclub-klosters.ch/images/content/bilder_nordic/start_sam.jpg
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6. Suspension structures
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/39983014.jpgFolie 26 von 46
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6. Modern suspension bridges
„real“ suspension bridge „fake“ suspension bridge
-> with rear anchorage -> self-anchoring+ only low forces in bridge deck + no (large) anchor blocks- Large Anchor blocks - massive bridge deck+ easy Installation - very complicated installation+ Large spans -> Superseded by:
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6. Modern suspension bridges
• Akashi-Kaikyo-Bridge, Kobe, Japan
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Akashi_Bridge.JPG
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge.svg
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6. Modern suspension bridges
• 2 typical types of bridge decks• very high, stiff (hollow) box (american system)
• Streamlined cross section
• Large Deformation requieres calculation with 2nd order theory• Aerodynamic stability has to be proofed, avoid wind-induced vibrations
Foto 1: http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge_075.jpg&filetimestamp=20080520221018
Foto 2: http://www.deepblue-art.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/grosse_belt_bruecke.jpg
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6. Modern suspension bridges
• Tacoma-Narrows-Brücke (L=853m; B=11,9m; H=2,4m)
http://www.enm.bris.ac.uk/anm/tacoma/tac09.gifFolie 30 von 46
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6. Tension-band bridges
• Rope-like
http://www.holidaycheck.de/data/urlaubsbilder/images/41/1157645059.jpg?29561Folie 31 von 46
Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen, Institut für Massivbau, Prof. M. Curbach
4. Types of construction
Dresden, May 8th, 2016
Dr.-Ing. Patricia Garibaldi
Concrete bridges
History of Bridge building
Pont Valentré over river Lot in Cahor, 14th Century
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Pont de Neuilly by Perronet, 1771-1772
1. Building on falsework
TU Dresden, 09.04.18 Structural SystemsSchalungstechnik Brücken, Produktunterlagen PERI
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1. Building on falsework
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1. Building on falsework
TU Dresden, 09.04.18 Structural SystemsMehlhorn, G.: Handbuch Brücken
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2. Sliding formwork
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2. Sliding formwork
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3. Cantilever
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3. Cantilever
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4. Tact push-Launching system
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4. Tact push
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5. Precast
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PE depending on length of bridge and of elements
(here) 4 precast elements (PE)
Longitudinal elements
Cross-section elements
Cross-section elements:
2 options:
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5. Precast
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Longitudinal elements
Prestressing:
Design of precast cross section:
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5. Precast
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Exam Preparation
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Exam Preparation
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Part 1Theory Concrete bridges
Time: 17 Minutes
This Part consists of 3 pages, including cover page
• You have to do this without any transcripts, books, etc.• Write your name and matriculation number on every page• Write with blue or black ink-based pens ore fine liners. For
sketches you are allowed to use pencils.
TU Dresden, 08.04.2013 Concrete bridges Folie 48 von 47
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Exam Preparation
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Concrete bridges
Notional lanes
In general, notional lanes have a width, we = 3 m.
For narrower roadway widths, the notional lanes width are defined according to Table 4.1, below.
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Concrete bridges
Notional lanes
The number of notional lanes, „n“, is defined as:
n = integer (wo/we)
where:
wo: width of roadway (distance between curbs with h≥7 cm)We: width of nomimal lane = 3 m
The reamining area is called the „residual area.“
But, how is the roadway width actually defined?
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Concrete bridges
Notional lanes Roadway width definition according to EC1-2, section 4.2.3, (page 32)
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Concrete bridges
Notional lanes
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Concrete bridges
Live loads – Example layout (UDL system)
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Concrete bridges
Live loads – Example layout (Tandem system)
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Concrete bridges
Live load models – Model 1Adjustment Factors with German national annex:
Tanden System 𝛼𝛼Q1
Lane 1 1.0Lane 2 1.0Lane 3 1.0Other lanes 0.0
Uniform Load 𝛼𝛼q1
Lane 1 1.33Lane 2 2.40Lane 3 or more 1.20Residual area 1.20
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Concrete bridges
Live load models – Model 1
Arrangement of loads to investigate the local effect, for example the transverse analysis of structure.
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Concrete bridges
Live load models –Tire distribution pressure
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Concrete bridges Folie 60
Worst live load effects
Live load effects are ussually maximized (or minimized) by proper placement of live load to create maximum (or minimum) effects.
This is usually done with the help of influence lines
Concrete bridges Folie 61
Muller Breslau Principle
The influence line follows the profile of the deflected shape of a structure generated by releasing the restraint corresponding to the action and applying a unit displacement or rotation in the direction of the action.
Concrete bridges Folie 62
Design Example by Parsons and Brickerhoff , Proposed AASHTO-PCI-ASBI Standard Box Girder, 1996
Application and Live Load to Produce Maximum Positive Moment – Longitudinal Direction
Concrete bridges Folie 63
Application and Live Load to Produce Maximum Negative Moment – Longitudinal Direction
Design Example by Parsons and Brickerhoff , Proposed AASHTO-PCI-ASBI Standard Box Girder, 1996
Concrete bridges Folie 64
Worst live load effects
Live load effects are ussually maximized (or minimized) by proper placement of live load to create maximum or minimum effects.
Notice the difference between the following terms (as related for example to moment)
Moment Diagram – Moment at every point in the structure when a load is placed at a fixed location.
Influence line for maximum moment at a given point – Moment at a single pointcreated by a unit load moving along the length of the structure.
Moment envelope – Compilation of all maximum load effects along the length of the structure, created by various load combinations that maximize the effect at each point.
Concrete bridges Folie 65
Worst live load effectsMoment diagram, when a unit load is place at 0.4 L of span 1
Concrete bridges Folie 66
Worst live load effectsinfluence diagram at 0.4 L of span 1Example: Span 1= 12 m, Span 2 = 14.4 m
Concrete bridges Folie 67
Worst live load effectsMoment envelope for a uniform distributed unit lane load
Concrete bridges Folie 68
Worst live load effectsUsing influence charts to estimate the profile and value of influence ordinates.
Concrete bridges Folie 69
Worst live load effectsUsing influence charts to estimate the profile and value of influence ordinates.(Tables give a influence coefficient)
Moment diagramLoad at 0.4 of span 1
Influence diagram for momentat 0.4 of span 1
Moment Envelope due to lane load
In this table, coefficient values have been normalized, with respect to the shortest length span L1, and by the use of a unit load. Therefore, the actual resulting in a given structure, with a shortest span = L1, longest span L2= 1.2 . L1due to a:concentrated load =P, or uniform load = wis given by:
Moment:M= P.(coefficient). L1
M=w.(coefficient).L12
ShearV= P.(coefficient)V= w. (coefficient)
Concrete bridges Folie 70
Practical applications:
Explain the differences between a moment diagram, and influence line and a influence envelope
Draw the influence line for a given action at a given point
Define all load cases to calculate the shear envelope in a given span
See live load folder under the concrete design structures
Given a cross section of a bridge, draw the live load arrangement for Model 1, for the uniform loads, and the axle load. Indicate magnitude, lane position, and lane width.
Concrete bridges Folie 71
Practical applications (Personal enrichment/development – NOT INCLUDED IN TEST)
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